The physiological characteristics, growth, and yield of each regional rice variety (‘Odaebyeo’, ‘Saechucheong’, ‘Ilmibyeo’) were investigated depending on the impact of changes in temperature and CO2 concentration. Experiments were conducted with a control group, which reflected atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature, and treatment groups, in which the CO2 concentration and temperature were increased by 250 ppm and 2.0℃ from those in the control group. The results showed that the increase in CO2 concentration and temperature reduced the growth and yield of the rice ‘Odaebyeo’, but did not substantially change the productivity of the ‘Saechucheong’ and ‘Ilmibyeo’. The increase in CO2 concentration and temperature increased stomatal conductance and rate of transpiration of the ‘Odaebyeo’ variety, thereby decreasing its water use efficiency (WUE). In contrast, the increase in CO2 concentration and temperature increased the photosynthetic rate and WUE of the ‘Saechucheong’ and ‘Ilmibyeo’ varieties. The gradual change in climate is considered to directly affect growth and development of rice and diversely affect the productivity of each variety. Therefore, it is necessary to implement technological development, select regionally optimal rice varieties, develop new rice varieties, as well as conduct long-term monitoring of each rice variety for climate adaptation to counter global warming.

Since the first development of the high-yield variety ‘Tongil’ that led to the self-sufficiency of rice production in Korea, plant architecture has improved steadily to increase yield components. The purpose of this study was to analyze the chronicle shift of agronomic traits of high-yield rice, to provide future breeding goals. The culm length increased sharply from 65 cm in the 1970s to 80 cm in the 1990s, and then decreased slightly to 77 cm in the 2010s. The panicle length increased continuously from 22.8 cm in the 1990s, to 24.3 cm in the 2010s. The average number of seeds per panicle increased from 118 in the 1970s, to 142 in the 1990s, and decreased continuously to 119 in the 2010s. The ripening ratio increased from 75% in the 1970s to 83% in the 1980s, and decreased to 77% in the 1990s and after that, held steady at 85%. Thousand-grain weight was lowest in the 1980s at 20.9 g and sharply increased to 25.8 g in the 1990s, and decreased continuously to 23.3 g in the 2010s. The production of high-yield varieties increased significantly from the 1970s from 510 kg/10a to 769 kg/10a in the 2010s.

This study was carried out to evaluate the forage yield and feed value of winter crops such as Italian ryegrass (IRG), oat, rye, barley, and hairy vetch. Forage crops were sown on 15 th October 2018 in a paddy field after harvesting rice and forage crops were harvested at two times of 25 th April 2019 and 18 th May 2 01 9. T he h ighest d ry m atter (DM) y ield w as h arvested f rom r ye among t he five species of forage crop on 18 th May. DM yield of all forages was increased 14.4% on 18 th May compared to 25 th April. The highest yield of crude protein (CP) was obtained from hairy vetch on 25 th April, whereas it was decreased (38.1%) on 18 th May. Moreover, the highest total digestible nutrient (TDN) yield and relative feed value (RFV) was harvested respectively from rye and hairy vetch on 25 th April. Delay of harvest time considerably increased DM yield but significantly decreased CP and RFV. In conclusion, rye was the best source of DM and TDN and hairy vetch was the high-quality feed. Rye harvested on 25 th April is the proper forage for resolving Korea’s problem of insufficient forage yield.

토양검정에 의한 유기자원 시비처방 효과를 구명하기 위하여 유기자원의 질소, 인산, 칼륨 성분 함량에 무기화율을 적용하여 시비량을 설정하고 골든퀸 벼를 대상으로 포장시험을 실시하였다. 1. 초장, 분얼수, 엽색도와 이삭수, 볏짚수량 및 벼 수량은 유기자원과 화학비료처리간 차이가 없었다. 등숙율은 화학비료구에서 가장 낮았으며, 천립중은 무처리구에서 가장 높았다. 2. 현미쌀의 미량원소 중 철은 시비구에서 높았고, 아연은 유기자원구에서 가장 높았으며, 무처리구에서 가장 낮았다. 3. 수확 후 토양화학성 중 산도는 화학비료구에서 높았다. 칼슘과 마그네슘은 시비구에서 높았고, 유효규산함량은 유기자원>화학비료>무처리 순으로 높았다. 4. 벼 수량과 양(+)의 상관이 인정된 토양 화학성은 칼슘, 마그네슘과 유효규산 함량이며, 수량 구성요소로는 이삭수였다. 등숙율과 천립중은 음(-)의 상관이 인정되었다. 벼 수량과 가장 높은 상관을 보인 이삭수(r=0.98)는 토양 칼슘, 마그네슘 및 토양 유효규산과 양(+)의 상관이었다. 5. 화학비료를 대체하기 위하여 토양검정 후 유기자원에 무기화율을 적용하여 시비처방을 한 결과 벼 생육, 볏짚 및 벼 수량에서 유기자원구와 화학비료구의 차이가 없었으며, 현미 쌀의 아연성분과 토양 유효규산함량은 유기자원구에서 더 높아 유기자원으로 화학비료를 대체할 수 있다.

