지구온난화 완화를 위한 노력이 전 세계적으로 계속되고 있는 가운데 우리나라는 2030년 온실가스 배출량을 Business As Usual (BAU) 대비 37% 감축하는 목표를 설정하고 이산화탄소 순 배출 제로 달성을 목표로 하는 ‘2050탄소중립 시나리오’를 발표하였다. 이러한 상황에서 케나프 (Kenaf)는 높은 탄소흡수율과 빠른 성장으로 인해 대체 해결방안으로 제안된다. 시료선정에 대한 분석결과, 케나프 잎은 질소 함량이 높아 적합하지 않은 것으로 나타났고, 줄기와 잎-줄기 혼합 케나프는 Biomass-Solid Refuse Fuel (Bio-SRF) 등급을 충족했다. Bio-SRF 등급을 만족하였지만, Bio-SRF 등급으로 이용할 수 있는 활용처가 뚜렷하지 않다. 따라서 케나프의 연료품질을 반탄화 공정을 통해 개선하여 보다 효율적으로 활용하고자 한다. 반탄화 공정의 공시재료로 줄기만 사용하는 것보다 시료 이용률이 높은 잎-줄기 혼합 케나프를 선택하였다. 반탄화 공정은 여섯가지의 공정 온도 (200·210·220·230·240·250℃)와 다른 세 가지 공정 시간(20·30·40 min)에서 수행되었다. 반탄화 공정결과, 공정시간이 길수록 230℃, 240℃, 250℃ 온도에서 질량감소가 크기 때문에 에너지수율이 낮았다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 200℃·20 min, 200℃·30 min, 210℃·20 min, 220℃·20 min의 에너지 수율이 높고 질량감소가 작아 최적 반탄화 공정 조건으로 선정하였다.

최근 탄소 중립 정책에 따른 신재생에너지 활용을 위한 노력이 가속화되고 있다. 이를 위하여 본 연구에서는 바이오매스 작물 중 하나인 케나프 (Hibiscus cannabinus L.)를 연료화하기 위하여, 미이용 목재 자원과 폐목재 자원을 혼합하여 고형연료인 펠릿을 제조하고 품질을 분석하였다. 품질을 평가하기 위해 목재 펠릿, 비목재 펠릿과 Bio-SRF의 품질기준을 통해 성형한 펠릿의 품질을 파악하였다. 케나프 펠릿의 경우 겉보기밀도, 발열량 등에서는 목재 펠릿 품질기준을 만족하였으나 회분의 함량이 기준을 초과하였다. 이를 보완하기 위해 목재 자원인 폐목재를 혼합하여 제조한 펠릿의 특성을 조사한 결과, 질소 및 겉보기밀도, 회분, 발열량 등에서 오히려 품질을 저하시키는 경향을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 미이용 목재를 혼합하여 성형된 펠릿의 품질을 조사한 결과, 겉보기밀도, 함수율, 질소, 황, 발열량의 조건에서 대부분 목재 펠릿의 품질기준을 만족하였다. 다만 회분함량의 경우 비목재 펠릿 및 Bio-SRF의 15% 이하 기준을 만족하고 있지만, 목재 펠릿의 최저 기준인 B등급 2.0% 이하 기준의 경우 만족하는 경우와 만족하지 못하는 경우가 발생하였다. 함수율 15%(w.b.)에서 케나프와 미이용 목재의 혼합비가 2:8인 경우와 함수율 20%(w.b.)에서 케나프와 미이용 목재의 혼합비가 6:4 및 2:8인 경우에 기준을 만족하였고, 그 이외에는 기준을 만족하지 못하였다. 특히, 케나프만을 사용하거나 폐목을 섞은 경우는 모두 기준을 만족하지 못하므로, 목재 펠릿의 기준을 만족하는 연료 이용을 위해서는 케나프와 미이용 목재 자원을 혼합 활용하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 판단된다.

