In this paper, two Korean textbooks that are most widely used in American colleges are analyzed for representations of gender, race and nationality. Literature review shows that representation in textbooks does matter for learners and that representations of gender, race, nationality, ethnicity, cultural diversities, disabilities, sexualities, non-nativeness, occupations, age, socioeducational backgrounds, etc. have been concerns of the researchers. While there have been a lot of studies on representations in EFL/ESL textbooks, such research on KFL/KSL textbooks is relatively new, even though representation is an important issue to the Korean language education in the era of globalization and multicultralism. The main characters who have names, conversations and illustrations and keep appearing throughout the analyzed textbooks are investigated. The main characters' number of appearances, firstness-the number of times to be presented first in exericses, examples or sentences-occasions, all speaking turns and I (initiation in the IRF sequence, Sinclair & Coulthard (1975))s are tallied, and it is explored if the numbers are relevant to the gender, nationality and race of the characters. Some analyzation of conversations and illustrations are also done for more discussion, which includes how KFL/KSL textbooks could be better in terms of representation.

It is generally believed that teachers are important both to student learning and achievement. Apart from teacher qualification and experience, some studies have shown that teacher gender may relate significantly to student achievement. The purpose of the study was to find out the following- (a) Does teacher gender significantly influence student academic achievement in English Language Arts at the junior secondary school level? (b). Does teacher gender significantly influence student academic achievement in Mathematics at the junior secondary school level? (c) Does teacher gender significantly influence student academic achievement in Biology at the junior secondary school level? Data was obtained from 570 students in seven junior secondary school students in South-East area of Nigeria. An analysis of data showed the following- In the English Language Arts area, and at the junior secondary school level, female students performed significantly higher than male students under a female teacher and male students performed better (but not statistically significant) under male teachers. In the area of Mathematics, female students performed significantly higher under male teachers. Based on the findings, recommendations were made on improving the teaching of English Language Arts, Mathematics and Integrated Science in Nigerian junior secondary schools.

형사사법기관 중에서도 여성 직원의 비율이 가장 낮은 기관이 교정영역이다. 경찰이나 검찰, 그리고 법원까지 여성의 비율이 점차 증가하고 있는 반면에 교도소의 여성비율은 거의 변하지 않고 있다. 그 이유는 사동 관리에 있어서 ‘같은 성의 직원에 의한 같은 성의 수용자 관리(same-gender supervision)’라는 원칙이 고수되고 있기 때문이다. 그러나 많은 해외 국가들은 사동 관리와 감독에 있어서도 반대 성의 직원에 의한 감시와 관리, 즉 성 교차관리(cross-gender supervision)를 시행하고 있다. 남성이 다수인 교도소 상황에서 성 교차관리란 주로 여성 직원에 의한 남자수용자 관리를 의 미한다. 미국사례를 분석한 결과 이러한 성 교차 관리와 관련해서는 여러 가지 쟁점들이 논의되어 왔으며 이러한 쟁점들에 대해 학문적 검증과 고용에 있어서의 양성평등을 지지하는 법원의 판결이 영향을 미쳐서 여성들의 교정계 진입이 확대되었다는 것을 알게 되었다. 성 교차 관리와 관련한 쟁점은 교도소의 안전과 질서유지, 여자교도관의 직무능력, 그리고 남성 수용자의 프라이버시 문제로 요약된다. 본 연구는 우리나라의 교정에 있어서도 성 교차 관리에 대한 논의가 시작되어야 한다는 입장에서 성 교차관리와 관련된 쟁점들을 살펴보고, 선행연구들의 결과를 요약 한 후 이러한 이슈들에 대한 한국의 남자수용자와 교도관들의 생각을 알아보았다. 연 구결과를 종합해 보면, 남자수용자들은 여자 교도관의 관리감독에 대해 큰 반대나 저항을 보이지 않았으며, 교도관들의 생각은 구체적 쟁점들에 관한 견해는 다양했으나 남자 교도관은 직무배치의 효율성과 인사의 공정성의 측면에서, 여자 교도관들은 직무수행능력의 측면에서 성 교차관리에 대한 가능성을 긍정적으로 보고 있었다. 이러 한 결과를 바탕으로 결론에서는 우리나라에서도 성 교차관리에 대한 논의가 시작될 필요성을 제언하였다.