작물 생육에 영향 요소인 기상 변수들을 이용하여 우리나라 쌀 생산량(kg 10a−1 )을 추정하였다. 이 연구는 기상 변수의 연 변동성을 기반으로 간단하지만 효과적인 통계 방법인 다중회귀모형을 이용하여 쌀 생산량에 대한 예측 가능성을 살펴보았다. 비균질적인 환경 조건의 특성을 고려하여, 연 쌀 생산량을 우리나라 도별로 추정하고 검증하였다. 기상청에서 제공하는 1986년부터 2018년까지 33년간 관측된 61개지점의 월 평균 기상 자료를 설명자료로 사용하였다. 11겹 교차검증(11-fold cross-validation)을 이용하여 추정된 쌀 생산량의 정확도를 추정하였다. 분석한 결과, 상관계수 (0.7) 측면에서 간단한 과정으로도 도별 쌀 생산량의 시간적 변화를 잘 모의하였다. 또한 추정된 쌀 생산량은 0.7 kg 10a−1 (0.15%)의 평균 오차를 가지며, 관측의 공간적 특성을 잘 모의하였다. 이 방법은 적시에 농업기상 예측 정보를 얻는다면 쌀 생산량에 대한 유용한 정보를 사전에 얻을 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

This study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics, yield, and chemical compositions of winter forage crops cultivated after rice harvest in the central inland region. The experimental design was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of 4 species (Rye, Oat, Triticale and Italian ryegrass), and varieties were “Marton”, “Donghan”, “Shinyoung” and “Kowinnearly”, respectively. As a result, dry matter yield and TDN yield were higher in rye than in the other winter forage crops, and lowest in Oat(p<0.05). Crude protein and crude fat content were significantly higher in Italian ryegrass(p<0.05). However, Crude ash and ADF content did not show significant difference among winter forage crops. NDF content was higher in order of Rye > Triticale > Oat > Italian ryegrass(p<0.05). TDN and total amino acid content (EAA+NEAA) were higher in order of winter forage crop with high crude protein content (Italian ryegrass > Oat > Triticale > Rye). Total mineral content was higher in order of Rye > Triticale > Oat > Italian ryegrass(p<0.05), and total free sugar content was higher in order of Oat > Italian Ryegrass > Triticale > Rye(p<0.05). Compared with the results above, Italian ryegrass and Oat are high in crude protein, TDN, amino acid and free sugar content. Rye and Triticale have the merit that feed value is decreased but high yield(dry matter and TDN yield) can be maintained. Therefore, it is advantageous to grow Rye and Triticale as winter forage crops after rice harvest in the central inland region.

We used the upland field rotated from matured rice paddy field, which have been used as a rice paddy field long time, for three years from 2015 to 2017. Therefore, this study was conducted for three main purposes. The first was to investigate yearly changes of growth and yield for waxy maize in the organic farming waxy maize at rice paddy-upland rotation system, the second was to investigate yearly changes of soil physical and chemical characteristics of rice paddy field soil in organic farming waxy maize at rice paddy-upland rotation system and the third was to select the suitable varieties for organic farming waxy maize at rice paddy-upland rotation. The test varieties were that 8 varieties of waxy maize of Mibaek 2, Ilmichal, Daehakchal, Chalok 4, Miheukchal, Eolrukchal 1, Heukjinjuchal, Heugjeom 2. For yearly yield, the highest yield was obtained in the first year of 949.6 kg, the second highest was in the third year of 680.6 kg 10a-1, while the second year was the lowest yield (675.4 kg 10a-1). Both varieties of Chalok 4 and Ilmichal showed the highest yield with about 900 kg 10a-1 in the threeyear average of 8 varieties. Solid phase of deep soil was 10% higher than that of top soil. Porosity rate of the top soil (54.7%) was higher than that of deep soil (49.4%), and the porosity in the third year was 2.7% higher than that of the first year. Soil organic matter content was significant different between soil depths and between three years. Soil solid and liquid phase decreased by 1.6% and 4.3%, respectively, compared to the first year, and the gas phase increased by 4.3%. The porosity of the third year was 2.7% higher than that of the first year. The soil organic matter content was 9.5 g kg-1 in the third year compared with 12 g kg-1 in the first year. It has also trend to decrease as the number of years rotated from rice paddy field increased. In the three-year average yields of Ilmichal and Chalok 4 were 898.1 kg 10a-1 and 891.6 kg 10a-1 respectively and the yield of Chalok 4 was greater than the other 7 varieties. We compared and selected the two best waxy maize varieties of Chalok 4 and Ilmichal for rice paddy-upland rotation. When we look at the yearly variation for waxy maize, Waxy maize yield was the highest in the first year and decreased year by year. Therefore, it would be better to restore upland field to rice paddy fields after the first year.

