Previous studies offered inconsistent empirical results for the influence of customer participation on service satisfaction. One possible explanation for this inconsistency is that existing conceptualizations of customer participation do not clearly differentiate the distinct roles of customer participation in service. To address this gap, Dong and Sivakumar (2015) have proposed an updated classification for customer participation based on “output specificity,” which refers to the degree to that the nature of the output is influenced by the person who provides the resource. The output of the customer participation can either be “specific” or “generic”. The “specific output” is defined as the expected service outcome can be idiosyncratic depending on whether the service is provided by the customer or the employee. In contrast, “generic output” refers to expected service outcome is well defined regardless of whether it is delivered by the service provider or the customer. How output specificity of customer participation influences service satisfaction still lacks of empirical examination.

Previous studies offered inconsistent empirical results for the influence of customer participation on service satisfaction. One possible explanation for this inconsistency is that existing conceptualizations of customer participation do not clearly differentiate the distinct roles of customer participation in service. To address this gap, Dong and Sivakumar (2015) have proposed an updated classification for customer participation based on “output specificity,” which refers to the degree to that the nature of the output is influenced by the person who provides the resource. The output of the customer participation can either be “specific” or “generic”. The “specific output” is defined as the expected service outcome can be idiosyncratic depending on whether the service is provided by the customer or the employee. In contrast, “generic output” refers to expected service outcome is well defined regardless of whether it is delivered by the service provider or the customer. How output specificity of customer participation influences service satisfaction still lacks of empirical examination.

Second language (L2) peer response literature is defined in part by discourse research, yet there is scant research on text-specific comments, or comments that make explicit text references, thus resisting generic qualities. The purpose of this case study was to examine such peer response activities in an English writing course at a South Korean university. The data comprises two essay assignments with peer response conducted between two drafts – as accomplished during class time on the class learning management system (LMS) – as well as the subsequent revisions in second drafts. This paper expands on previous coding schemes accounting for area, nature and type commentary to account for a specificity dimension, and also links these categories to revision practices. While students entertained diverse commenting and revising options, popular practices included generic evaluating or revising local or surface-level concerns. This paper offers implications for modelling response activities as well as for how to better define specific and complex idea construction exhibited during response.