This study was performed to select the optimum combinations of a cropping system by using kenaf and four forage crops on the reclaimed land, Saemangum, in Korea. First, kenaf was cultivated for 168 days from May to mid October, and then, four forage crops, such as barley, Italian ryegrass (IRG), rye, and triticale, were cultivated from late October to May next year. The agronomic performances and physiochemical analyses of kenaf and four forage crops were investigated. The kenaf yield on the reclaimed land was 2.4 t/10a compared to the upland field’s yield of 3.25 t/10a. The germination percentage of IRG was the highest in the solution of 0.3% NaCl in comparison with the other forage crops. The agronomic performances of forage crops were estimated twice during the vegetative period. A significant difference in dry weight was observed in barley at 30 days of sowing. On second investigation at 160 days of sowing, the highest plant height was found in rye and the dry weight of IRG was the lowest. At harvest time, rye showed a significant difference in the plant height of 159.8 cm and fresh weight was the highest in IRG. At this time, there was a big difference in the dry weight of rye and IRG compared to barley and triticale. With respect to the K+/Na+ ratio, rye showed the highest increase in the K+/Na+ ratio over the other crops when cultivated on the reclaimed land. With respect to the effect of the kenaf extract on the four winter crops, the extract from kenaf reduced the germination of IRG by 81.7%. With respect to the silage quality estimation, there was no increase in barley in terms of total digestible nutrient (TDN). Taken together, IRG would be useful for the silage and rye would be useful for green manure on the reclaimed land after cultivating kenaf.

The purpose of this study was to assess the forage productivity and nutritive value of kenaf at different fertilizer application amounts and various stages of maturity. The experiment was conducted from May to September 2020, the amount of 80 kg of kenaf seed/ha was supplied with different types and amounts of nitrogen fertilizer and the plants were harvested at 10-day intervals from different harvesting dates (24th August and 3rd, 13th, 23rd September). According to the different fertilizer types and application amounts, the highest kenaf height was recorded in the inorganic fertilizer amounts of 200 and 250 kg N/ha and the fresh and DM yield were significantly improved in the inorganic nitrogen amount of 250 kg N/ha. The highest CP and TDN content in the leaf was achieved in the inorganic fertilizer amounts of 150 and 200 kg N/ha, respectively; and the highest TDN content in the stem was also found in the inorganic fertilizer amount of 200 kg N/ha. According to the different harvesting dates, the highest DM ratio was found in the harvesting date of 13th September, the leaf ratio increased with advanced maturity, whereas the stem ratio decreased significantly and the highest DM yield of kenaf was recorded in the harvesting dates of 13th and 23rd September. Besides, the highest CP, CF, CA, ADF, NDF and TDN content in the leaf as influenced by different harvesting dates was 15.4, 31.8, 10.2, 22.1, 34.7 and 76.5%, respectively, and the CP, CA, ADF and TDN in stem decreased significantly with advanced maturity of kenaf. In conclusion, the optimal fertilizer amounts and the appropriate harvesting dates for a high forage yield and high-quality kenaf as livestock feed were the inorganic fertilizer application amounts of 200-250 kg N/ha and from 13th and 23rd September, respectively.

In this study, activated carbon with well-developed mesopores was fabricated using kenaf short fibers as a representative biomass. Concentrated phosphoric acid was selected as an activation agent to create highly developed porous structures, and pore development was observed to occur in relation to the weight ratio of phosphoric acid and kenaf. The pore characteristics of the kenaf-based activated carbon were determined using the N2/ 77K adsorption isotherm, and its microcrystalline structure was analyzed using X-ray diffraction. The highest specific surface area (1570 m2/g) was observed when the weight ratio of phosphoric acid to kenaf was 3:1, and the highest mesopore fraction (74%) was observed at 4:1. The carbonization yield was 45–35%, which is higher than that of commercial activated carbon. The production of porous carbon material by this method offers high potential for application because it can be controlled over a wide range of average pore diameter from 2.48 to 5.44 nm.