본 연구는 고온 등숙으로 인해 미질 저하가 큰 벼 조기재배 실시에 적합한 재배법 개선을 위하여 품 질향상을 위한 재식방법을 설정하기 위하여 수행하였다. 재식거리 30×14cm 이앙구에서는 포기당 재식 본수가 3, 5, 7로 증가할수록 초장은 감소하고, 경수는 증가하였으나, 재식거리 30×18cm 이앙구에서 는 재식본수가 증가함에 따라 초장 및 경수가 증가하였다. 재식거리 및 재식본수에 따라 간장 및 수장 의 차이는 적었으나, 재식본수가 적을수록 수수는 적었고 입수가 증가하였으며, 재식거리가 증가함에 따라 수수 및 입수는 증가하는 경향이었다. 이앙구 간 쌀 수량에 따른 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 완전미 수량에서는 재식거리 30×18cm 이앙구에서 싸라기 및 분상질립 비율이 낮아 완전미의 비율이 높은 경 향이었고, 3본 이앙시 403kg/10a로 완전미 수량이 가장 높았다. 재식거리 30×18cm 이앙구에서는 단 백질 함량이 감소하고, 취반미윤기치 값이 증가하여 식미 개선의 효과가 있었다. 이러한 연구결과를 종 합해보면, 벼 조기재배에서는 재식밀도가 낮은 넓은 재식거리(30×18cm)에 개체수가 적은 3본으로 이 앙하는 방법이 조기재배에서 발생하는 문제점들을 개선시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of harvesting time of rice on growth characteristics and dry matter yields of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) ‘Kowinearly’ after seeding them in paddy field. Experiments were performed in National Institute of Animal Science, RDA (Cheonan, Choongcheongnam-do province of Korea) for four years (2011~2014). Italian ryegrass variety ‘Kowinearly’ was seeded at experimental paddy fields before rice harvest in late September. Rice were harvested at 10, 20, and 30 days after seeding of IRG. As the harvest time of rice became later, the number of tillering before winter was reduced and IRG plant length before winter was shorter. The dry matter yield of IRG was also reduced. When rice were harvested at 20 days and 30 days after sowing of IRG compared to the rice harvested in autumn at 10 days after sowing of IRG, the number of tillering for IRG before winter was decreased by an average of 19% and 40%, respectively. The winter survival ratio of IRG was decreased by an average of 13% and 19%, respectively. Their dry matter yields were also reduced by an average of 8% and 19%, respectively. The heading date was different from each other in three years. The plant length at the time of IRG harvest in the spring was not significantly different among treatment groups. Taken together, our results suggest that when Italian ryegrass is grown in paddy fields by the method of ‘seeding of IRG before rice harvest’, rice should be harvested as soon as possible after sowing of IRG ‘Kowinearly’ in the autumn to increase forage productivity.

To select appropriate Korean varieties in Myanmar, a serial experiments using rice varieties developed in Korea were conducted for 2 years, 2014 and 2015. Among the yield components, panicle number per hill of Shwe Thwe Yin, Myanmar variety, was 14, 19, 17 for 2014 dry season, 2014 wet season and 2015 dry season, respectively, which are 6, 1.3 and 5 panicles more than that of Korean varieties. The grain number per panicle, the ripened grain rate, 1,000 grain weight and yield of Korean rice varieties higher than that of Shwe Thwe Yin, Myanmar variety, at 2014 dry season and wet season. However, grain numbers per panicle, ripened grain rate of Shwe Thwe Yin were similar to that of Korean varieties, the yield of Myanmar variety was higher than yield of Korean varieties, at 2015 dry season. And to study the wide area adoptability, korean rice varieties and Shwe Thwe Yin were tested for 2 years, 2014, 2015 and 3 regions, the yield of Hanareum, Hangangchal 1 and Dasan 2 were higher than the yield of Shwe Thwe Yin and the regional variation of these korean varieties lower than that of Shwe Thwe Yin at 2014 wet season. Dasan 2 and Hangangchal 1 were selected as promising rice varieties in Myanmar.

