이 연구는 중학교 과학 교육과정이 중학생들의 기압 작용 방향에 대한 개념 변화에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지를 조 사하였다. 이를 위해 중학교 1학년과 3학년의 기압 관련 학습 내용을 토대로 구성된 개념 검사지를 중학교 3학년 학생 들을 대상으로 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 중학교 1학년 과학 1에서 학습한 용기 내 분자 운동과 관련된 기압의 개념과 작 용 방향에 대해 비교적 정확한 개념을 갖고 있음에도 불구하고, 중학교 3학년 과학 3에서 토리첼리 실험을 학습하면서 기압의 작용 방향이 아래쪽으로 향한다는 오개념을 갖게 되는 경우가 많음을 확인하였다. 이는 교육과정 및 교과서 내 용의 구성 방식이 학생들의 기압에 대한 개념 변화에 중요한 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 시사한다. 따라서 중학교 과학3 교과서에서 토리첼리 실험을 서술할 때, 기압을 단순히 무게의 관점이나 한 방향으로의 작용만을 강조하기 보다는 기압 이 모든 방향으로 작용할 수 있다는 과학 1의 개념을 다시 한번 명확히 할 필요가 있음을 제안한다. 이러한 노력은 학 생들의 과학적 개념의 내면화와 심화된 이해에 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다. 또한, 교수자들도 이러한 오개념을 사전에 인식하고 이를 고려하여 교수-학습 모형을 설계함으로써 학습자의 인지 갈등과 혼란을 선제적으로 최소화할 수 있을 것이다. 한편, 학습자의 오개념 및 교과서 분석 등에 관한 누적된 연구 결과가 교과서 내용에 반영될 수 있도록 책임 있는 기관의 체계적인 전략 및 지침 개발이 필요할 것이다.

The pressure sensor had been widely used to effectively monitor the flow status of the water distribution system for ensuring the reliable water supply to urban residents for providing the prompt response to potential issues such as burst and leakage. This study aims to present a method for evaluating the performance of pressure sensors in an existing water distribution system using transient data from a field pipeline system. The water distribution system in Y District, D Metropolitan City, was selected for this research. The pressure data was collected using low-accuracy pressure sensors, capturing two types of data: daily data with 1Hz and high-frequency recording data (200 Hz) according to specific transient events. The analysis of these data was grounded in the information theory, introducing entropy as a measure of the information content within the signal. This method makes it possible to evaluate the performance of pressure sensors, including identifying the most sensitive point from daily data and determining the possible errors in data collected from designated pressure sensors.

With the growth of silicon-based semiconductor sensors in the global sensor market, advancements in body motion detection for wearable devices and sustainable health monitoring have accelerated. This has led to a significant attention on various sensors with excellent flexibility and stretchability, such as PDMS, in numerous applications. In this study to adjust the sensitivity of conventional conductive pressure sensors, a porous sponge structure was initially created using a sugar template method. The polymer was prepared with four different ratios (5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 30:1) to achieve varying flexibilities. To ensure conductivity, the sponge was coated using a dip-coating method with a 3wt% CNT solution. The conductive sponges with various ratios were tested for sensitivity, demonstrating characteristics suitable for a wide range of pressure sensing applications.

The Climate chamber system is an essential facility for aerodynamic performance development of commercial vehicles to investigate air flow field characteristics in different climatic conditions. In particular, the analysis of airflow fields within the chamber system is an essential consideration for optimal design. In this study, the pressure characteristics and velocity uniformity in the test section area were predicted with blower impeller rotational speed using CFD. The velocity uniformity is affected by the distance from the blower nozzle outlet, reaching up to 72.7% at 695 RPM. The pressure differential between 300 RPM and 740 RPM shows an approximate difference of 2651 Pa, with a high-pressure distribution observed along the right side wall of the blower. These results are expected to be used as design data applicable for improving the performance of environmental chamber systems.

As the number of households with pets has increased worldwide, there is a growing trend of accepting pets as family members. Consequently, the pet food market has seen the emergence of concepts such as “human-grade,” “raw (PMR and BARF),” and “no synthetic additives” pet food. These concepts not only fulfill essential nutrients but also consider the health and habits of pets, a crucial aspect that should be at the forefront of our work. However, these types of pet food are prone to microbial contamination and component alterations caused by heat. Current studies and products have recently been developed overseas to apply non-thermal sterilization technologies to pet food commonly used in the food industry. In contrast, the domestic standards for non-thermal sterilization in pet food are insufficient. Therefore, a comprehensive review of non-thermal sterilization technologies, such as high-pressure processing (HPP), radiation, and plasma predominantly applied in the international pet food market, is deemed necessary. This review is expected to provide guidelines for non-thermal sterilization standards in domestic pet food, thereby laying the foundation for the safe production of raw pet food.