This study was conducted in 2014 in the Gangjin area of Jeonnam province for the purpose of confirming the potential of Kenaf as an alternative feed crop of rice. The weather and soil conditions were favorable and there was no adverse effect on the growth of Kenaf. The amount of seeding was given at 10 kg, 15 kg and 20 kg. As the seeding volume increased, plant height and dry matter yield increased, and stem diameter and number of nodes decreased. The highest growth rate was observed between 75 and 90 days from the date of planting(p<0.05). As the growth progressed, stem rate increased and leaf rate decreased(p<0.05). Increased amount of seeding and growth resulted in decreased CP and TDN and increased ADF and NDF, which resulted in the decreased economic value of Kenaf as a feed crop. The result of increasing the use of organic fertilizer to 20 kg and 30 kg was similar to increasing the amount of seeding. As organic fertilizer usage increased, dry matter yield and growth rate improved(p<0.05).

A severe outbreak of gray mold on kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) was observed on kenaf grown in the research field of Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Korea in 2014. Gray mold appeared on young plants as gray-brown velvety mold covering stems and leaves. Infections that girdled the stem caused wilting above the infected area and developed a canker. The casual fungus formed grayish brown colonies on potato dextrose agar. The conidia were one celled, mostly ellipsoid or ovoid in shape, colorless or pale brown in color, and 6–18 × 4–10 μm in size. The conidiophores were 15–32 μm in length. These measurements and taxonomic characteristics were most similar to those of Botrytis. DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the complete internal transcribed spacer rRNA gene region confirmed that the fungal isolates were indeed Borytis cinerea. Koch's postulates were supported by pathogenicity tests conducted on healthy plants. On the basis of mycological characteristics and pathogenicity test on host plants, the fungus was identified as Botrytis cinerea. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a gray mold caused by B. cinerea on kenaf in Korea.

To investigate the usefulness of Kenaf(Hibiscus cannabinus L.) as mushroom culture media source, we analyzephysical condition and contents of nutritional components. The water absorption rate of Kenaf bast was 578% and it was 95%higher than that of poplar sawdust’s. This was caused by Kenaf’s porous cellular structure. so it could give more moisture andoxygen to cultured mushroom. Total carbon contents of Kenaf was 91.4%, it was quite higher than that of poplar sawdust, wheatbran and rice bran. Total nitrogen content was 1.76% and C/N ratio was 51.9. The content of NFE(Nitrogen free extract) was46.6% and it was similar with rice bran. Cellulose content was higher than poplar but lignin content was lower. speciallyhemicellulose and pectin complex which more digestible carbon source to mushroom was 3.7% higher than poplar. Mineralcomponent and amino acid contents were also maintained high compared with poplar. Fe was 4.2 times, P 3.2 times, K 2.2times more and Ca was higher 16 mg/kg than poplar. The content of amino acid was quite more higher than poplar sawdust butlower than chaff. Consequently Kenaf had a good trait for basic support material in mushroom culture media and also had agood character as nutritional source.