본 연구는 양발 착지 시 성별에 따른 상해 경험이 무릎과 엉덩관절의 움직임 및 수직 지면반력에 미치는 영향을 분석하는데 목적이 있었다. 20대 남성 20명(상해 경험 8명, 비상해 경험 12명), 여성 20명(상해 경험 11명, 비상해 경험 9명)을 연구대상자로 선정하였다. 높이 45cm 박스에서 양발 착지를 통해 얻어진 운동역학적 변인을 Two-way mixed ANOVA를 실시하였으며, bonferroni adjustment를 이용하여 사후검증 하였다(p<.05). 본 연구결과 상해를 경험한 여성 그룹은 무릎 관절의 외반 및 내측회전 그리고 엉덩관절의 굴곡 및 외측회전 운동을 증가시켜 최대 수직 지면반발력의 감소를 유도할 수 있었던 것으로 판단된다. 상해를 경험하지 않은 여성 그룹의 경우 최대 무릎 굴곡각도가 가장 작게 나타났을 뿐만 아니라 엉덩관절의 굴곡과 외측회전 각도에서 가장 적은 수치를 나타내었고 최대 수직 지면반발력은 가장 높게 나타났다. 반면, 상해를 경험하지 않은 여성 INE 그룹의 경우 IE 그룹에 비해 상대적으로 무릎과 엉덩관절을 활용하지 못함으로서 높은 수직 지면반발력을 나타내었고, 이는 상대적으로 상해 위험성에 많이 노출되어 있음을 의미한다. 따라서 성별에 따른 상해 경험이 무릎과 엉덩관절의 운동과 최대 수직 지면반발력의 크기에 요인들에 영향을 주는 요인들임을 알 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the intake status of energy drinks, knowledge of caffeine and the perception on intake of energy drinks by university students. We surveyed 351 university students from October 25, 2017 to January 25, 2018. The subjects (70.9%) consumed energy drinks more than once. Male students consumed energy drinks more frequently than the female ones. A huge portion (68.3%) of the subjects consumed energy drinks to recover from fatigue and reduce sleepiness. Moreover, they consumed most of the energy drinks at home and the university library. The main anticipated efficacy of energy drinks was the relieving drowsiness. Respondents (86.3%) perceived that energy drinks could be hazardous to the health of human beings. The main risks of consuming energy drinks were sleep disorders, addiction problems and heart beating. The main recognized effects of energy drinks were relieved drowsiness and decreased fatigue. The major side effects were heart beating, nausea, vomiting, heartburn and sleeping disorders. This study suggests that nutritional education is needed to confirm the recommendation of daily intake for caffeine and to raise awareness about the side effects of energy drinks.

본 연구는 한우 도체형질에서 거세우 자료로 실시한 유전능력 평가결과가 암소 자료로 실시한 평가결 과와 차이가 있는지를 알아보기 위해서 도축 자료를 암소 자료와 거세우 자료로 분리해서 유전모수와 육종가를 추정함과 동시에 동일 형질의 암소 측정치와 거세우 측정치를 각각 다른 형질로 간주하고 각 형질 내에서 두 측정치간의 유전 상관계수를 추정하였다. 도체중, 등지방 두께, 등심 단면적 및 근내지 방도의 유전력은 암소 자료 추정치들이 각각 0.60, 0.46, 0.47 및 0.59 그리고 거세우 자료 추정치들이 각각 0.62, 0.54, 0.41 및 0.58로 도체중과 근내지방도에서는 두 자료의 추정치 간 차이가 없었으나 등지방 두께 유전력은 암소자료 추정치가 거세우 자료 추정치에 비해 8% 더 작고 등심 단면적 유전력은 암소자료 추정치가 6% 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 같은 형질 내에서 추정한 암소 측정치와 거 세우 측정치간의 유전 상관계수는 도체중이 0.77, 등지방 두께가 0.79, 등심 단면적이 0.79, 그리고 근 내지방도가 0.87이었다. 한편 각 형질별로 계산한 암소 자료의 추정 육종가와 거세우 자료의 추정 육종 가간 순위 상관계수는 도축우 아비들이 0.45(도체중)에서 0.65(근내지방도)의 범위, 그리고 도축우 어미들이 0.29(도체중)에서 0.40(근내지방도)의 범위로 낮은 편이었다. 이러한 결과는 추정된 자료에 따라 씨수소나 씨암소의 선발 순위가 달라질 가능성이 있음을 시사한다.