In this study, the characteristics of wind pressure distribution on circular retractable dome roofs with a low rise-to-span ratio were analyzed under various approaching flow conditions by obtaining and analyzing wind pressures under three different turbulent boundary layers. Compared to the results of previous studies with a rise-to-span ratio of 0.1, it was confirmed that a lower rise-to-span ratio increases the reattachment length of the separated approaching flow, thereby increasing the influence of negative pressure. Additionally, it was found that wind pressures varied significantly according to the characteristics of the turbulence intensity. Based on these experimental results, a model for peak net pressure coefficients for cladding design was proposed, considering variations in turbulence intensity and height.

Background: Single-leg squat (SLS)s are commonly used as assessment tool and closed kinetic exercises are useful for assessing performance of the lower extremities. Pronated feet are associated with foot pressure distribution (FPD) during daily activities. Objects: To compare the FPD during SLSs between groups with pronated and normal feet. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 30 participants (15 each in the pronated foot and control groups) are recruited in this study. The foot posture index was used to distinguish between the pronated foot and control groups. The Zebris FDM (Zebris Medical GmbH) stance analysis system was used to measure the FPD on the dominant side during a SLS, which was divided into three phases. A two-way mixed-model ANOVA was used to identify significant differences in FPD between and within the two groups. Results: In the hallux, the results of the two-way mixed-model ANOVAs revealed a significant difference between the group and across different phases (p < 0.05). The hallux, and central forefoot were significantly different between the group (p < 0.05). Moreover, significant differences across different phases were observed in the hallux, medial forefoot, central forefoot, lateral forefoot, and rearfoot (p < 0.05). The post hoc t-tests were conducted for the hallux and forefoot central regions. In participants with pronated foot, the mean pressure was significantly greater in hallux and significantly lower, in the central forefoot during the descent and holding phases. Conclusion: SLSs are widely used as screening tests and exercises. These findings suggest that individuals with pronated feet should be cautious to avoid excessive pressure on the hallux during the descent-to-hold phase of a SLS.

Background: Sleep accounts for approximately one-third of a person’s lifetime. It is a relaxing activity that relieves mental and physical fatigue. Pillows of different sizes, shapes, and materials have been designed to improve sleep quality by achieving an optimal sleep posture. Objects: This study aimed to determine which pillow provides the most comfortable and supports the head and neck during sleep, which may enhance sleep quality. Methods: Twenty-eight healthy adults (19 males and 9 females) with an average age of 29 years participated in this cross-sectional study. This experiment was conducted while the participants laid down for 5 minutes in four different pillow conditions: (1) no pillow (NP), (2) neck support foam pillow (NSFP), (3) standard microfiber filled pillow (SFP), and (4) hybrid foam pillow (HFP). The head-neck peak pressure, cranio-vertebral angle in supine (CVAs), cranio-horizontal angle in supine (CHAs), chin-sternum distance (CSD), and muscle tone of sternocleidomastoid were analyzed using one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: The head-neck peak pressure was the highest in the NSFP condition, followed by the NP, SFP, and HFP conditions. The CVAs, CHAs, and CSD of the SFP were lower than those of the other pillows. Muscle tone was the highest in the NP condition, followed by the of NSFP, HFP, and SFP conditions. The participants subjective comfort level in both the supine and side-lying postures was highest in the HFP condition, followed by the SFP and NSFP conditions. Conclusion: This study can be used to establish the importance of pillow selection for highquality sleep. The results of this study, suggest that a hybrid pillow with a good supportive core and appropriate fluffiness can maintain comfort and correct cervical spine alignment during sleep.

Prestressed Concrete Containment Vessels(PCCV)는 중대사고 발생 시 방사능 누출을 막기 위한 최 후의 방벽이며 체르노빌 및 스리마일 섬 원전 사고 이후 PCCV의 내압성능에 대한 관심이 높아졌다. PCCV는 장비반입 및 작업자 출입 등을 위한 다양한 관통부가 존재한다. 이러한 관통부로 인해 PCCV는 비축대칭적인 변형을 보이며 관통부는 취약부위로 고려된다. 하지만 관통부의 거동은 전체모 델에서 정확히 모사할 수 없다. 따라서 PCCV의 내압성능 평가를 위한 규제지침인 Reguratory Guide(RG) 1.216은 관통부에 대한 내압성능 평가를 위해 상세국부모델을 작성하여 평가하도록 권고하고 있다. 하 지만 대부분의 국부모델을 이용한 PCCV의 내압성능 평가와 관련된 선행연구는 전체모델을 이용하여 관통부의 응답을 관측하고 보정인자를 사용하여 수행되었다. 따라서 본 연구는 내압을 받는 1:4 scale PCCV의 관통부에 대한 거동 분석과 내압성능 평가를 위해 관통부의 상세 국부 유한요소 모델을 구축 하였다. 미국의 Sandia National Laboratory의 실험적 연구 결과와 비교하여 구축된 모델을 검증하였 으며 관통부의 내압거동을 분석하였다.