본 연구는 생태계교란식물인 단풍잎돼지풀의 성공적인 생물학적 방제를 위하여 단풍잎돼지풀을 섭식하는 돼지풀잎벌레의 섭식식물조사를 통해 기주특이성과 돼지풀잎벌레의 섭식에 따른 단풍잎돼지풀의 생태학적 반응의 차이를 확인하였다. 2017년 9월 초에 돼지풀잎벌레 처리에 따른 단풍잎돼지풀의 생리 및 번식 반응에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 돼지풀잎벌레가 없는 곳(대조구)과 있는 곳(처리구)에서 엽록소함량(umolg-1s-1), 최소엽록소형광(Fo), 최대엽록소형광(Fm), 광계 Ⅱ의 광화학적 효율(Fv/Fm)을 측정하였다. 또한, 2018년 6월 말에 돼지풀잎벌레에 따른 단풍잎돼지풀의 활력도에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 돼지풀잎벌레가 있는 단풍잎돼지풀군락에서 단풍잎돼지풀 식피율(10%(방형구 A), 50%(방형구 B), 90%(방형구 C))에 따라 방형구(1m2)를 설치하였다. 각 방형구 내 모든 개체의 지상부 길이(cm), 줄기직경(cm), 잎 수(ea), 잎 피해율(%), 잎 폭과 잎몸 길이(cm)를 측정하였고, 잎 피해율은 1등급(~20%), 2등급(21%-40%), 3등급(41%-60%), 4등급(61%-80%), 5등급(81%~)으로 나누어 조사하였다. 각 방형구 내 단풍잎돼지풀의 고사율(%)은 6월말과 7월 중순 그리고 9월 중순에 3회 측정하였다. 2018년 7월 말에 돼지풀잎벌레의 기주특이성을 알아보기 위해 공주대학교 온실과 온실주변 그리고 묵논에 총 6곳을 선정하여 각각 돼지풀잎벌레 10마리를 방사하여 섭식식물조사를 조사하였다. 엽록소함량, Fo, Fm, Fv/Fm 그리고 개체당 꽃 수는 모두 대조구가 처리구보다 높았다. 6월 말과 7월 초에 2주 동안 방형구 A에서 고사율은 58.2%에서 72.5%로 14.3% 증가하였고, 방형구 B에서 고사율은 48.5%에서 61.8%로 13.2% 증가하였다. 방형구 C에서 고사율은 각각 0%로 변화가 없었다. 7월 초와 9월 중순 2달 동안 방형구 A에서 고사율은 72.5%에서 97.8%로 25.3% 증가하였고, 방형구 B에서 고사율은 61.8%에서 91.2%로 29.4% 증가하였다. 방형구 C에서 고사율은 각각 0%로 변화가 없었다. 9월 중순 전체 방형구의 살아있는 개체 수는 총 38개체이며, 잎 피해율 등급별 개체수의 경우 1등급은 3개체, 2등급은 5개체, 3등급은 9개체, 4등급은 4개체 그리고 5등급은 2개체였다. 잎의 피해율이 증가할수록 지상부 길이, 줄기 직경, 잎 수, 잎 폭 길이 그리고 잎몸 길이는 짧아졌고, 5등급에서 가장 활력도가 낮은 개체의 지상부 길이는 52.5cm 이였고, 줄기 직경은 0.3cm, 잎 수는 8개였다. 온실과 온실주변 그리고 묵논에서 출현한 식물상(74과 152속 207분류군)에서 멸종위기식물은 9과 10속 10분류군, 생태계교란식물은 3과 5속 6분류군 그리고 식용식물은 36과 54속 71분류군 이였다. 돼지풀잎벌레가 섭식한 식물은 국화과에 속하는 단풍잎돼지풀, 돼지풀 그리고 뚱딴지였다. 멸종위기식물은 모두 섭식하지 않았고, 생태계교란식물은 단풍잎돼지풀과 돼지풀을 제외하고는 섭식하지 않았다. 또한, 식용식물은 뚱딴지를 제외하고는 섭식하지 않았다. 이를 통하여 단풍잎돼지풀은 돼지풀잎벌레가 섭식함으로써 활력도가 낮아지고, 고사율이 증가하는 것으로 보아 돼지풀잎벌레는 단풍잎돼지풀의 생육초기단계인 지상부 길이가 50cm 미만일 때 도입해야하며, 고유식물, 멸종위기식물 그리고 식용식물을 대상으로 추가적인 돼지풀잎벌레의 섭식식물조사를 통해 기주특이성에 대한 자료를 확보해야 한다.