성차의학은 성과 젠더의 차이가 정상 상태, 병리기전 및 질병의 특징에 미치는 영향을 중요하게 다루고 있다. 성과 젠더의 차이를 고려해서 질병의 진단, 치료 및 예방을 한다면 개개인은 과학적 근거를 갖춘 최적화된 진료를 받을 수 있다. 여기에서는 담석증, 급성 담낭염, 급성 및 만성 췌장염, 담도 및 췌장암 등의 췌장·담도 질환에서 성과 젠더의 차이에 대하여 고찰하였다. 또한, 임상 및 전임상 연구에서 연구의 계획, 실행 및 분석에 성과 젠더분석을 반드시 포함시켜야 한다는 최근의 정책 방침과 성차의학에 관한 정보를 갖춘 웹사이트들을 소개 하였다. 이 고찰을 통하여 연구, 진료 및 의학교육 분야에서 성과 젠더의 관점을 갖추는 것이 중요하다는 점을 강조한다.

This study aims to identify the differences between Korean and Chinese and males and females in terms of female image preferences. The survey was conducted for 1 month targeting male and female Korean and Chinese subjects. Among the 350 completed questionnaires, 309 were used for analysis. For the analysis, 11 female images were chosen based on theoretical study, then a t-test and a paired t-test were carried out using SPSS 19.0. The results of this study are as follows: First, differences in female image preferences were observed to depend on nationality and gender. Koreans prefer urban images while Chinese prefer cute, intelligent, and sexy images. Second, males prefer innocent or sexy images, while females prefer sophisticated images. Third, Korean males prefer innocent, active, sophisticated, gentle, cute, sexy, urban, natural, intelligent, spectacular, and neutral images in order. Chinese males prefer gentle, innocent, sexy, active, sophisticated, intelligent, cute, natural, urban, spectacular, and neutral images in order. Fourth, Korean females prefer sophisticated, gentle, urban, natural, intelligent, innocent, active, sexy, cute, spectacular, and neutral images in order. Chines females prefer sophisticated, intelligent, cute, gentle, innocent, active, natural, sexy, urban, spectacular, and neutral images in order. Using these results, it will be possible to design marketing strategies for global consumers.

목적: 본 연구는 안경광학과 학생들의 정신건강에 미치는 요인을 성별에 따라 분석하여 학생 생활지도 및 진로지도에 좀 더 차별화된 도움을 주고자한다. 방법: 충청지역 안경광학과 학생 132명을 대상으로 한 설문지를 분석하였으며, 성별에 따라 정신건강을 비교 분석하였다. 본 연구는 SCL-90-R의 설문지를 사용하였으며, 모든 통계는 SPSS 18.0을 사용하여 유의수준은 p<0.05로 통계 처리하였다. 결과: 안경광학과 학생들은 신체화 22.7%, 강박증 28.3%, 적대감 12.8%로 정신건강에 문제가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 우울증과 편집증의 경우 27.7%와 10.2%, 대인 예민증, 정신증, 공포증, 불안증은 각각 14.7%, 10.4%, 5.9%, 17.4%로 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 결론: 안경광학과의 학생들의 약 28.7%에서 부정적인 정신건강으로 신체화, 강박증, 적대감을 느끼고 있었으며, 모든 변수에서 여학생이 남학생보다 상대적으로 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 이에 차별화된 성별에 따른 학생 상담과 생활 지도가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

