Regulatory Guide (RG) 1.60 presents the response spectra for the seismic design, especially for the safe shutdown earthquake (SSE), of nuclear power plants. This guide is applicable to a two-step process involving the issuance of construction permits and operating licenses (10 CFR Part 50) as well as the issuance of combined construction and operating licenses (COLs), early site permits (ESPs), and standard plant design certifications (10 CFR Part 52) [1]. New reactor designs, however, require modified design response spectra (MDRS) by broadening the high-frequency range from design response spectra (DRS) in RG 1.60. In order to generate artificial time histories to meet the acceptable criteria described in NUREG-0800 [2], it9s necessary to develop the power spectral density of the MDRS. In this paper, we generate the artificial earthquake time histories of the MDRS for further research.

The present study aimed to explore how pre-service teacher’s individual regulatory focus orientation, currently emerging as an interesting learner variable for language learning, could influence their Englishspeaking abilities. English teaching demonstration videos of 67 pre-service teachers were analyzed in terms of pronunciation, accuracy, and fluency. The regulatory focus orientations of participants were evaluated using a questionnaire. The results of data analysis, using multiple regression analysis, indicated that promotion-focus orientation was a significant positive predictor for pronunciation, fluency (words per minute, ratio of dysfluency), and accuracy (lexical errors, ratio of error-free AS-units). On the other hand, prevention-focus orientation did not emerge as a statistically significant factor affecting accuracy. However, it was observed to have a negative influence on both pronunciation and fluency. In light of the research findings that highlight the favorable impact of a promotion-focus orientation, suggestions were made for future teacher training programs aimed at enhancing the English proficiency of pre-service teachers.

Revolutionary advancements, such as the reduction in DNA sequencing costs and genome editing, have transformed biotechnology, fostering progress in manipulating biomolecules, engineering cells, and computational biology. Agriculture and food production have significantly benefited from tools like high-throughput microarrays, accelerating the selection of desired traits. Genetic engineering, especially utilizing genome editing, facilitates precise alterations in plants and animals, harnessing microbiomes and fostering lab-grown meat production to alleviate environmental pressures. The emergence of new biotechnologies, notably genome editing, underscores the necessity for regulatory frameworks governing LM (living modified) organisms. Global regulations overseeing genetically engineered or genome-edited (GE) organisms, encompassing animals, exhibit considerable diversity. Nonetheless, prevailing international regulatory trends typically exclude genomeedited plants and animals, employing novel biotechnological techniques, from GMO/ LMO classification if they lack foreign genes and originate through natural mutations or traditional breeding programs. This comprehensive review scrutinizes ongoing risk and safety assessment cases, such as genome-edited beef cattle and fish in the USA and Japan. Furthermore, it investigates the limitations of existing regulations related to genome editing in Korea and evaluates newly proposed legislation, offering insights into the future trajectory of regulatory frameworks.

To construct and operate nuclear power plants (NPPs), it is mandatory to submit a radiation environmental impact assessment report in accordance with Article 10 and Article 20 of the Nuclear Safety Act. Additionally, in compliance with Article 136 of the Enforcement Regulations of the same law, KHNP (Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power) annually assesses radiation environmental effects and publishes the results for operating NPPs. Furthermore, since the legalization of emission plans submission in 2015, KHNP has been submitting emission plans for individual NPPs, starting with the Shin-Hanul 1 and 2 units in 2018. These emission plans specify the emission quantities that meet the dose criteria specified by the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission. Before 2002, KHNP used programs developed in the United States, such as GASPAR and LADTAP, for nearby radiation environmental impact assessments. Since then, KHNP has been using K-DOSE60, developed internally. K-DOSE60 incorporates environmental transport analysis models in line with U.S. regulatory guidance Regulatory Guide 1.109 and dose assessment models reflecting ICRP-60 recommendations. K-DOSE60 is a stand-alone program installed on individual user PCs, making it difficult to manage comprehensively when program revisions are needed. Additionally, during the preparation of emission plans and the licensing phase, improvements to KDOSE60’ s dose assessment methodology were identified. Furthermore, in 2022, regulatory guidelines regarding resident dose assessments were revised, leading to additional improvement requirements. Currently, E-DOSE60, being developed by KHNP, is a network-based program allowing for integrated configuration management within the KHNP network. E-DOSE60 is expected to be developed while incorporating the identified improvements from K-DOSE60, in response to emission plan licensing and regulatory guideline revisions. Key improvements include revisions to dose assessment methodologies for H-13 and C-14 following IAEA TRS-472, expansion of dose assessment points, and changes in socio-environmental factors. Furthermore, data such as site meteorological information and releases of radioactive substances in liquid and gaseous forms can be linked through a network, reducing the potential for human errors caused by manual data entry. Ultimately, E-DOSE60 is expected to optimize resident exposure dose assessment and enhance public trust in NPP operation.

