The insecticidal activities of 27 different commercial products with environmentally friendly organic material (EFOM) against Scotinophara lurida, a major rice pest, were evaluated in the laboratory using spraying methods on plants and insects. Seven plant-derived organic farming materials (EFOM-8, -10, -12, -13, -19, -20, and -26) with high insecticidal effects when sprayed directly on the insect’s body rather than on the plant were selected. In the indoor rice pot test, all 7 EFOMs showed an insecticidal rate of over 73.3% under irrigated conditions. Notably, EFOM-13 and EFOM-20 demonstrated much higher insecticidal rates, ranging from 1.5 to 1.8 times, in irrigated conditions compared to drained conditions. In the semi-paddy field test, EFOM-10 (80% garlic extract), EFOM- 13 (62% neem extract), and EFOM-26 (70% sophora extract+28% ethyl alcohol+2% pyrethrum extract) exhibited a higher control value of 88.9% in the irrigated paddy on the 7th day, surpassing the control values in the drained paddy by 1.4 to 1.9 times. The control value in the irrigated rice paddy field sprayed with EFOM-10 reached 86.2% on the 7th day, which was 1.4 times higher than 61.9% in the drained paddy. Taken together, the findings suggest that direct contact of the insect’s body with sufficient amounts of spray solution and the maintenance of paddy irrigation can enhance the controlling effect of EFOMs. These findings will be valuable in developing an optimal S. luridacontrol strategy for application in rice paddy fields in the near future.

Among various environmental stresses, humid stress lacks mechanisms and biochemical understanding compared to drought, low temperature, and high salt stresses. The aim of this study was to investigate enzyme activity of field crops under humidity stress. Results of this study could be used as basic data for understanding humidity stress and early diagnosis. Growth and enzyme activities of sesame, perilla, red beans, sorghum, and beans as major field crops in Korea when flooded were investigated. It was confirmed that growths of both shoots and roots were retarded. In plants, anaerobic fermentation occurred due to flooding stress, which increased the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) compared to the control group. Increases of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also observed. All flooded plants showed increased peroxidase (POD) activity and lipid peroxidation. Their dyeing strength was darker than that of the control group, even in 3,3´-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining. Since enzyme activity changes in plants appear relatively faster than changes in phenotype at the ground level, they could be used as biomarkers for early diagnosis of humidity stress in crops.

In this study, dual drainage system based runoff model was established for W-drainage area in G-si, and considering the various rainfall characteristics determined using Huff and Mononobe methods, the degree of flooding in the target area was analyzed and the risk was compared and analyzed through the risk matrix method. As a result, the Monobe method compared to the Huff method was analyzed to be suitable analysis for flooding of recent heavy rain, and the validity of the dynamic risk assessment considering the weight of the occurrence probability as the return period was verified through the risk matrix-based analysis. However, since the definition and estimating criteria of the flood risk matrix proposed in this study are based on the return period for extreme rainfall and the depth of flooding according to the results of applying the dual drainage model, there is a limitation in that it is difficult to consider the main factors which are direct impact on inland flooding such as city maintenance and life protection functions. In the future, if various factors affecting inland flood damage are reflected in addition to the amount of flood damage, the flood risk matrix concept proposed in this study can be used as basic information for preparation and prevention of inland flooding, as well as it is judged that it can be considered as a major evaluation item in the selection of the priority management area for sewage maintenance for countermeasures against inland flooding.

In this study, dual drainage system based runoff model was established for W-drainage area in G-si, and considering the various rainfall characteristics determined using Huff and Mononobe methods, the degree of flooding in the target area was analyzed and the risk was compared and analyzed through the risk matrix method. As a result, the Monobe method compared to the Huff method was analyzed to be suitable analysis for flooding of recent heavy rain, and the validity of the dynamic risk assessment considering the weight of the occurrence probability as the return period was verified through the risk matrix-based analysis. However, since the definition and estimating criteria of the flood risk matrix proposed in this study are based on the return period for extreme rainfall and the depth of flooding according to the results of applying the dual drainage model, there is a limitation in that it is difficult to consider the main factors which are direct impact on inland flooding such as city maintenance and life protection functions. In the future, if various factors affecting inland flood damage are reflected in addition to the amount of flood damage, the flood risk matrix concept proposed in this study can be used as basic information for preparation and prevention of inland flooding, as well as it is judged that it can be considered as a major evaluation item in the selection of the priority management area for sewage maintenance for countermeasures against inland flooding.