본 시험은 새로운 여름 사료작물인 케나프(kenaf; Hibiscus dannabinus L.)의 생육특성, 수량성 및 품질을 다른 사료작물과 비교할 목적으로 2013년부터 2014년까지 2년간에 걸쳐 축산과학원 축산자원개발부 초지사료과 내의 시험포장에서 수행하였다. 중부지역에서 케나프(홍마 300), 옥수수(광평옥) 및 수수×수단그라스(점보)의 생육특성 및 품질을 비교한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 당도는 홍마 300이 5.4 Brix°로 광평옥보다 1Brix°, 점보보다 2.9 Brix° 높았다. 출현율과 도복은 세 작물 모두 각각 80% 이상, 1.5 이상으로 양호하게 나타났다. 생초수량은 점보가 홍마 300보다 12% 높았으며, 건물중은 홍마 300이 제 작물 중 유의성 있게 가장 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 하지만, TDN 수량은 홍마 300이 광평옥보다 13% 유의성 있게 낮았다(p<0.05). ADF 및 NDF 함량은 홍마 300이 57.8%, 69.5%로 가장 높았으며 TDN 함량 및 건물소화율은 43.3% 및 44.4%로 가장 낮았다. 따라서 본 연구결과를 토대로 볼 때 케나프인 홍마 300은 건물수량은 높지만 사료 품질에서 광평옥 및 점보보다 많이 낮았다. 그 결과 TDN 수량성은 광평옥보다 13% 낮은 결과를 얻었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 새로운 사료작물인 케나프는 단위면적당 생초 및 건물수확량은 옥수수보다 높지만, 건물소화율 및 TDN 함량이 낮아 TDN 수량은 옥수수보다 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 홍마 300은 높은 수량성을 가지고 있지만 낮은 사료가치를 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value and the quality of ensiled kenaf after fermentation with three cultivars at three different times of harvesting. Experimental plot were allocated with three harvest date (Early;8/3, medium;8/15 and late;8/28) and three cultivars (Tainung-a, Everglade, Whitten). The DM (dry matter) yield increased with maturity in all three cultivars, especially in Whitten which showed the highest yield at each harvest time. The DM content in Whitten at late harvesting time was higher than other treatments (231 g kg 1DM). The CP (crude protein) contents of the kenaf silage of all three cultivars ranged from 151 to 164 g kg 1. Highest content of NDF (neutral detergent fiber) was observed in Everglade at medium harvesting date, but the ADF (acid detergent fiber) content was highest in Everglade at early harvesting date (p<0.05). All treatments produced a pH less than 4.0, which is sufficient for stable storage. The pH of Tainung-a was higher than other cultivars at all harvesting times (p<0.05). Whitten showed the higher content of lactic acid (25.8 g kg 1 DM) showed at early harvesting date than other cultivars (p<0.05), while the acetic acid content (21.1 g kg 1 DM) was higher in Tainung-a at medium harvesting date (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed in ammonia-Nand butyric acid concentrations among all treatments. These results indicate that a kenaf silage could be used as fodder for ruminants. Especially, the Whitten harvested at late growing stage showed promise as a forage silage crop under Koran environments.

Kenaf fibers, cellulose-based natural fibers, were used as precursor for preparing kenafbased carbon fibers. The effects of carbonization temperature (700℃ to 1100℃) and chemical pre-treatment (NaOH and NH4Cl) at various concentrations on the thermal change, chemical composition and fiber morphology of kenaf-based carbon fibers were investigated. Remarkable weight loss and longitudinal shrinkage were found to occur during the thermal conversion from kenaf precursor to kenaf-based carbon fiber, depending on the carbonization temperature. It was noted that the alkali pre-treatment of kenaf with NaOH played a role in reducing the weight loss and the longitudinal shrinkage and also in increasing the carbon content of kenaf-based carbon fibers. The number and size of the cells and the fiber diameter were reduced with increasing carbonization temperature. Morphological observations implied that the micrometer-sized cells were combined or fused and then re-organized with the neighboring cells during the carbonization process. By the pre-treatment of kenaf with 10 and 15 wt% NaOH solutions and the subsequent carbonization process, the inner cells completely disappeared through the transverse direction of the kenaf fiber, resulting in the fiber densification. It was noticeable that the alkali pre-treatment of the kenaf fibers prior to carbonization contributed to the forming of kenaf-based carbon fibers.