The nuclear facilities at Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) have generated a variety of organic liquid radwaste and radiation levels are also varied. At KAERI, the organic liquid radwaste has been stored at Radioactive Waste Treatment Facility (RWTF) temporarily due to the absence of the recognized treatment technique while inorganic liquid radwaste can be treated by evaporation, bituminization, and solar evaporation process. The organic liquid radioactive waste such as spent oil, cutting oil, acetone, ethanol, etc. was generated from the nuclear facilities at KAERI. Among the organic liquid radioactive wastes, spent oil is particularly significant. According to the nuclear safety act, radioactive waste can be cleared by incineration and landfilling if it meets the criteria of less than 10 μSv/h for individual dose and 1 person – Sv/y for collective dose. Dose assessment was performed on some organic liquid radioactive waste with a very low possibility of radioactive contamination stored in RWTF at KAERI. As a result, it was confirmed that some wastes met the regulatory clearance standards. Based on this, it was approved by the regulatory body, and this became the first case in Korea and KAERI for permission for regulatory clearance of organic liquid radioactive waste by landfill after incineration.

There is a large amount of radioactive waste in waste storage in the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. Some of the radioactive waste was generated during the dismantling process due to Korea Research Reactor 1&2 and it accounts for 20% of the total waste. Radioactive waste must be reduced by appropriate disposal methods to secure storage space and to reduce disposal costs. Research Reactor wastes include wastes that are below the acceptable criteria for selfdisposal and non-contaminated wastes, so they can be treated as wastes subject to self-disposal through contamination analysis and reclassification. In order to deregulation radioactive waste, it is necessary to meet the self-disposal standards stipulated in the Domestic Nuclear Act and the treatment standards of the Waste Management Act. The main factors of deregulation are surface contaminant, radionuclide activity and dose assessment. To confirm the contamination of waste, surface contaminant and gamma nuclide analysis were performed. After homogenizing the waste sample, it was placed in 1 L Mariinelli beaker. When collecting waste samples, 1 kg per 200 kg of waste was collected. The concentrations of the major radionuclides Co-60, Cs-134, Cs-137, Eu-152, and Eu-154 were analyzed using HPGe detector. To evaluate radiation dose, various computational programs were used. A dose assessment was performed with the analyzed nuclide concentration. The concentrations of representative nuclides satisfied the deregulation acceptance criteria and the results of the dose assessment corresponding to self-disposal method was also satisfied. Based on this results, KAERI submitted the report on waste self-disposal plan to obtain approval. After final approval, Research Reactor waste is to be incinerated and incineration ash is to be buried in the designated place. Some metallic waste has been recycled. In this study, the suitability of deregulation for self-disposal was confirmed through the evaluation of the surface contaminant analysis, radionuclide concentration analysis and dose assessment.