Bulk carrier ship type is one of the three dominant types of merchant vessels along with container ships and tankers. Recently, in terms of tonnage, bulk carriers constitute about the world's fleet third. The stuff materials indigence such as grains, fertilizers, ores, etc. Since the turn of the millennium, the number has increased considerably. Recently, a growing variance in bulk cargo which has transported by sea, represents now a large part of international commercial exchange shipped by sea. Every year there are huge number tons of cargoes like steel, coals, livestock feed, copper and minerals that are transported by sea in bulk. While most of those shipments are made without accidents, a number of serious injuries have occurred which have resulted not only in the ship's loss, but also in lives loss. In this paper, there is an existing bulk carrier vessel, a computational case study, is made to investigate the different loading conditions effects and bulk cargoes’ types on ship’s stability, in case of damaged conditions, in addition to the effect on the ship’s hull longitudinal strength. A proposed method is suggested to improve the level of safety of the ship past flooding by the usage of air bag (cushion). The candidate vessel consists of two cargo holds. In this paper there are three investigated damage scenarios, the first one is checking the stability in case of damage of cargo hold No.1. The second one is checking the stability in case of damage of cargo hold No.2 and the third scenario is checking the stability in case of flooding of both of the two cargo holds. There’s a modelling software, Auto Ship, is used here to model the vessel, simulate the different scenarios and to run the stability code to check the stability criteria. Finally, after performing the above mentioned three damage scenarios, the result was that the ship will still float in case of scenario one or two but in case of the third scenario, it will sink. So, this study has suggested a way to keep the vessel floating in case of the third scenario until reaching the nearest port without sinking. This proposed method is by using air cushions to open directly in case of existing alarm in the bulk carrier work to fill all the space inside the cargo hold instead of filling with the water.

본 연구에서는 국내 빗물정원과 같은 소규모 저류지공원 적합한 식물을 선발하기 위하여 수변 또는 척박지 녹화용으로 활용되고 있는 초화류 7종을 대상으로 일정 수위를 항시 유지하는 저면 침수와 식물 기부가 물에 잠긴 상태로 3일간 간 침수처리를 반복하는 완전 침수 두 가지 수분 상황에서 식물의 생장 특성을 조사하였다. 습지식물인 갈대는 침수처리에 의한 생장과 생리적 차이를 보이지 않았고, 억새와 리아트리스는 침수처리에 의해 광합성량은 저면관수 시 21.4%, 침수처리 시 60.4%로 낮아졌으나 수분이용효율은 차이를 나타내지 않아 침수 내성종임을 알 수 있었다. 벌개미취와 해국은 침수처리에 의해 생장이 저조했고 광합성량은 82.7% 이상 감소하고 수분이용효율도 29.2% 증가하여 수분스트레스 상태였으나 이후 정상적인 관수에 의해 광합성량과 수분이용 효율이 회복되어 빗물정원 식물로 적합한 식물임을 알 수 있었다. 무늬쑥부 쟁이는 저면침수에서는 광합성효율은 낮아졌으나 수분이용효율은 차이가 없어 습지에 적합하나, 완전침수에서는 수분스트레스가 79.8%로 매우 높았고 침수 후 회복율도 낮아 완전침수에는 적합하지 않은 것으로 나타났다.

지구기후가 이산화탄소 배출 증가로 인해 급격하게 변화하고 있는 추세이고, 이러한 급격한 기후 변화는 농경지 염류직접, 농경지 침수, 고온 및 저온과 같은 농업 기상의 다양한 변화를 야기하고 있다. 여러 환경스트레스 중에서 농경지 침수는 경작지 내 과도한 수분 유입으로 인해 유도되게 된다. 특히 많은 과학자들은 탄소 배출 증가로 인한 기후변화로 인해 집중호우가 지금보다 더 자주 발생할 것으로 예상되고 있기 때문에 농경지의 침수로 인한 농작물의 피해는 점점 더 증가할 것으로 예상하고 있다. 침수로 인한 스트레스에 대한 식물의 취약성 및 저항성 메커니즘에는 중요한 변화가 있다. 그러므로 이런 침수스트레스 문제에 대응하기 위해서 침수저항성 메커니즘과 관련된 다양한 연구가 수행중이다. 침수저항성이 높은 작물을 생산하기 위해서는 침수 스트레스의 여러 요인을 연구하는 것뿐만 아니라 어떻게 식물이 침수스트레스 요인을 감지하고 대응하는 방법을 이해해야 한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 침수 스트레스 저항성과 관련된 것으로 보고된 작물의 형태적, 생리적, 유전자적 변화에 대해서 소개하고 이를 통해 작물의 침수저항성 메커니즘에 대한 이해를 돕기 위해 내용을 정리하였다.