본 시험은 무궁화과에 속하는 초본 식물인 Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.)를 경상대학교 시험농장 에서 2010년 6월 1일 파종하여 같은 해 11월 18일 수확하여 건조 한 후, 꽃 (HCME-F)과 잎 (HCME-L)에서 추출한 메탄올 추출물을 이용하여, 세포 독성 시험 및 주요 병원균에 대한 항균효과를 규명하였다. 항균효과에 사용된 균주는 가축에서 피부 질환, 유방염 및 소화기질병을 유발하는 그람양성 균인 St. aureus 와 Str. epidermidis, 그람음성균인 S. typhimurium 과 E. coli 균을 공시균주로 사용하였다. 추출물의 안전성을 평가하기 위해 두 추출물 HCME-F과 HCME-L을 0, 25, 50, 100 및 200 ㎍/ml 농도로 첨가한 배지에서 RAW 264.7 세포와 24시간 반응 후 세포 독성을 측정해 본 결과, 세포 독성이 인정되지 않았으며, 항균효과 시험결과 그람양성균인 St. aureus와 Str. epidermidis 균에 대하여 1, 50 및 100 ㎍/ml의 추출물 농도 및 반응시간 경과에 따라 항균 효과가 증가되었으나, 그람음 성균인 S. typhimurium 과 E. coli 에서는 항균효과가 인정되지 않았다. 종합적으로 Kenaf의 꽃과 잎 에서 추출한 메탄올 추출물이 세포에 대한 안전성이 입증되었고, 가축과 사람의 피부 질환 및 유방염의 대표적 그람양성균인 St. aureus와 Str. epidermidis 균에 대한 항균효과를 보여, Kenaf의 꽃과 잎을 이용한 선택적 그람양성균 치료제 및 사료첨가제 개발이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

본 시험은 무궁화과에 속하는 초본 식물인 Kenaf를 경상대학교 시험농장에서 2010년 6월 1일 파종하 여 같은 해 11월 18일 수확하여 건조 한 후, 축산분뇨의 수분조절제로서의 가치를 평가하였다. 건조된 Kenaf를 다시 bast, core, leaf으로 분류하여 분쇄를 하였으며, 각각의 분쇄물에 대한 수분 흡수율, 수 분 증발률, pH변화, 용적중, C/N비를 측정하였다. 분석 결과 수분흡수율은 대조군으로 사용된 왕겨 및 톱밥과 비하여 높은 수분 흡수율과 증발률을 보였고, pH는 Kenaf의 시료 별 증류수와 72시간 반응 후 측정해 본 결과 pH 2.8±0.01 - 4.34±0.02 범위로 톱밥 (pH 5.28±0.01) 및 왕겨 (pH 6.3±0.02)에 비해 다소 낮게 나타났다. C/N비 분석결과 Kenaf의 core가 649, bast 204, leaf 70 순으로 나타나 대 조군으로 사용된 톱밥 (789.1) 보다는 다소 낮았으나 왕겨 (132) 보다는 높은 비율을 보였다. 용적중 시 험에서는 Kenaf는 각 시료의 입경에 따라 A(≥ 4 cm), B(≤ 4 cm, ≥ 0.25 cm) 및 C 군(≤ 0.25 cm) 으로 구분하였고, 시험 결과 bast, core 및 leaf의 경우 입경이 큰 A 군과 B 군은 톱밥 및 왕겨와 비슷 한 용적중을 보였으며, 입경의 크기가 작은 C 군의 경우 다소 높은 용적중을 보였고, 특히 leaf C 군의 경우 톱밥 및 왕겨에 비해 5배 이상의 높은 용적중을 보여 입경이 작을수록 용적중이 높은 것으로 나타 났다. 본 연구는 축산분뇨의 퇴비화를 위해 Kenaf를 이용 수분조절제로서 활용 가능성을 제시하였고, 이러한 결과는 농가의 비용감소, 축산분뇨로 인한 환경오염 예방은 물론 친환경적 처리가 가능 할 것으 로 사료된다.