This study was conducted to compare solo eating perceptions and dietary behaviors in the Seoul and Gyonggi-do regions according to gender. The study focused on the dietary perceptions, solo eating, eating together, dietary habits, food intake patterns and 38 keywords pertaining to solo eating. Of 411 subjects, 207 (50.4%) were males and 204 (49.6%) were females. The biggest problem that respondents perceived in their dietary life was irregular eating. Women prepared meals more often than men (p<0.001) and ate more instant and frozen food than men (p<0.05). Both males and females missed breakfast most, and the amount of the population eating breakfast alone ranked second highest. Women had lunch alone more often than men, while men ate dinner alone more often than women (p<0.01). All respondents spent 5~15 min when eating alone. Women avoided excessive smoking and drinking more than men (p<0.001). Men related key words regarding solo eating with negative emotions such as ‘lonely’, ‘boring’, and ‘feel sorry when I see someone eating alone in a restaurant’ more than women. Conversely, women related more positive key words with eating alone such as ‘free’, ‘joy’, and ‘my own time’. Dietary lives of Koreans have rapidly changed along with social changes. Our research findings will contribute to increased comprehensive menu development and HMR development in the foodservice industry.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data to interview programs for assisting male college students adjust to clinical practice by understanding the meaning of stress in such a practice. Method: Individual in-depth interviews using open-ended questions were conducted with students. Data were collected in August 2018, and analyzed using Colaizzi’s phenomenological method. Results: The categories of practical experiences in the interview programs for mediating gender conflicts in male nursing students were clearly recognized as, “experiencing limits of practice on female patients,” “a sense of burden representing practical students,” and “forcing of manhood.” The essential themes of participants' experiences in simulation programs included: “Prejudice and unfairness in having a female-related job,” “Women’s hospital practice is limited,”-“Attention is focused on themsince they are ‘minorities’,” “Uncomfortable interpersonal relations in clinical practice,” “The patience of a discriminative perception that physical labor should be mobilized, requiring forceful leadership,” “Live in a way that society prefers.” Conclusion: This study attempted to understand the meaning and nature of experiencing stress among male college students in clinical practice by applying Colaizzi’s method of analysis in phenomenology nursing research. In order to assist participants understand women's mainstream clinical practice, preparing separate programs is important.

SPANE(the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience) 척도는 기존 정서 측정도구의 한계를 보완하기 위해 Diener 등(2010)이 개발한 정서적 안녕감 척도이다. 이 척도는 긍정적 정서와 부정적 정서 경험을 측정하는 총 12문항으로 구성되어 있으며, 포괄적 정서(e.g. positive, negative)와 구체적 정서(e.g. joyful, sad) 문항이 포함되어 있다. 각성수준의 측면에서도 고(e.g. joy, angry), 중(e.g. happy, afraid), 저(e.g. contented, sad) 각성 정서들이 모두 반영되어 있다. 본 연구는 한국판 SPANE 척도의 요인구조 및 성별 측정 동일성을 검토하였다. 이를 위해서, 한국 대학생 총 551명(남자 276, 여자 275)의 자료를 분석했다. 그 결과, SPANE 척도는 양호한 수준의 신뢰도와 요인 타당도를 보였다. 또한 남녀 집단 간에 요인구조, 요인부하량, 절편이 동일한 것으로 나타나서, 성별 척도 동일성이 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 SPANE 척도가 한국에서도 대학생들의 정서적 안녕감을 측정하기에 적합한 척도일 뿐 아니라 성별 차이를 비교하는 타당한 도구가 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

동물학대는 점진적으로 증가하고 있으나, 국내 동물보호법에서 동물학대로 인정하 는 범위가 몹시 협소하며 동물학대에 대한 처벌은 여전히 몹시 미약한 편이다. 동물학 대와 관련된 연구가 국내에서 거의 이루어지지 않은 현 시점에서, 본 연구는 최근 증가하고 있는 동물학대 사건에 대한 사람들의 인식을 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 특히 성별이나 반려동물 양육경험, 폭력허용도가 동물학대 사건 지각 및 부정적 정서 반응에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 응답자 327명(여성 176명, 남성 151명)이 동물학대 사건 시나리오를 읽고 사건 지각 관련 문항(양형판단, 피해동물 책임귀인, 가해자 비난)에 응답하였다. 또한 동물학대 사건에 대한 부정적 정서 반응과 동물보호법 강화인식도 측정하였다. 본 연구 결과 첫째, 동물학대 사건 지각에서 남성에 비해 여성이 동물학대 사건에서 양형을 더 무겁게 판단하였으며, 피해동물에게 책임귀인을 더 적게 하고, 가해자 비난을 더 많이 하며, 부정적 정서를 더 많이 경험하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 반려동물 양육경험이 없는 사람에 비해 있는 사람이 동물학대 사건에서 양형을 더 무겁게 판단하였으며, 피해동물에게 책임귀인을 더 적게 하고, 가 해자 비난을 더 많이 하며, 부정적 정서를 더 많이 경험하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 폭력허용도가 높을수록 피해동물에게 책임귀인을 더 많이 하며, 동물보호법이 강화되 어야 한다는 인식이 약한 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점을 논의하였다.