Teosinte, commonly known as wild species of corn, has distributed in Central and South America. It is believed that teosinte contains genes for resistance to flooding because of the climate characteristics of the collected countries. Recent studies have shown that teosinte has the ability to form adventitious roots, to develop aerenchyma tissues of teosinte, and the resistance to toxic substances under flooding soil condition. Therefore, development of corn varieties to cope with climate change and the growing corn at paddy field in Korea are required to introduce the characteristics of teosinte. However, in order to utilize teosinte resources, preconditions must be settled such as photoperiodic responsibility, physiological and ecological characteristics. Also if the preconditions are studied together with the metabolic level studies, the possibility of utilization for flooding resistant varieties will be even higher.

In this study, rainfall characteristics with stationary and non-stationary perspectives were analyzed using generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution and Gumbel distribution models with rainfall data collected in major cities of Korea to reevaluate the return period of sewer flooding in those cities. As a result, the probable rainfall for GEV and Gumbel distribution in non-stationary state both increased with time(t), compared to the stationary probable rainfall. Considering the reliability of ξ1, a variable reflecting the increase of storm events due to climate change, the reliability of the rainfall duration for Seoul, Daegu, and Gwangju in the GEV distribution was over 90%, indicating that the probability of rainfall increase was high. As for the Gumbel distribution, Wonju, Daegu, and Gwangju showed the higher reliability while Daejeon showed the lower reliability than the other cities. In addition, application of the maximum annual rainfall change rate (ξ1·t) to the location parameter made possible the prediction of return period by time, therefore leading to the evaluation of design recurrence interval.

고창군 광승리 지역의 해발고도 5 m 내외의 해안 지점(DH)과 해발고도 10-15 m의 단구 상부 지점(KS)에서 시료를 채취하여 화학 분석과 입도 분석 등을 통하여 퇴적 물질의 특성을 파악하였다. DH는 풍화된 기반암을 피복하는 적색 토양층으로 하부에서 상부로 가면서 물질 조성이 점진적으로 변화하였다. DH 시료 내에 점토광물이 포함되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이를 근거로 하여 이 층을 제자리 풍화층으로 판단하였다. KS의 경우 구릉의 말단부에 위치하는 자갈층을 피복하는 층으로 물질 조성이 전반적으로 DH 부분과 상당히 다른 것으로 나타났으며, 일부 구간에서 물질의 교란이 일어나거나 외부 물질의 유입이 있었던 것으로 추정되었다. 한편 입자의 입도에 있어서 KS 시료들은 현재의 해빈 물질과 다른 특성이 나타난다. KS의 하부는 해빈에 비하여 세립 물질로 나타났으며, 중간 부분은 해빈보다 조립 물질이다. KS 시료의 분급은 해빈에 비하여 나쁜 것으로 나타났으며, 이 퇴적층중 일부는 지속적인 파랑과 조류에 의한 것보다는 일시적인 고에너지 환경에서 퇴적된 것으로 추정된다. 한편 KS 부분 시료의 매몰 연대는 광여기루미네센스(OSL) 분석에 의하여 0.65-0.71 ka로 추정되었다. 추가적인 연구를 통해 해당 퇴적층과 형성 과정의 특성에 대해서는 명확히 밝혀져야 할 것이지만, 해당 퇴적층은 폭풍에 의한 연안 범람 퇴적층일 가능성이 높은 것으로 추정된다.

인도네시아의 수도인 자카르타는 년 20-25 cm에 이르는 지반침하로 인해 연안범람의 문제에 노출되어 있다. 이 연구에서는 자카르타만의 판타이 무티아라 지역에 대해 지상라이다를 이용하여 정밀지형을 조사하였으며, 이를 기반으로 연안범람취약성에 대해 분석하였다. 판타이 무티아라 지역의 평균고도는 0.24m이며, 최소고도가 -0.24m로서 최대 약최고고조위가 0.51m임을 감안하면 많은 지역이 이미 약최고고조위보다 낮다.