EU taxonomy requires to solve problems for safe management of radioactive waste and disposal of spent fuel, which is a precondition for growing demand for nuclear power plant. Currently, Korea manages about 18,000 tons of high-level radioactive waste at temporary storage facilities in nuclear power plant sites, but such temporary storage facilities are expected to become saturated sequentially from 2031. Therefore, it is necessary to secure a permanent disposal facility to safely treat high-level radioactive waste. In accordance with the second basic plan for high-level radioactive waste management in 2021, it is necessary to establish requirements for regulatory compliance for the site selection and site acquisition, investigation and evaluation, and construction for the establishment of a deep geological disposal facility. In this study, we analyzed the regulatory policies and cases of leading foreign countries related to deep geological disposal facilities for high-level radioactive waste disposal waste such as IAEA, USA, Sweden, and Finland using data analysis methodology. To analyze a large amount of textbased document data, text mining is applied as a major technology and a verification standard that secures validity and safety based on the regulatory laws described so far is developed to establish a regulatory base suitable for domestic deep geological disposal status. Based on the collected data, preprocessing and analysis with Python were performed. Keywords and their frequency were extracted from the data through keyword analysis. Through the measured frequency values, the contents of the objects and elements to be regulated in the statutory items were grasped. And through the frequency values of words co-occurring among different sections through the analysis of related words, the association was obtained, and the overall interpretation of the data was performed. The results of analyzing regulations of major foreign countries using text mining are visualized in charts and graphs. Word cloud can intuitively grasp the contents by extracting the main keywords of the contents of the regulations. Through the network connection graph, the relationship between related words can be visually structured to interpret data and identify the causal relationship between words. Based on the result data, it is possible to compare and analyze the factors to be supplemented by analyzing domestic nuclear safety case and regulations.

Previous studies offered inconsistent empirical results for the influence of customer participation on service satisfaction. One possible explanation for this inconsistency is that existing conceptualizations of customer participation do not clearly differentiate the distinct roles of customer participation in service. To address this gap, Dong and Sivakumar (2015) have proposed an updated classification for customer participation based on “output specificity,” which refers to the degree to that the nature of the output is influenced by the person who provides the resource. The output of the customer participation can either be “specific” or “generic”. The “specific output” is defined as the expected service outcome can be idiosyncratic depending on whether the service is provided by the customer or the employee. In contrast, “generic output” refers to expected service outcome is well defined regardless of whether it is delivered by the service provider or the customer. How output specificity of customer participation influences service satisfaction still lacks of empirical examination.

Previous studies offered inconsistent empirical results for the influence of customer participation on service satisfaction. One possible explanation for this inconsistency is that existing conceptualizations of customer participation do not clearly differentiate the distinct roles of customer participation in service. To address this gap, Dong and Sivakumar (2015) have proposed an updated classification for customer participation based on “output specificity,” which refers to the degree to that the nature of the output is influenced by the person who provides the resource. The output of the customer participation can either be “specific” or “generic”. The “specific output” is defined as the expected service outcome can be idiosyncratic depending on whether the service is provided by the customer or the employee. In contrast, “generic output” refers to expected service outcome is well defined regardless of whether it is delivered by the service provider or the customer. How output specificity of customer participation influences service satisfaction still lacks of empirical examination.

There is a growing trend towards consumption of meat alternatives. In response to rising demand, many brands add meat alternative options to their offerings (e.g., Impossible Whopper from Burger King, McPlant from McDonald’s). Consistent with this trend, a growing literature explores how to encourage consumers to reduce meat consumption and increase acceptance of meat alternatives. However, there are two major limitations in literature. First, most studies in this area do not employ real behavioral outcomes as the focal dependent variable. As a result, we cannot be certain that such findings can be extrapolated into real-world settings. Second, the majority of studies have focused on cognitive factors in investigating acceptance of meat alternatives. Hence, there is a need to attend more to affective factors when investigating how we can advertise meat alternatives. Against this backdrop, the present research investigates the interactive effect between regulatory mode (a motivational factor) and positive emotion (an affective factor) for driving social media engagement in advertising meat alternatives. Regulatory mode theory posits that consumers engage in goal pursuit by adopting locomotion (a motivation to “just do it”) and assessment orientations (a motivation to “do the right thing”). We propose that different, discrete positive emotions could interact with regulatory mode to create “fit” effects. Specifically, the fit between assessment orientation and the emotion of awe, and between locomotion orientation and the emotion of love will lead to increased social media engagement.