본 연구는 아열대 일년생 작물인 kenaf를 철원지역에서 품종 Dowling, Everglade-41, Tainung-2를 재배하여 생육특성과 광합성율을 측정하였다. 생장분석 결과 파종 후 53일째에 Everglade-41 품종이 잎 생체중과 건물중이 가장 높게 나타내었다. 줄기 무게는 Tainung-2 품종이 가장 높았으며, 93일과 115일째에서는 Dowling 품종이 줄기와 잎에서 가장 높은 생체중과 건물중을 나타내어 생산적 측면에서는 Dowlin

본 연구는 양마 3품종을 재식거리, 품종 및 수확시기에 따른 건물수량과 사료성분의 변화를 검토하고자 강원도 철원지역에서 2005년 5월 20일부터 2005년 9월 12일까지 수행되었다. 시험배치는 3반복 분할구 배치로 주구는 재식거리와 수확시기를, 세구는 양마 3품종(Dowling, Everglade 및 Tainung)을 배치했으며, 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 생육일수에 따른 건물 생산량은 93일까지는 재식거리가 구에서 높게 나타났다. 품종별 건물생

This study was carried out to investigate the usefulness of kenaf as a forage crop by studying dry matter (DM) yield and nutritive value of four different kenaf cultivars (Tainung, Fuhong, Everglade and Dowling). They were planted in Chunchon area on May 24, 2004 and harvested on July 2, 8 and 13, 2004, respectively. The DM yields were similar in all four cultivars as about 2 ton/ha on July 2, but the DM yields were significantly higher in Tainung (5 ton/ha) and Dowling (4.9 ton/ha) on July 13. In all four cultivars, the crude protein (CP) contents decreased as the harvest was delayed. In all three harvests, the CP content was highest in Dowling (17.9, 16.0 and 14.2% on July 2, 8 and 13, respectively) and lowest in Fuhong (13.3, 12.3 and 11.2% on July 2, 8 and 13, respectively). The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents of all four cultivars increased with the delayed harvest, although in Dowling and Everglade, the increase was rather slow after July 8. The CP cotent of leaf decreased with late harvest. The CP content was significantly higher in Dowling (about 24. 5%) compared to others. The NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of leaf tended to increase as the harvest was delayed, but there was no significant difference among cultivars. The CP content of stem tended to decrease and this tendency was most significant on July 13. When averaged three harvests, the CP content of stem was significantly higher in Dowling as 7.5% and lower in Fuhong as 4.9%. The NDF and ADF contents of stem increased as the harvest was delayed. The results showed that the DM yields of kenaf grown in Chunchon area were similar to those of kenaf grown in Jeju area. The nutritive values of kenaf were higher than those of other forage crops such as rye or oat. Especially, the leaf of kenaf has higher CP content than alfalfa hay. However, the DM yields of kenaf were lower than those of rye, oat and Sudan grass. Therefore, we consider the harvest to be delayed after July 13 for greater DM yield, which cause the relationships between the DM yield and nutritive value to be weighed.

본 시험은 제주지역에서 양마의 적응성과 생산량 및 사료가치를 구명하기 위해서 양마 Evergrlades 41, China Chong-pi 3 및 수수수단 교잡종 Pioneer 947를 이용하여 2000년 5월부터 11월까지 제주의 4개 지역( 제주시, 서귀포시, 성산 수산 및 한림 금악)에서 수행되었다. 건물수량은 수수수단 교잡종 (pioneer 947), 양마 (Everglades 41) 및 (China Chong-pi 3)을 비교시 각각 7,313,

본 연구는 제주지역에서 양마의 주당 본수 1(16,000주/10a), 2(34,000주/10a), 3(48,000주y10a), 4(64,000주/10a), 및 5본(80,000주/10a)에 따른 생육특성, 사료수량성 및 사료가치를 검토하고, 가축 조사료로 이용하기 위하여 2001년 4월 13일부터 10월 8일까지 수행하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 초장은 주당 1본에서 176cm였으나 주당 2본에서 185cm로 길어졌으나 그 이상 주당 본수