Introduction An important decision that a manufacturer has to make in distributing a product to customers is the degree of forward channel integration (Aulakh & Kotabe, 1997; Coughlan et al., 2001; John & Weitz, 1988). Transaction cost economics (TCE) developed by Williamson (1975, 1985, 1986, 1999) has been one of the leading theoretical frameworks used to explain the channel integration decision (Frazier, 1999; Watson et al., 2015). TCE is generally a theory for explaining the choice of an efficient governance structure in transactions and includes asset specificity, uncertainty, and frequency as its explanatory variables. According to Williamson (1985, 1986, 1999), much of the explanatory power of TCE is driven by asset specificity. TCE-based channel integration studies argue that as asset specificity increases, firms are expected to increase the degree of channel integration. This study proposes to extend existing research in four important ways. First, existing studies have not examined individual dimensions of asset specificity. This study examines two important dimensions discussed by TCE: human asset specificity and physical asset specificity. Second, existing studies have tended to measure asset specificity in a particular way (i.e., with a particular set of questionnaire items). This study examines the robustness of the estimated asset specificity-integration relationship to alternative measures of asset specificity. Third, existing studies have focused on firms in one country such as the United States, Canada, or Germany. This study empirically examines the roles and relative importance of human and physical asset specificity in channel integration in two countries with different cultures, the United States and Japan. Fourth, existing studies have not investigated the possibility of endogeneity between asset specificity and channel integration. This study tests whether asset specificity is endogenous in explaining channel integration through an instrumental variables and two-stage least squares (IV-2SLS) approach. Literature Review In the context of distribution channels, asset specificity refers to the extent to which durable, transaction-specific investments in human and/or physical assets are needed to distribute the product in question (John & Weitz, 1988; Klein et al., 1990; Shervani et al., 2007). Examples of such investments include (1) the time and effort employed to acquire the firm-specific, product-specific, and customer-specific knowledge needed for distribution activities, and (2) specialized physical equipment and facilities (e.g., warehouses, deliver vehicles, refrigeration equipment, demonstration facilities, and repair and service centers) (Anderson, 1985; Bello & Lohtia, 1995; Brettel et al., 2011a, 2011b; John & Weitz, 1988; Shervani et al., 2007; Williamson, 1985, 1986). According to TCE, when the assets needed to distribute a product are non-specific, the use of independent channels is a priori more efficient than the use of integrated channels based on the benefits of distribution specialists and competition in the market place (Anderson, 1985). Conversely, a high level of specific assets, whether human or physical, has important implications for the degree of channel integration. The primary consequence is to reduce a large number of relationships between a manufacturer and independent channel members to a small number of relationships, which may expose the transaction in question to opportunistic behavior. Because the unique productive value created by a high level of specific assets makes it costly to switch to a new relationship, the use of independent channels will not be effective as a safeguard against opportunism (John & Weitz, 1988; Shervani et al., 2007). Channel integration provides a safeguard against opportunism by permitting (1) the better monitoring and surveillance of integrated channels relative to independent channels, and (2) the reduction of profits from opportunistic behavior since employees in integrated channels do not ordinarily have claims to profit streams (John & Weitz, 1988). As a result, as asset specificity increases, manufacturers are expected to increase the degree of channel integration to exercise greater control over the channels (John & Weitz, 1988; Shervani et al., 2007). This leads to the following basic TCE hypothesis concerning asset specificity and channel integration: TCE hypothesis. Asset specificity will be positively related to the degree of channel integration. Existing studies of channel integration tend to provide support or partial support for the hypothesized positive relationship between asset specificity and channel integration. One limitation of key studies is that they have not fully explored the dimensions of asset specificity because they treat asset specificity as unidimensional or examine only one dimension of asset specificity. Specifically, Anderson and Schmittlein (1984), Anderson (1985), Anderson and Coughlan (1987), and Krafft et al. (2004) focus on human asset specificity. While John and Weitz (1988), Shervani et al. (2007), and Brettel et al. (2011a) consider both human and physical asset specificity in their theoretical discussions, their empirical analyses focus only on human asset specificity. Klein et al. (1990), Aulakh and Kotabe (1997), and Brettel et al. (2011a) use a single measure of asset specificity that contains distinct items measuring human and physical asset specificity. Importantly, none of these studies has examined the dimension of physical asset specificity while controlling for the impact of human asset specificity. These observations suggest that further research is needed that explicitly measures and evaluates the relative importance of human and physical asset specificity in the channel integration decision. Research Hypotheses Based on the above literature review, we seek to extend existing research by distinguishing between two types of asset specificity, human and physical