Introduction India consistently has been the largest movie producer worldwide for the last few years, releasing more than a thousand films each year selling 2.2 billion movie tickets in 2016 (Film Industry in India, n.d.). In a similar vein, the designer wear industry fueled with the growth of the organized retail in India is poised to reach about 1.7 per cent of the global designer wear industry by 2020 (Designer Wear, 2012). As Indian consumers are increasingly adopting a wardrobe more varied than the traditional Indian dress including western apparel styles, the Indian clothing consumer is emerging as a research demographic, with definition of the Indian clothing consumer still in early research stages. Research indicates that fashion industries strengthen a nation’s economy, and that movies and televisions are two of the important marketing channels for it. Thus, with the rapidly growing and increasingly more affluent Indian middle-class ready to spend money, it is important to investigate the relationship between viewing Bollywood movies and their impact on fashion consumption. There is minimal research on this topic and the purpose of this study is to address the gap in literature. Rationale of the Study Fashion is a business and the specifics don't matter much, anywhere in the world anymore. Historically, credit for new fashion was given to the fashion designer, but in more recent years’ celebrities dressed in designer wear have become a medium to reach audiences because of their huge fan following. Bollywood is an influential medium, impacting everything from haute couture fashion to music. Slowly, but surely, clothes worn by Bollywood have clothes become signed artifacts, and have Bollywood styles and fashions become themselves separately marketable (Rao, 2010). Bollywood’s influence on the fashion industry as well as consumers, it is important to gain a better understanding as to how to capitalize on the “media influences” more holistically. Gender, especially in Indian context, is an important construct with respect to men and women as they differ with respect to their involvement with fashion clothing and even more with regard to their involvement with the purchase of fashion clothing (Handa & Khare, 2013). This exploratory study examined the influence of movie and television engagement on fashion involvement and eventual purchase behavior. The study utilized MIMIC model and analyzed group difference in gender. Theoretical Framework Social cognitive theory as well as the theory of symbolic interaction forms the conceptual backbone of this current study. The theory examines psychosocial components which motivate human thought and action and has been used to examine gender differentiation as well as media Influence (Bandura, 2001). According to Solomon (1983), the theory of symbolic interaction has three facets: a consumer’s perception based on the response of others, the influence on a consumers’ behavior, and a consumer’s sense of self based on the actions and responses of others to various stimuli. The symbolism in the fashion products is the primary influence for their purchase and individuals attribute meaning to these products based on the social environment in which they are presented. For this study an adapted model has been created based on two theories to examine: (1) influence of TV and movie engagement on fashion involvement; (2) effect of fashion involvement on purchase intention related to clothing as well as purchase intention- accessories; (3) impact of purchase intention – clothing on purchase intention- accessories. Methodology Data was collected via convenience sample from students at a university in a major city in India resulting in 1058 participants. The survey instrument was created using items from previous studies.: Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and LISREL. Frequency statistics were obtained for the demographic variables. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate measurement properties, including reliability and validity of the measures. To test hypotheses and explore the causal relationships, a structural equation model (SEM) was used. The current analysis utilized “multi-group” analysis, to compare parameters between distinctive groups (i.e. Male and Female). Results and Conclusions An exploratory factor analysis using principal component with varimax rotation and a minimum eigen value of one was used to identify the latent variables in the model: Movie Engagement (α = 0.82); TV Engagement (α = 0.81); Fashion Involvement (α = 0.81); Purchase Intention Overall (α = .87); Purchase Intention – Accessories (α = 0.88). The main model was initially tested using measurement and structural model in SEM and then multi-group analysis using MIMIC was used to analyze group differences. The CFA supported the exploratory factor analysis, the fit of the measurement model was acceptable (χ2 = 525.21, CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.053, and NNFI = 0.98). Therefore, the measurement model was retained without any modifications. Based on the parameter estimate t value which stated that value greater than 2.00 is considered an indicator of statistical significance, the hypothesis of influence of TV engagement on fashion involvement was not supported for Male respondents. Furthermore, fashion involvement did not influence purchase intention accessories for Females, conversely, it was supported for Males however, the relationship was negative. All the other hypotheses were supported for both the groups. The analysis of gender using the MIMIC model provides valuable information for the Indian fashion industry to understand target consumers which will help them to design effective marketing strategies. Indian men and women consume media differently and it affects their fashion involvement and eventual purchase behavior. Movies and TV influence fashion involvement for both the genders differently with TV only influencing women. This finding indicate that more Indian women watch more television (Singh, n.d.) and hence are more involved with programming available on TV. Movie engagement influence fashion involvement providing support to the previous research as well as media report. It is essential for Indian brands as well as international brands to engage in brand placements and celebrity endorsements to connect with the consumer base. Fashion involvement influenced intention to purchase clothing for both the genders but did not influence purchase of accessories for the female consumer. This could be attributed to the fact that women shop “looks” i.e., the entire outfit worn including make-up and accessories, whereas men generally shop for a “product”. It is suggested that retailers pay attention to this crucial difference between the genders while shopping and accordingly ensure that due diligence is made to visual merchandising strategies with the stores as well as online. Additionally, as the influence of involvement on purchase intention – accessories is negative, it can be inferred that the highly fashionable male consumer may be looking to buy clothing rather than accessories to make a “fashion statement”.