In 2022 and 2023, the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS), a regulatory body, revised the regulatory guidelines for off-site dose evaluation to residents, marine characteristics surveys around nuclear facilities, and environmental radiation surveys and evaluation around nuclear facilities. In addition, the NRC, a US regulatory body, has revised regulatory guide 1.21 (MEASURING, EVALUATING, AND REPORTING RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL IN LIQUID AND GASEOUS EFFLUENTS AND SOLID WASTE) to change environmental programs for nuclear facilities. The domestic regulatory guidelines were revised and added to reflect the experience of site dose evaluation for multiple units during the operation license review of nuclear facilities, the resident exposure dose age group was modified to conform to ICRP-72, and the environmental monitoring plan was clarified. In the case of the US, the recommended guidelines for updating the long-term average atmospheric diffusion factor and deposition factor, the clarification of the I-131 environmental monitoring guidelines for drinking water, and the clarification of the procedures described in the technical guidelines when changing environmental programs have been revised and added. Through such regulatory trend review, it is necessary to preemptively respond to changes in the regulatory environment in the future.

Recently, more than 70 SMRs have been developed around the world due to their modularity, flexibility, and miniaturization. An innovative SMR (i-SMR) is also being developed in Korea, and operators are planning to apply for a Standard Design Approval (SDA) in 2026 after completing the standard design. Accordingly, regulatory organizations are conducting R&D on regulatory requirements and guidelines for systematic SMR standard design review by referring to IAEA and NRC cases. In terms of security, SMRs are expected to undergo many changes not only in terms of physical security through security systems, security areas, and vital equipments, but also in terms of cybersecurity through new digital technologies, remote monitoring, and automated operation. Accordingly, the IAEA Fundamental Safety Principles (SF-1) require operators to improve the safety of nuclear facilities by considering security requirements, access control requirements, and the results of operational impact assessments based on threats from the design and construction stages. Similarly, the U.S. nuclear regulatory body (NRC) has confirmed the status of security assessment and design considering design basis threats (DBTs) in the NuScale standard design review process, and the Canadian nuclear regulatory body (CNSC) has revised security regulatory guidelines and applied them to the SMR standard design review. Among these various activities related to SMR security, this paper analyzes the major changes in the cybersecurity regulatory guidelines for SMRs recently revised by the CNSC, the Canadian nuclear regulatory body. Compared to the previous guidelines, the Defensive Cybersecurity Architecture (DCSA), including external logical access control, security level and zone communication requirements, verification and validation (V&V) activities during development phases, and system & service acquisition security requirements have been added. Other changes, such as the cyber incident response program, will be analyzed and compared. Through the revised regulatory guidelines, the CNSC has divided cybersecurity levels into four (High, Moderate, Low, and Business), strictly prohibiting remote access to High and Moderate levels, and allowing remote access to Low levels only for maintenance purposes. In addition, the paper will analyze the detailed revisions, such as prohibiting access to the High level from lower levels and allowing only handshaking signals from the Low level to the Moderate level.

Since the National R&D Innovation Act was enacted in 2022, it became a crucial issue how to qualify or improve R&D activities and disseminate their outcomes. Many organizations have referred to various quality management standards such as the American National Standards Institute/American Society for Quality (ANSI/ASQ) Z1.13, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9001, and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Nuclear Quality Assurance-1 (ASME NQA-1), as a means to set up their own quality system. ISO is the international standard for implementing a quality management system (QMS), which provides a framework and principles for managing an organization’s QMS, with the aim of ensuring that the organization consistently provide products or services that meet regulatory requirements. ISO 9001 can cover all aspects of an organization’s operations, and it can also be expanded to include R&D areas. The introduction of ISO 9001 to R&D aims to improve R&D practices and establish a standardized process framework for conducting R&D. ANSI/ASQ Z1.13 provides quality guidelines for research and consists of 10 sections covering various aspects of research quality, emphasizing ethical conduct, clear objectives, reliable data collection, and analysis. ASME NQA-1 is one of quality assurance standards for nuclear facility applications, but it has been extended and applied to R&D activities in the nuclear fields. It just focuses on planning, procedures, documentation, competence, equipment, and material control. KINAC has conducted extensive research on verifying and regulating nuclear activities while providing support for national nonproliferation technologies and policies. In addition to the quantitative growth achieved so far, efforts are being made to establish a qualitative and integrated management system. As a first step to achieve this goal, this study reviewed international standards and methodologies for research quality and derived the key components for R&D quality management. Moreover, the appropriate outline of quality management system framework was proposed for R&D as a regulatory support process, based on the ISO 9001. The implementation of quality management standards and procedures for R&D in KINAC, which could lead to improved research practices, more reliable data collection and analysis and increased efficiency in conducting R&D activities.