asset specificity. As already explained, TCE and TCE-based channel integration studies argue that both human and physical asset specificity are positive drivers of the degree of channel integration. Thus, our research hypotheses are the following: Hypothesis 1. Human asset specificity will be positively related to the degree of channel integration. Hypothesis 2. Physical asset specificity will be positively related to the degree of channel integration. Research Methodology As shown in Table 1, previous empirical studies attempt to test the basic TCE hypothesis concerning asset specificity and channel integration using (1) a particular measure of asset specificity, (2) data from a single national survey of firms in the United States, Canada, or Germany, and (3) methods such as an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis and a partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach. In contrast with these studies, we seek to test the above two hypotheses concerning two types of asset specificity and channel integration using (1) different measures of asset specificity, (2) data from parallel national surveys of firms in two countries with different cultures, the United States and Japan, and (3) the methods used in prior empirical analyses and an IV-2SLS approach, which is a widely accepted method for investigating the potential endogeneity problem of focal explanatory variables (Antonakis et al., 2010, 2014; Zaefarian et al., 2017). This research strategy is partly based on the guidelines for high-quality replication studies articulated by Bettis et al. (2016b). The aims are to assess the generalizability of important prior results using different survey data drawn from different research contexts and to assess the robustness of these results using different measures and methods, thereby providing important additional evidence that contributes to the establishment of repeatable cumulative knowledge (Bettis et al., 2016a, 2016b). We developed the survey questionnaire in several steps. Following John and Weitz (1988), Shervani et al. (2007), and Brettel et al. (2011b), the dependent variable, channel integration, was operationalized by the percentage of sales through direct channels. We measured the focal explanatory variable, asset specificity, in four ways: (1) a four-item scale of human asset specificity used by Shervani et al. (2007), (2) a four-item scale of physical asset specificity based on Bello and Lohtia (1995) and Klein et al. (1990), (3) a six-item scale of human and physical asset specificity used by Klein et al. (1990), and (4) a four-item scale of human and physical asset specificity used by Brettel et al. (2011a). We also included four control variables: environmental uncertainty, behavioral uncertainty, financial performance, and channel members’ capabilities. Based on existing studies, manufacturers of electronic and telecommunication, metal, and chemical products in industrial (business-to-business) markets were selected as the setting for the empirical test. The unit of analysis was the domestic channel integration decision made at a product-market level. Respondents were sales/marketing managers (or executives) knowledgeable about channel design and strategies. In the United States, a professional marketing research company administered the data collection. In Japan, respondents were surveyed by mail. In total, we obtained 235 usable responses from US managers and 279 responses from Japanese managers. Results and Conclusions Following similar studies (John & Weitz, 1988; Shervani et al., 2007), an OLS regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. The results, shown in Table 1, exhibit significant explanatory power for each model. As expected, (1) human asset specificity exhibits significant positive relationships with the degree of channel integration in both the United States and Japan (Models 1 & 2). These findings support Hypothesis 1. Conversely, (2) physical asset specificity does not have the expected significant positive relationships with the degree of channel integration in both the United States and Japan (Models 1 & 3). These findings do not support Hypothesis 2. Also, (3) asset specificity (Klein et al., 1990) and (4) asset specificity (Brettel et al., 2011a), two composite measures of human and physical asset specificity, exhibit the expected significant coefficients (Models 4 & 5). Additionally, we conducted a similar analysis using a structural equation modelling approach. The results mirrored those of OLS regression, thus providing further support for it. To assess the problem of potential endogeneity between asset specificity and channel integration, we employed IV-2SLS. We used (1) the level of the product’s technical content and (2) the need for coordination between production and distribution activities as instruments for human/physical asset specificity. Our instruments were individually significant predictors of asset specificity and met the exclusion restriction. However, the endogeneity test revealed no evidence of endogeneity. Thus, asset specificity was treated as exogenous in the model. In summary, our preliminary results suggest that human asset specificity, not physical asset specificity, is relevant to the channel integration decision. This finding is significant in that TCE-based channel integration studies tend to measure only one type of asset specificity. We are currently conducting additional analyses to better understand the relationship between human and physical asset specificity, for example, (1) the effects of human and physical asset specificity on different kinds of direct distribution, and (2) a multiple equation model in which human asset specificity is a function of physical asset specificity and direct distribution is a function of both human and physical asset specificity. We believe that our results will have important implications for the ways in which managers approach the channel integration decision.