Introduction Recent years have witnessed a rapid growth in peer to peer (P2P) sharing-service businesses such as Uber and Airbnb. In P2P sharing-service businesses, goods or services are provided by customers (peers) rather than by service firms, who act simply as an intermediary between customers. One customer acts as a service-providing customer (SPC), and the other as a service-receiving customer (SRC). P2P sharing-service firms have no direct control over an SPC’s quality of service provided to an SRC. Further, both SPCs and SRCs are customers to the firm, and therefore firms are concerned with the quality of service provided not only to SRCs but also to SPCs. In the P2P sharing-service context, particularly in the case of services serving the needs of diverse travelers (e.g., Uber or Airbnb), SPCs and SRCs can be people of different genders and races, which can cause them to feel socially distant from each other. Since SPCs are not professional service employees, they may not know how to cope with the social distance, which can result in uncomfortable service experience for both SPCs and SRCs. The more similar to the SPC an SRC feels, the more comfortable the SRC is likely to feel, which can lead to higher service satisfaction. Yet, few studies examined how such social distance can be reduced. This study is intended to fill this gap in the research. Specifically, we propose that an SPC’s form of address for SRC can moderate the effect of the incongruence in gender and race on an SRC’s perceived social distance. Theoretical Development Social distance refers to the level of acceptance people have of others outside of their own social group or class (Bogardus, 1928). It is a measure of perceived difference (or distance) between groups. In the context of the P2P sharing service, SRCs and SPCs can be from diverse social groups. When an SRC encounters an SPC from a social group that is different from theirs, the SRC can feel socially distant from the SPC. Immediate differences an SRC can identify upon meeting an SPC is demographic such as gender, age and race. In this study, we first propose that the difference (incongruence) in gender, age and race makes an SRC feel socially distant from an SPC. Social distance is closely related with similarity (Osbeck & Moghaddam, 1997; Liviatan, Trope & Liberman, 2009). In the context of mentoring, the higher the perceived and actual similarity a portage feels with a mentor, the higher the level of the portage liking and satisfaction for the mentor and with the mentoring service (Ensher, 1997). Matching gender and race between a mentor and a portage positively influenced self-reported grade point average, efficacy and confidence of a portage (Blake-Beard et al. 2011). Race was well demonstrated to influence social distance (Triandis & Triandis, 1960). Taken together, we conjecture that the effect of the difference in gender and race on social distance will apply to the P2P sharing service context and propose the following hypothesis: H1: The incongruence in gender and race between an SRC and an SPC will make SRCs feel more socially distant from SPCs compared to the case of congruence. We propose in this study that the form of address for SRCs by SPCs can influence the level of social distance SRCs feel because of the incongruence in gender and race. The relationship between forms of address and social distance has been proposed (Brown, 1965). Intimate terms of address is associated with intimate relationship. Intimate terms of address is inversely proportional to social distance (Keshavarz, 2001). Calling someone by the first name is related with friendliness (Brown, 1961). The use of first name is positively associated with closeness in relationship (Brown, 1965). An empirical study in the healthcare context showed that most patients preferred to be addressed by the first name (as opposed to last name) (Gillette, Filak & Thorne, 1984). Taken together, we propose the