댐호, 저수지, 하천 등 수위변동이 있는 비탈면의 녹화용 식물재료를 선발하기 위하여 내습성을 지닌 4종류의 Iris속 식물을 대상으로 완전침수와 부분침수 조건에서 침수기간별로 생존 및 생장특성 등을 비교 조사하였다. 생존율과 생장상태를 기준으로 한 내침수성은 노랑꽃창포 > 꽃창포 > 부채붓꽃 > 붓꽃의 순서로 나타났다. 특히, 노랑꽃창포는 120일까지의 완전침수 조건에서 생장장해를 입기는 하지만 생존율이 높았고 지속적으로 양호한 생장을 하였으며, 부분침수조건에서는 침수기간이 증가할수록 생장이 양호한 것으로 보아 내침수성이 강한 것으로 확인되었다. 붓꽃, 부채붓꽃, 꽃창포는 완전침수조건에서 다소 많은 생장장해를 입으며 90일 이후에 고사되었으나, 내침수성이 비교적 강한 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 수위변동에 따라 생장회복이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 본 시험을 통해 댐호의 저수 비탈면과 각종 저수구역 내의 식생공사용으로서 노랑꽃창포, 꽃창포, 부채붓꽃, 붓꽃의 이용가능성을 확인하였다.

This study is to examine how well the hydrologic model reproduces the dam collapse. To do this, A hydrologic model FLO-2D is being operated to reproduce dam collapse with rainfall data and surface data in a small dam. In order to examine the performance of the model, the simulation was compared and reviewed with the data collected through the field survey. The results show that it takes about 2 hours to reach 1 km downstream. Inundation areas are about 188,640 m2 by the simulation and the difference from the field investigation is about 6.1%. Ten representative points were selected from the areas where the simulation and the field survey did not match. The discrepancy is less than about 0.08 m and does not appear to be significant. This study will present basic information on disaster preparedness operation and planning to minimize damage caused by sudden collapse of agricultural soil dams in the future.

When an agricultural soil dam collapses, the extent of inundation and the rate of diffusion vary depending on where the collapse occurs in the dam body. In this study, a dam collapse scenario was established and a two-dimensional numerical model FLO-2D was used to closely examine the inundation pattern of the downstream residential area according to the dam collapse point. The results were presented as a flood risk map showing the changes and patterns of the extent of inundation spread. The flood level and the time to reach the maximum water level vary depending on the point of collapse, and the inundation of the downstream area proceeds rapidly in the order of the midpoint, left point, and right point collapse. In the left collapse point, the submergence appeared about 0.5 hour slower than the middle point, and the right collapse point appeared about 1 hour slower than the middle point. Since the relative damage pattern is different depending on the dam collapse point, insurance and disaster countermeasures will have to be established differently.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of desensitization and flooding on the behavior of dogs during grooming, focusing on their response to the sound and skin stimulation while using a clipper. A total of 20 adult dogs over two years of age with complete personality formation were included in the study. Ten dogs, of which three were Bichons (average weight 5 kg), four were Poodles (average weight 5 kg), and three were Malteses (average weight 4 kg), were subjected to the desensitization process. The remaining 10 adult dogs were subjected to the flooding experiment, and were of the same breed and average weight as the adult dogs used in the desensitization process. The desensitization and the flooding were performed three times a day (approximately 1 min per session) for 10 days. For desensitization, statistical significance was observed only on the fifth day, when compared by breed (p<0.05). Overall, when compared by measurement day, the results of desensitization for Bichon, Poodle and Maltese dogs were statistically significant (p<0.05). The results for the Bichon, Poodle, and Maltese dogs that were subjected to flooding were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in the results of the flooding on the second and ninth days (p<0.05); however, flooding had no effect on the other days (p>0.05). Desensitization using the clipper, a beauty tool, was faster than flooding in achieving stabilization. In conclusion, desensitization and flooding showed positive results on the stress relief and emotions of dogs during grooming, with respect to cosmetic fear response.

로로 페리선은 급선회 시 선박의 선미부 객실의 증개축으로 인한 무게중심 상승, 과도한 화물적재, 발라스트 부족 등으로 인한 복 원성 결여 및 고박 부실 등의 여러 가지 원인으로 전복되어 해저에 침몰하였다. 이 연구의 목적은 유체-구조 연성(Fluid-Structure Interaction; FSI) 해석기법을 이용하여 급선회에 따른 빠른 침수 및 전복에 이어 침몰사고로 진척된 원인을 과학적이고 정확하게 규명하고 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위해 사고 당시의 동영상과 사진들을 분석하여 시간에 따른 선박의 정확한 자세를 구현하고, 이에 따른 화물 이동과 선체 외부의 해수 유입구와 선체 내부에서의 유입된 해수의 이동 경로에 따른 해수 유입량을 실선 부양 시뮬레이션 및 유체정역학적 특성치 프로그램을 사용하여 정확히 검증하여 실선 침수⋅침몰 시뮬레이션을 수행하여 사고원인을 정확하고 객관적으로 규명하고자 하였다.