In recent years, companies, consumers, and society have increasingly committed to actions aimed at protecting the environment. Thus, environmental activity has become central to companies’ strategies. Apparel is becoming a disposable product, resulting in a sharp consumption increase (Hwang et al., 2016). The fast growing rates of apparel products consumption and waste lead to an environmental crisis. Smaller brands as well as many multinational companies, including large chains started selling clothes made of ecological fiber. According to the Ethical Fashion Forum, green fashion refers “represents an approach to the design, sourcing and manufacture of apparel which maximizes benefits to people and communities while minimizing impact on the environment.” (Cervellon & Wernerfelt, 2012). The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship between perceived effectiveness of green products, attitude toward advertising, brand attitude, purchase intention and green behavior intention and to identify how claim specificity types, cognitive style and sustainable involvement influence on the relationship between variables.

본 연구는 장소특정성을 살린 그라피티를 이용하여 도시를 재생시키 는 방안에 대해 논의하였다. 연구를 위해 이론적 배경 스터디와 사례분 석 두 가지 방법을 이용하였다. 먼저 장소특정성의 개념을 이해하기 위 해 공공미술의 장소특정성에 대한 이론적 배경을 알아보았다. 이론에서 는 공공미술이 ‘장소에 결합하는 예술’이라는 의미를 내포하고 있듯이, 공공미술에서 장소특정성은 진지하게 고려해야 할 개념으로 다루고 있 으며 많은 공공미술 사례를 통해 장소특정성의 의미를 확인할 수 있다. 또한 공공미술로서 그라피티의 장소특정성에 대해서도 알아보았다. 현 대의 그라피티는 과거의 낙서 수준에서 벗어나 대중에게 더욱 친밀하게 다가선 거리미술로서 공공미술과 마찬가지로 장소특정성이 있으며 지역 적 특수성과도 상관관계를 맺고 있고 심지어 사회적 영향력과 커뮤니케 이션 효과도 갖는다. 본 연구의 목적인, 그라피티의 장소특정성을 이용 한 도시재생 방안을 찾기 위해 도시재생을 위해 지자체가 추진하고 있는 그라피티 조성사업 사례를 조사하였다. 동두천에서 추진 중인 도시재생 을 위한 보산동관광특구 그라피티 조성사업 사례를 조사하고 이론적 배 경에서 제시된 장소특정성 공공미술의 중요한 요소 세 가지를 분석의 틀 로 이용하여 분석한 후, 그라피티 조성사업에서 장소특정성을 보완하는 방향에 대해 제언을 하였다. 분석을 통해 제언한 내용은 세 가지로, 그라 피티 작품과 장소는 상관관계를 맺어야 하며 참여자의 적극적인 개입이 필요하다는 것과 공공미술로서 지역성을 고려해야 한다는 것, 그리고 공 공의 표현매체로서 사회적 영향력과 커뮤니케이션 효과를 고려해야 한 다는 것이다. 연구를 통해 동두천의 특수한 장소적 맥락에 따라 장소특 정성이 강화된 그라피티를 이용했을 때, 그라피티가 도시재생에 긍정적 으로 기여할 수 있는 요소가 될 수 있을 것으로 기대하고 있다.

이중가닥 RNA (double-stranded RNA, dsRNA)는 표적 유전자의 발현을 억제하는 기능으로 해충방제에 응용되었다. 인테그린은 α와 β 단위체로 구성된 이량체 막 단백질이다. 진핵생명체에서 인테그린은 세포-세포 및 세포-세포외기질의 상호연결에 중요한 역할을 담당한다. 인 테그린 β 단위체 발현을 억제하는 특정한 dsRNA (= dsINT)는 해당 곤충에 뚜렷한 치사효과를 유발한다. 또한, dsINT를 발현시키는 형질전환 된 대장균도 해당 곤충에 뚜렷한 살충력을 가진다. 그러나 이 세균 살충제의 야외 적용을 위해서는 제형화 기술이 필요했다. 본 연구는 dsINT를 발현하는 재조합 세균을 동결 건조시켜 대상 곤충에 대해 살충효능을 검정하였다. 동결 건조된 세균은 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua) 종령 유충에 높은 섭식독을 일으켰다. 파밤나방에 대해서 Bacillus thuringiensis 상용 살충제 처리는 불과 60%의 살충력을 보이는 반면, 동결 건조된 dsINT 발현 세균과 혼합 처리할 때 살충력은 크게 증가하였다. dsINT 발현 세균은 해당 인테그린 염기서열 유사성에 따라 차이를 보이는 해충 종에 선 택적 독성을 나타냈다. 이 결과는 인테그린에 특이적 dsRNA를 발현하는 세균이 동결 건조 제형화 조건하에서도 살충력을 유지한다는 것을 나타 냈다.