following: H2: Intimate forms of address by the SPC for the SRC will reduce the level of social distance caused by the incongruence in gender and race. We propose that the level of perceived social distance influences the level of comfort SRCs feel with the SPC during the service delivery. The negative effect of social distance on the level of interaction comfort has been shown (Paswan & Ganesh, 2005). In the context of service encounters where customers feel cultural differences, psychological distance was shown to influence comfort negatively (Weiermair, 2000). Since social distance is a dimension of psychological distance (Trope & Liberman, 2011), we propose the effect of social distance on comfort as following: H3: Reduced social distance will lead to a higher level of comfort. The effect of social distance on comfort can vary by customers. In this study, we propose that the effect is moderated by the customer’s motive for the purchase of the P2P sharing service. There are largely four movies for customers who participate in collective consumptions (i.e., sharing service): economic motive, social motive, hedonic motive, and the motive to reduce risks and responsibilities (Benoit, Baker, Bolton, Gruner & Kandampully, 2017). Economic motives are associated with reducing expenses, and social motives are with meeting other people (e.g. more authentic travel) (Benoit et al., 2017). Hedonic motives are related with “accessing products that are exciting or normally out of reach” while motives to reduce risks and responsibilities are related with “no burdens of ownership, option to preview a product for potential purchase” (Benoit et al., 2017). According to a research in the context of P2P accommodations, cost saving, familiarity, trust, and utility are determinants of satisfaction with a sharing option. Thus, we propose that customer motives moderate the effect of social distance on comfort (Möhlmann, 2015). H4: The effect of social distance on comfort vary by customer motives for purchase. When feeling comfortable, people are more likely to trust, feel satisfied, and commit themselves, which can help improve relationship (Spake, Beatty, Brockman & Crutchfield. 2003). Comfort positively influences perceived service quality and satisfaction (Dabholkar, Shepherd & Thorpe, 2000). Comfort influences satisfaction positively (Paswan & Ganesh, 2005). In the P2P sharing-service context, SRCs’ evaluation of SPCs are carried out by reviews. Customer reviews of SPCs’ services are vitally important for both SRCs and SPCs. Reviews help other SRCs to identify desirable SPCs (Ert, Fleischer & Magen, 2016) and SPCs to receive feedback for their service quality improvement. Therefore, we propose the following: H5: Comfort leads to SRC’s intention to write good reviews. Data Collection Data will be collected from American consumers who have used Uber at least once in the past one year through an online scenario-based survey using a 2 (genders: male vs. female) x 3 (races: white vs. yellow vs. black) x 3 (forms of address: no address vs. first name vs. last name) between-subject experimental design. Hypotheses will be tested by an analysis of variance and a structural equation modeling analysis. In the analyses, the potential effects of trust, familiarity, community belonging, utility (Möhlmann, 2015) and age will be controlled. Implications Findings of this study will reveal the importance of reducing social distance that SRCs feel during encounters with SPCs. Of many possible ways to reduce social distance between SRCs and SPCs, the result of this study will show that SPCs’ use of appropriate form of address to SRCs is effective. Further, it will show that the effect of social distance on customer comfort can vary by the purpose of the use of the sharing service. These findings will offer P2P service firms insights on how to help SPCs offer more comfortable services to SRCs and as a result receive positive reviews from SRCs.