격납건물은 원자력 발전소의 중대 사고 발생시 방사성 물질의 외부 방출을 막는 심층 방어 체계 중 마지막 방벽이다. 중대사고 발생시 격납건물 내부에선 노심 융해와 수소 발생으로 인한 내압 상승과 증기 폭발로 인한 구조적 손상이 일어나며, 이에 대한 구조적 건전성을 평가하기 위해 격납건물에 대 한 극한 내압 성능 평가를 실시한다. 극한 내압 성능 평가 방법 중 확률론적 평가시 현실적인 제약으 로 인해 고신뢰도 유한요소해석 모델을 이용하며 이때에 불확실성 인자들의 확률 분포 특성을 고려한 데이터 셋을 샘플링 기법을 이용하여 구성한 후 비선형 해석을 실시한다. 도출된 비선형 해석 결과는 취약도 곡선을 도출에 사용되며, 취약도 곡선을 이용하여 확률론적인 평가가 실시된다. 샘플링 기법에 따라 적절한 표본 크기가 아닌 데이터셋을 구성하게 되면 통계적 불확실성으로 인한 취약성 분석의 오차가 증대된다. 하지만 유한요소해석시 발생하는 막대한 계산 비용으로 인하여 기존의 방식은 적절 한 샘플링 크기 선정 및 부적절한 샘플링 크기 선정으로 인한 확률론적인 성능평가에 대한 영향에 대 한 정량화 및 평가를 제한적으로 수행하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 격납건물의 재료적 특성 및 내압 으로 인한 변위 데이터를 기반으로 생성한 인공신경망 모델을 통해 유한요소 해석에 대한 대리모델을 생성한다. 이후 생성한 대리모델을 기반으로 일반적인 불확실성 분포 샘플링에 사용되는 Monte Carlo method, latin hypercube sampling, Sobol sequence을 이용하여 표본 크기에 따른 격납건물 확률론적 인 극한내압성능 평가에 대한 영향을 정량화 및 평가를 실시하겠다. 이를 통해 제한적으로 탐색되었던 불확실성 공간에 대하여, 그 통계적 불확실성 및 전방위적인 탐색이 가능해 질것으로 기대한다.

2016년 경주지진(규모 5.8) 및 2017년 포항지진(규모 5.4)은 1978년 대한민국 지진 관측 이래 국내 에서 발생한 지진 중 가장 큰 피해가 발생한 지진으로 기록되었다. 지진의 피해사례는 다양한 분야에 서 발생되었으며, 그중 교량 구조물에도 부분적인 피해가 다수 발생하였다. 국내에서는 교량구조물에 대한 내진보강 사업을 지속적으로 진행하고 있으며, 내진 보강의 공법 중 면진받침을 적용하여 구조물 의 내진성능을 확보하는 사례는 지속적으로 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 펜들럼 교량받침은 중간판의 기 하학적인 곡률과 고강도 마찰재를 이용하여 감쇠 기능뿐 아니라 복원 기능을 구비하고 있는 면진받침 으로써 제품 크기가 작아 시공성, 경제성이 우수하여 국내에서 가장 많이 사용되고 있는 대표적인 면 진장치이다. 펜들럼 받침의 경우 지진력 감쇠 및 회전, 이동량 수용을 위하여 2면의 곡면 구조로 진자 운동을 하므로 수평 변위 발생 시 필수적으로 수직 단차가 발생하는 구조이다. 또한 면압에 따라 마찰 계수가 달라지는 마찰재의 특성을 고려한 특성치 산출이 필요한 제품이다. 이 연구에서는 펜들럼 받침 의 다양한 면압에 따른 동적 시험을 실시하여 실제 거동과 일치하는 설계 특성치 산출법을 정립하였 다. 또한 펜들럼 면진받침의 진자 운동을 반영한 모양의 가이드와 프리세팅 전, 후에도 받침 상판의 수평을 유지할 수 있는 장치를 실물 크기로 제작하여 공인기관에 의뢰하여 프리세팅 시험 및 완제품 성능 시험을 실시하여 그 성능을 검증하였다. 성능 시험 결과 곡률에 따른 프리세팅이 가능함을 확인 하였다. 또한, 곡률형 프리세팅을 적용한 펜들럼 면진받침이 구조적으로 안전함을 확인하였다.