종자 등 유전자원의 국가간 교류는 새로운 병원균을 유입시켜 새로운 병을 일으키고 경제적인 손실을 극대화 시킬수 있는 원인을 제공하기 때문에 국가별로 검역이 더욱 강화되고 있는 실정이다. 그러한 연유로 국가별로는 자국에 존재하지 않은 유사한 병원균을 발견할 경우 종자도입을 막고 있어 불필요한 경제적 손실원인이 되기도 한다. 따라서 이러한 손실을 막기위해 각국에 검역소에서는 병원균의 형태적인 감별보다 더 정확한 검정기술이 시급한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 다중PCR을 통하여 한번의 PCR 증폭으로 벼종자에 존재하는 벼흰잎마름병을 일으키는 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo)과 세균성 줄무늬병을 일으키는 Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola (Xoc) 를 검출하고 이 두병원균을 판별할수 있는, 국제미작연구소가 최적화한 다중PCR 검정방법의 실질적 적용성 여부를 검증하기 위한 연구였다. 그 결과 51개의 비병원성이나 Xoo 또는 Xoc 와 유사하며 벼종자에서 분리된 균들은 다중PCR검정에서 어떤 밴드도 증폭하지 않은 반면, 대조구(positive control)에서는 알맞은 band size의 amplicon들을 증폭해냈다. 따라서 본 연구에 사용된 국제미작연구소에서 최적화된 다중 PCR방법 (IRRI-optimized multiplex PCR)은 벼종자에서 발견할수 있는 Xoo와 Xoc 의 존재 여부 뿐만 아니라 이들과 형태적으로 유사하나 비병원성균으로부터 구분해 내는데 탁월한 방법이었음을 확인할 수 있었다.

Dibenzylideneacetone (DBA), an analogue of curcumin has been shown to have anti-cancer activity in a variety of tumor cell lines. However, the anti-cancer activity of DBA and its molecular mechanism in HN22 oral cancer cell line have not been fully explored. The effects of DBA on anti-proliferative and apoptotic activity were evaluated by the trypan blue exclusion assay, 4’-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, Western blot analysis, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Our data showed that the treatment of DBA to HN22 cells exerted anti-proliferative and apoptotic activities and the activity was accompanied by a decrease in Sp1 protein, Sp1 mRNA and its promoter activity. DBA also reduced the expression level of Sp1 protein and caused apoptotic cell death in HN22 cells simultaneouly. Phosphorylation of ERK and JNK were regulated by DBA whereas phosphorylation of p38 was not altered. Overall, our results suggest that the regulation of Sp1 activities and ERK/JNK are involved in DBA-induced apoptosis and DBA can be a promising anticancer drug candidate for the treatment of oral cancer.

낮은 농도와 높은 농도의 염 용액에서 Poly(styrene sulfonic acid)(PSSA) 겔의 팽윤도에 대한 이온 특성화 효과를 SO3-와 페닐 고리의 수소결합을 통하여 조사하였다. 낮은 농도에서 PSSA 수화 겔의 수축 정도는 SO3-와 물 사이의 수소 결합에 대한 음이온의 불안정화 영향 때문에 음이온에서는 SCN-〈Br-〈Cl-〈F-의 순서를 따랐다. 재 팽윤은 계에서 특별한 상호 작용이 있을 때 높은 농도에서 관찰되었다. 반면 양이온에서 PSSA 겔의 수축은 Li+〈Na+〈K+〈Ca+2 순서를 따랐다. Ca+2 이온에서의 큰 수축 효과는 이가 양이온(+2)에 의한 PSSA 겔의 물리적 가교 때문에 나타난 것으로 보인다. 양이온에서의 수축은 SO3-와 양이온 사이의 상호작용 정도에 비례하였다. PSSA의 팽윤에 대한 이온 특성화 효과는 SO3-와 페닐 고리의 수화 수소결합에 대한 이온의 영향 정도, 양이온과 π 전자의 상호작용, 소수성 상호작용, 그리고 분산력 등이 복합적으로 작용하여 나타난다고 볼 수 있다.

Betulinic acid (BA), a naturally occurring triterpene found in the bark of the white birch tree, has been investigated to induce apoptosis in various cancer cells and animal models. However, there is no report of the chemopreventive effect of BA in cervical cancer cells. Using KB human cervical cancer cells as a model, we currently show that BA decreases cell viability and induces apoptotic cell death. The mechanism of the BA-induced anti-growth response in KB cells is due to the down-regulation of specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and its downstream targets, myeloid cell leukemia-1(Mcl-1) and survivin. Thus, BA acts as a novel chemopreventive agent through the regulation of Sp1that is highly expressed in tumors.