A large body of word-of-mouth (WOM) research has shown that ratings, rating volume, and text comments function as determinants to assessing quality of products (Berger, 2014; Chen & Lurie, 2013). However, little attention has been paid to the reviewers as a significant source of product evaluation (He & Bond, 2013). To be specific, there is a lack of understanding whether a product is preferred because it was recommended by an associative group or because it was not preferred by a dissociative reference group (dissimilar to self). The results from Study 1 demonstrated that participants are more influenced by similarity-attraction than by dissimilarity-repulsion. To be specific, African American participants rated product a higher, which was recommended by their associative reference group. Similar pattern was revealed in the male group. In Study 2, we found an underlying mechanism to explain the effects from Study 1. We tested the perceived difficulty of processing as a potential mediator for this phenomenon and utilized a choice/reject task. The analysis of moderated mediation (Hayes, 2013) revealed that the significant indirect effect of the number of options on purchase intention was conditional on the deleting approach but not on the choosing approach. By rejecting multiple alternatives, participants were more likely to buy the product since it is easier to make decision. In conclusion, this finding provides insights regarding the decisionmaking process resulting from social influence based on a reference-dependence approach.

최근 여성범죄 증가로 인해 교정시설의 여성수용인구가 지속적으로 증가함에도 불구하고 성인지적 관점 교정처우, 즉 여성과 남성의 생물학적 차이 및 사회적 지위, 문화적 차이와 경험 등을 고려한 교정시설, 처우프로그램, 교도관교육 및 역량개발, 출소 이후 사회내처우제의 운영 등은 여전히 미흡하다. 따라서 이 연구의 목적은 유엔의 성인지적 관점의 여성수용자 처우규정이 한국의 형의 집행 및 수용자처우와 관한 법령 등에 어떻게 반영되고 있는지를 분석하고, 관련 법령의 정비방향을 제시하는데 두었다. 성인지적 관점의 여성수용자 처우와 관련된 유엔규범은 여성차별철폐협약, 유엔여성 폭력근절선언, 인신매매, 특히 여성과어린이의인신매매를방지, 억제및처벌하기위한의 정서(인신매매의정서), 유엔여성수용자처우및여성범죄자비구금처우규칙(방콕규칙) 등을 들 수 있다. 이 가운데 방콕규칙은 다른 유엔규정을 모두 포괄하며 여성수용자에 대한 성인지적 관점 처우의 기본적 가이드라인을 세세하게 규정하고 있다. 이를 바탕으로 현행 형의 집행 및 수용자처우에 관한 법령을 비교분석한 결과 여성수용자에 대한 성인 지적 관점 교정처우를 위해 다음과 같이 현행법령의 정비가 필요한 것으로 보인다. 첫째, 성인지적 관점의 여성수용자처우원칙의 명문화, 둘째, 여성수용자의 개별처우 규정의 명문화, 셋째, 유아동반 여성수용자 개별처우 및 아동보호 규정의 필요, 넷째, 성인 지적 관점의 교도관 교육 및 직무역량 강화 규정의 명문화, 다섯째, 여성수용자의 비구금 다이버전 규정의 명문화, 여섯째, 여성소년 수용자의 특별처우 규정의 명문화, 일곱 째, 교정처우 정책에 대한 성인지적 관점 진단규정의 필요, 여덟째, 성인지적 관점의 여성수용자와 여성소년 수용자처우 행정규칙 제정 등이다.

본 연구는 영상제작 인력의 특성을 고려하여 다양한 전문영역 및 다양한 직급의 영상제작 인력(402명)을 대상으로 이들의 직업만족도와 관련요인들의 직간접효과 및 조절효과를 밝힌 실증연구이다. 본 연구의 목적은 첫째, 영상제작인력의 직업만족도에 이들의 업무자율성이 미치는 효과를 밝히고, 업무자율성이 직업만족도에 미치는 영향력이 의사소통 능력이나 대인갈등 요소에 의하여 증가 혹은 감소되는 지에 대한 이중매개효과를 입증하고, 셋째, 최근 영상제작분야에서의 성차별 문제에 대한 증대된 관심과 함께, 전술한 영상제작 인력의 업무자율성이 직업만족도에 미치는 직접효과 뿐 만 아니라, 의사소통능력 및 대인갈등의 이중매개효과가 성별에 따라서 어떻게 상이한 양상을 보이는지 규명해 볼 수 있도록 성별의 조절효과를 분석하는 것이다. 자료분석 결과, 첫째, 업무자율성을 많이 가질수록 직업만족도도 높다는 사실이 밝혀져, 영상제작인력의 직업만족도를 향상시키는데 업무자율성이 매우 중요한 선행요인임이 입증되었다. 둘째, 직업만족도에 업무자율성이 미치는 긍정적 직접효과는 특히 여성의 경우 남성에 비해 두배 이상 월등히 강하게 나타난 점이 주목된다. 셋째, 업무자율성이 직업만족도에 미치는 긍정적 효과는 남성의 경우 의사소통능력을 매개(mediation)로 하여 한층 더 강화될 수 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 넷째, 업무자율성이 직업만족도에 미치는 긍정적인 효과는 여성의 경우에서만 대인갈등을 매개로 약화되었는데, 이러한 대인갈등의 부분매개효과는 여성에게서만 발견되었다. 영상제작인력의 직업만족도에 업무자율성이 미치는 영향, 의사소통능력 및 대인갈등 등의 매개효과를 규명함에 있어서, 성별의 조절효과가 반드시 반영되어야 한다는 결론을 내리게 되었고, 자료분석 결과 밝혀진 주요 사실들을 토대로, 영상제작 인력의 직업만족도 향상을 위한 함의를 모색하고 논의하였다.