With the introduction and implementation of the National Research and Development Innovation Act in 2021, researchers are required to have a greater understanding of research ethics and to comply more strictly. The range of misconduct in research and the standards for sanctions have been expanded with the introduction of the National Research and Development Innovation Act. In addition, researchperforming institutions and specialized agencies have been obligated to establish their own research management systems and standards according to the changed criteria. The Korea Institute of Nuclear Nonproliferation and Control (KINAC), a nuclear regulatory authority that is conducting national R&D in related fields, has sought to strengthen research ethics by revising related regulations, introducing a plagiarism detection system, and expanding related education in accordance with these policies. In this study, we analyzed the effectiveness of the plagiarism detection system as a basic quality control measure for research results and a tool for enhancing research ethics, which was introduced. KINAC did not simply introduce a plagiarism detection program but established institutional improvements and other regulatory measures to support it, with the aim of more effectively managing research results. To analyze the effectiveness of this system, we calculated the plagiarism rate by sampling 30 papers each year for the three years before the introduction of the plagiarism detection system. When comparing the plagiarism rates before and after the introduction of the plagiarism detection system, no exceptional cases of high plagiarism rates were found in papers published after the introduction of the system. Although most of the papers before the introduction of the system showed a satisfactory plagiarism rate, some cases showed high plagiarism rates. We analyzed the cause of such cases in detail. Some exceptional cases were also found to be included in the range of misconduct regulated by the National Research and Development Innovation Act. As no such cases were found after the introduction of the system, we could infer that the system is effectively functioning as a tool for basic quality control and enhancing research ethics. In the future, we plan to expand the sample qualitatively and quantitatively by including other forms of outcomes published by the institution, not just papers, and conduct a more detailed analysis. Based on the results, we will develop various improvement plans for enhancing the quality and research ethics of the institution’s research results.

Licensees are required to protect critical digital assets (CDAs) in nuclear facilities against cyber-attacks, up to and including design basis threat (DBT), according to「ACT ON PHYSICAL PROTECTION AND RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY」. However, CDAs may be excluded from cyber security regulations at nuclear power plant decommissioning, and this may lead to severe consequences if the excluded CDAs contain sensitive information such as the number and location of nuclear fuels and information on security officers. In that case, that information could be leaked to the adversary without adequately removing the information before discarding the CDAs. It can be potentially abused to threaten nuclear facilities inducing radiological sabotage and nuclear material theft. So, controls of sensitive information are needed. This study aims to derive regulatory improvements related to discarding CDAs that have sensitive information by analyzing foreign cases such as IAEA and U.S. NRC. The sensitive information in the IAEA guide is the following: (1) details of physical protection systems and any other security measures in place for nuclear material, other radioactive material, associated facilities, and activities; (2) information relating to the quantity and form of nuclear material or other radioactive material in use or storage; (3) information relating to the quantity and form of nuclear material or other radioactive material in transport; (4) details of computer systems; (5) contingency and response plans for nuclear security events; (6) personal information; (7) threat assessments and security alerting information; (8) details of sensitive technology; (9) details of vulnerabilities or weaknesses that relate to the above topics; (10) historical information on any of the above topics. In the case of the U.S. NRC, they categorize sensitive information into three groups: (1) classified information, (2) safeguard information (SGI), (3) sensitive unclassified non-safeguards information (SUNSI). Classified information is information whose compromise would cause damage to national security or assist in manufacturing nuclear weapons. The SGI concerns the physical protection of operating power reactors, spent fuel shipments, strategic special nuclear material, or other radioactive material. Finally, SUNSI is generally not publicly available information such as personnel privacy, attorney-client privilege, and a confidential source. IAEA recommends protecting the above sensitive information in accordance with NSS No.23-G (Security of Nuclear Information), and NRC protects classified information, SGI, and SUNSI under relative laws. In the case of ROK, if security control measures are enhanced CDAs that possess sensitive information, the risk of information leakage will be decreased when those CDAs are discarded.

Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light is often associated with skin damage, sometimes very serious, and in recent times has received particular attention as a health risk. As a result, the proper use of sunscreen has long been recommended to protect against skin damage. The continued increase in the use of sunscreen may be linked to increased information about the risk of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays. Natural and harmless materials that block and prevent UV light have emerged as essential household items in the field of skin beauty. New materials need to be considered and evaluated in relation to ultraviolet rays and their harmful effects. This study aims to explain the effect of UV exposure on human skin, the classification of sunscreens, the application of zeolite, nano clay, and LDH in sunscreen formulations, as well as the regulation of this service in various countries around the world.

The progress of science and technology has driven the development of the society, and the application of threedimensional simulation technology in all walks of life has greatly improved people's life. Maritime affairs is an important part of comprehensive transportation. The improvement of maritime supervision and service level is conducive to the construction of domestic first-class economic law enforcement system and international leading maritime management institutions. Now the application of 3D simulation technology to maritime supervision is studied, aiming to improve the quality and efficiency of supervision, make maritime supervision more convenient and have further guarantee. Maritime supervision of ship environment is often more troublesome than personnel management. In the process of monitoring and control, many uncontrollable environmental factors greatly increase the difficulty of supervision, among which the port environment is more complex, which is a difficulty of monitoring and control in maritime supervision. This paper uses MapInfo Professional, Win Topo, Multigen Creator and other operating software to construct the Qingdao port visual simulation environment. The port topographic cloud map of Qingdao Port was captured, and the collected image information was converted into data through MapInfo Professional and Win Topo software, and then modeled by Multigen Creator software. After completing the general terrain outline, the established simulation scene was made more realistic and realistic through some detail processing and optimization means. By describing the establishment of 3D simulation terrain in Qingdao Port, the application status of the simulation technology in ship environment and port management is reflected, which provides a reference for the deeper application of 3D simulation technology in maritime supervision.

Diabetic encephalopathy is a major complication with cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). DM-induced glucolipotoxicity is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease–like phenotype, including amyloidogenesis, tau hyperphosphorylation, and neuronal apoptosis. Although the detailed mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of diabetic encephalopathy remains unclear, mitochondrial oxidative stress is emerging as a key factor for diabetic complications and neurodegeneration. A deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanism of mitochondrial oxidative stress under hyperglycemic conditions will provide insights into the development of therapeutic strategies for diabetic encephalopathy. Here, we review the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in diabetic encephalopathy and the regulatory mechanisms by which high glucose induces the generation of mitochondrial reactive species oxygen species in neuronal cells. This review also summarizes the mitochondrial-dependent and -independent pathways (O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation, calcium, and glycogen synthase kinase 3β signaling) that regulate mitochondrial oxidative stress in a DM model.

In 2022, new regulatory guidelines were announced in relation to the off-site dose calculation (ODC), and accordingly, measures to improve the off-site does calculation program (ODCP), kdose60, were reviewed. The main consideration is, first, that if multiple nuclear facilities are operated on the same site, the boundaries of the restricted areas shall be set as the overlapping outer boundaries of the restricted areas determined by calculation for each nuclear facility. Second, the external exposure caused by direct radiation from a number of nuclear facilities in the same site must be partially or fully applied depending on the facility and site characteristics. Third, the dose conversion coefficient should be evaluated by checking whether the effect of the daughter nuclides is properly reflected. Fourth, the soil contamination period is a factor to consider that radioactive substances deposited on the surface, such as particulate nuclides, affect residents over a long period of time. Fifth, due to the recent construction of Shin-Kori Units 5 and 6, there is a change in the site boundary of the Kori/Saeul site, so as the site boundary is expanded, it is required to add an exposure dose assessment point due to gas effluents and change the exposure dose assessment point according to crop intake. Therefore, through this study, the direction for improving the ODCP will be prepared by reviewing the recent revision of the regulatory guidelines.