This study builds counties-specific panel data and establish a stochastic rice yield forecasting model by using a fixed effect panel model based on results calculating the coefficients for the meteorological factors, and by using a variety of weather scenarios. Rice yield prediction model developed estimating equations were set to rice yield as the dependent variable, and the average temperature, accumulated temperature, daily temperature range, sunshine hours as explanatory variables, by using panel data by counties in recent 10 years. Estimation results using a fixed-effects model was able to verify that an average temperature affects to yield as quadratic form, there appeared to be significantly affected by accumulated temperature in Heading period, an average temperature in Ripening period. a rice yield prediction model is meaningful in that we can see the forecasting results in the previous. not waiting the actual survey results provided by the National Statistical Office. because this forecasting estimates is sufficient rationale material by government supply & demand measures. Finally, the study leave to future challenges with respect to establishing a prediction model developed as combined with land productivity and environmental engineering factors.

This study was conducted, using 10 high-quality rice varieties, at 24 experimental sites in 2013 and 2014 to analyze the comparative relationship among head rice yield (HRY), its attributes and sub-attributes. In the data set pooled across sites, years and varieties, where regional and varietal variations were combined, HRY was associated with milled rice yield (MRY) more closely than percentage of head rice (PHR) although both MRY and HRY demonstrated significant relationship with HRY. In the PHR higher than 80%, compared to 80% or less, fitness of the regression between PHR and HRY decreased. MRY and PHR, the two attributes of HRY, were not significantly associated with each other. Regional variation of HRY was associated only with MRY while varietal variation of HRY was related to both MRY and PHR. HRY and MRY showed regional variation greater than varietal variation meanwhile PHR demonstrated regional and varietal variations in a similar range. In the data set pooled across sites, years and varieties, MRY demonstrated relationship with spikelets per square meter (SPIK) in a higher significance than percentage of grain filling (PGF) and 1000-brown rice weight (TBRW). Both regional and varietal variations of MRY showed significant relationship only with SPIK, neitherwith PGF nor TBRW. It is concluded that regional variation of HRY was affected by MRY, varietal variation by both MRY and PHR, and region-variety combined variation mainly by MRY.

A high-yield Korean rice cultivar cv. Boramchan and Hanmaeum, and rice cultivar for use in staple cv. Hopum were prepared and investigated for their physiological characteristics. Water content, water holding capacity, amylose content, damaged starch content, particle size, and pasting properties of the rice flours were measured. Moisture content of the Boramchan and Hanmaeum, made under wet and dry milling conditions, were as follows: wet conditions (14.79% and 13.56% respectively) and dry conditions (7.98% and 7.14% respectively). Water holding capacity of the Boramchan and Hanmaeum made by wet milling condition was 236.67% and 231.35%, respectively. Water holding capacity of the samples made by dry milling condition showed a higher score compared with other samples. The amylose content of Hopum, Boramchan, and Hanmaeum made by dry milling condition were 19.12%, 19.55% and 19.59%, respectively. Damaged starch contents of the samples made by wet milling showed a lower score. Final viscosity of Hopum, Boramchan, and Hanmaeum made by wet milling condition was 2,604, 3,052, and 2,917 cp, respectively. In this study, the results indicated that the super-yield Korean rice flour made by wet milling condition tends to show a lower water holding capacity, damaged starch contents and particle size, as compared to controls. However, a setback of the super-yield Korean rice flour was a higher score as compared to the controls, regardless of the milling conditions.