Wearable sensors with highly flexible and sensitive characteristics have attracted research interests in the promising field of electronic skin, health monitoring, and soft robotics. However, the developing of high-performance piezoresistive sensor is full of challenges due to the expensive equipment and complex procedures. Herein, we fabricate a reduced graphene oxide/ polyurethane composite sponge (GPCS) pressure sensor combining with dual-templates. The polyurethane (PU) sponge provides an elastic structure as solid template. Meanwhile, air bubbles as gas template are used to uniformly disperse graphene oxide (GO) sheets. The burst of air bubbles in the process of thermal treatment makes GO coating on the surface of PU skeleton, avoiding the aggregation of reduced graphene oxide. Therefore, the GPCS exhibits excellent compressibility and uniform coating structure. As a result, it also possesses high sensitivity (Gauge Factor = 3.00 in the range of 0–10% strain), fast response time (35 ms), and excellent cyclic piezoresistive stability (5000 loading–unloading cycles) when applied in the pressure sensor field. Moreover, the flexible wearable stress–strain sensor assembled by the GPCS can be easily adhered on the surface of human skin and precisely detect human movements such as elbow bending and finger bending. Such low-cost procedure and excellent sensing performance enable GPCS sensor to demonstrate tremendous application potential in the field of advanced wearable devices.

We present a practical vacuum pressure sensor based on the Schottky junction using graphene anchored on a vertically aligned zinc oxide nanorod (ZnO-NR). The constructed heterosystem of the Schottky junction showed characteristic rectifying behavior with a Schottky barrier height of 0.64 eV. The current–voltage (I–V) features of the Schottky junction were measured under various pressures between 1.0 × 103 and 1.0 × 10− 3 mbar. The maximum current of 38.17 mA for the Schottky junction was measured at – 4 V under 1.0 × 10− 3 mbar. The high current responses are larger than those of the previously reported vacuum pressure sensors based on ZnO nanobelt film, ZnO nanowires, and vertically aligned ZnO nanorod devices. The pressure-sensitive current increases with the vacuum pressure and reaches maximum sensitivity (78.76%) at 1.0 × 10− 3 mbar. The sensitivity and repeatability of the Schottky junction were studied by the current–time (I–T) behavior under variation of vacuum pressure. The sensing mechanism is debated from the surface charge transfer doping effect by oxygen chemisorption. The results suggest that this simple graphene/ZnO-NR Schottky junction device may have potential in the fabrication of vacuum pressure sensor with high sensitivity.

Understanding the behavior of soil under cyclic loading conditions is essential for assessing its response to seismic events and potential liquefaction. This study investigates the effect of non-plastic fines content (FC) on excess pore pressure generation in medium-density sand-silt mixtures subjected to strain-controlled cyclic direct simple shear (CDSS) tests. The investigation is conducted by analyzing excess pore pressure (EPP) ratios and the number of cycles to liquefaction (Ncyc-liq) under varying shear strain levels and FC values. The study uses Jumunjin sand and silica silt with FC values ranging from 0% to 40% and shear strain levels of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, and 1.0%. The findings indicate that the EPP ratio increases rapidly during loading cycles, with higher shear strain levels generating more EPP and requiring fewer cycles to reach liquefaction. At 1.0% and 0.5% shear strain levels, FC has a limited effect on Ncyc-liq. However, at a lower shear strain level of 0.2%, increasing FC from 0 to 10% reduces Ncyc-liq from 42 to 27, and as FC increases further, Ncyc-liq also increases. In summary, this study provides valuable insights into the behavior of soil under cyclic loading conditions. It highlights the significance of shear strain levels and FC values in excess pore pressure generation and liquefaction susceptibility.

Air blower has been widely used in many industrial fields such as wind tunnel and large ventilation systems. Its performance is affected by operating conditions and system geometry of inpeller and duct, and these design parameter optimization is essential for the effective development. CFD analysis is carried out to investigate the air flow field characteristics with outlet total pressure in a blower system. Intake air into the impeller blade through the inlet is compressed, and then gradually discharged from the outlet with ascending total pressure, and predicted results are compared with test data. Especially this overall pressure difference in the blower system severely depends on the flow rate. These results are expected to be used as applicable design data for blower performance improvement.

The purpose of this study was to develop a nursing education program using Web-based simulation for the care of patients with intracranial pressure. An additional aim was to verify the effectiveness of nursing knowledge, problem-solving competency, a critical thinking disposition, and the expectation of learning transfer. Methods: This was an experimental study using repeated measures with a nonequivalent control group. The participants were senior nursing students, randomly assigned to experimental (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. The experimental group participated in a nursing education program that included Web-based lectures, pre-briefing, Web-based simulation, and debriefing, whereas the control group’s program included only Web-based lectures. Results: A significant difference was found between the experimental and control groups in problem-solving competency (F=5.84, p=.005), critical thinking disposition (F=4.25, p=.021), and the expectation of learning transfer (t=2.30, p<.025). Also, a significant interaction between time and group was found in problem-solving competency and critical thinking disposition. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the education program using Web-based simulation positively affected nursing students’ problem-solving competency, critical thinking disposition, and the expectation of learning transfer. Therefore, this program can be considered a valuable aid in educating nursing students.