기후변화로 인하여 온난화가 진행되면, 한반도 남부지방 에서 재배되고 있는 벼의 생육과 생산량이 어떻게 변화되는 지를 알아보기 위하여, 일미벼의 유식물을 대조구, 온도 상 승구 그리고 CO2 + 온도 상승구에 재배하여 그 결과를 비교 하였다. 온난화 처리실험은 광이 그대로 입사되는 유리 온 실 안에서 진행하였다. 유리 온실은 챔버 와는 달리 공간적 으로 제약을 받지 않으며 자연광과 광주기 그리고 토양환경 을 그대로 활용하여 자연에서 실제로 식물이 살아가는 환경 을 조성해 CO2 농도와 온도 증가에 대한 식물의 실제적 반응을 알 수 있다는 장점을 가지고 있다(Kim 2010). 환경 처리구는 온도조건만을 대조구보다 1.5℃ 높게 처리한 온 도 상승구 (ambient CO2 concentration + elevated temperature; AC-ET), CO2를 대기보다 2배정도 높인 740-750ppm 으로 유지한 CO2 + 온도 상승구 (elevated CO2 concentration + elevated temperature; EC-ET)이다. 대조구 (ambient CO2 concentration + ambient temperature; AC-AT)는 야외 대기 조건과 같이 대기의 온도와 CO2 농도 (평균 360-400ppm)로 유지하였다. 일미벼의 지상부, 지하 부 그리고 총 생물량과 개체당 이삭무게는 CO2 + 온도 상승 구에서 가장 무거웠다. 이삭당 낟알수와 하나의 낟알무게는 온도 상승구와 CO2 + 온도 상승구에서 가장 무거웠다. 분얼 수는 대조구와 온도 상승구에서 가장 많았고, 개체당 이삭 수와 숙성된 낟알비율은 모든 구배에서 차이가 없었다. 현 재 남부지방에서 재배하고 있는 일미벼는 지구온난화의 영 향으로 온도와 CO2 농도가 동시에 더 높아진다면, 그 곡물 수확량은 현재보다 더 증가될 것으로 예상된다. 이러한 예 상은 현재 지역에 따라 선택되어 재배되고 있는 다양한 벼 품종에도 적용될 수 있는 것이므로, 앞으로 벼 재배적지의 선정은 지구온난화조건을 고려하여 결정되어야 할 것으로 보인다.

쌀 소비 확대를 위하여 가공용 원료곡으로 사용되는 초다수 품종은 재배연도 및 재배지역 기상의 영향으로 수량 변이가 크게 나타나 안정적인 재료 공급에 어려움을 겪고 있다. 따라서 초다수 품종들에 대한 지역별 수량성 변이에 대한 검토가 필요하여, ‘안다’ 등 5품종을 대상으로 수행한 실험 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 생육관련 형질의 변이는 ‘큰섬’이 가장 작아 지역별로 안정된 생육을 보였고, 다른 품종들은 중간 정도의 안정성을 보였다. 2. 수량관련 형질별 변이의 크기는 이삭당 입수>등숙율>정현비율>현미천립중 순으로 크게 나타났고, 수량과 수량구성요소의 변이를 기준으로는 ‘큰섬’과 ‘한아름2호’가 지역별 안정성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 3. 공주와 충주에서 공시 품종들의 수량성이 육성 당시보다 낮았으나, 보성에서는 유사한 수량성을 보였고, 특히 ‘큰섬’이 8.40MT/ha 으로 가장 높은 수량성을 보여 다른 지역에서도 검토가 더 필요하였다. 4. 초다수 품종의 수량에는 이삭당 입수가 1차 영향 요인이지만, 등숙율이 높아야 증수가 가능할 것으로 판단되었다.

기후 온난화가 우리나라 남부지역에서 쌀 수량 및 미질에 미치는 영향을 예측하기 위해 우리나라와 일본 사이의 지역간 비교시험을 수행한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 쌀 수량은 익산에서 조생종은 10 a당 495 kg, 중생종은 510 kg, 중만생종은 540 kg이었으며, 하이누즈까에서 조생종은 485 kg, 중생종은 477 kg, 중만생종은 518 kg으로, 익산에 비해 하이누즈까에서 모든 생태형의 수량이 낮았다. 2. 천립중은 익산에서 조생중은 20.2 g, 중생종은 23.6 g, 중만생종은 21.0 g이었다. 쓰꾸바에서 모든 생태형별 천립중은 익산보다 약간 무거웠고, 하이누즈까에서는 조생중 22.8 g, 중생종 25.3 g, 중만생종 23.0 g으로 세 지역 중 천립중이 가장 무거웠으며, 생태형별로는 세 지역 모두 중생종>중만생종>조 생종 순으로 무거운 경향을 보였다. 3. 외관상 미질을 고려한 완전미 쌀 수량은 익산에서 10 a당 조생종 366 kg, 중생종 395 kg, 중만생종 448 kg으로 조생종보다 중만생종의 완전미 수량이 많았다. 반면에, 하이누즈까에서는 조생종 423 kg, 중생종 393 kg, 중만생종 400 kg으로 조생종이 중만생종보다 완전미 수량이 많았다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면, 익산지역이 하이누즈까와 비슷한 수준으로 온난화가 진행된다면 쌀 수량은 2 ~ 6% 정도 감소할 것으로 보이나, 완전미 수량의 경우 생태형 및 품종에 따라서 증가하거나 감소할 수도 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 기후온난화에 대비하여 남부지역에 적응하는 품종을 육성하기 위해서는 감광성보다는 감온성 유전자원을 탐색하여 이용하는 것이 중요하다고 생각되며, 중만생종 중심에서 조생종의 품종 비율을 높이는 방안도 필요할 것으로 사료된다.