The purpose of this study is to improve the stack effect of the staircase and the failure to take into account the opening of the outside door of the staircase, which are the disadvantages of the existing smoke control only vestibule. As a result of the study, the new vestibule and the staircase simultaneous smoke control are equipped with an exhaust flap damper with an effective opening area of about 0.25 m² in the upper part of the staircase, and a ventilator-type air supply fan of about 5 m³/s in the lower part, and take measures to prevent overpressure in the staircase. If you use the new simultaneous smoke control method of the vestibule and staircase, you can achieve the following effects. First, it is possible to open the external entrance door. Second, it can reduce the stack effect. Third, the staircase door closes automatically without fail. And a new method of preventing overpressure was proposed for the vestibule.

본 연구에서는 실리카 복합막 기반 고분자 전해질막을 5단 연료전지 스택에 적용하여 성능 평가를 수행하였다. 이를 통하여, 개별 구성 요소의 성능도 중요하지만, 전체적인 관점에서 공급되는 연료의 유량이 스택 성능에 중요한 역할을 하며, 특히 수소의 유량에 크게 의존한다는 사실이 확인하였다. 산소의 유량을 증가시켜도 성능의 변화는 미미한 반면, 수소 의 유량을 증가시키면 성능이 향상되는 것을 확인하였다. 그러나 수소의 유량 증가는 수소와 산소 유량 비율의 불균형을 초 래하여 장기적으로는 스택 성능과 내구성을 저하시키는 문제가 관찰되었다. 이러한 현상을 스택 구성 요소 및 개별 단위 셀 에서도 관찰할 수 있었으며, 따라서 스택 운전 시 각 구성 요소의 성능을 최적화하는 것 외에도 균일한 유량 제어를 위해 유 로 설계 및 운전 조건을 최적화하는 것이 중요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 마지막으로 실리카 복합막은 최대 출력 기준 25 W 이상의 성능을 나타내어 실제 연료전지 시스템에 적용하기에 충분한 성능을 갖춘 것으로 판단된다.

Spring kimchi cabbage was stored fresh for 90 days in a commercial cold storage house. It was sanitized by spraying fungicide on the field before harvesting. The plastic boxes of spring kimchi cabbage were put on the pallet, covered with a 40-hole film, then stacked in the cold storage room at once. The room was maintained for 90 days at 0.7oC after cooling gradually at 2 oC/day. After 90 days, the weight loss was 4.73% and the total trimming loss was 8.26%. The weight loss was 8.08% and the net trimming loss was 3.26% after 90-day storage with partial stack cooling at 2.7oC covered with a 56-hole film. The quality of spring kimchi cabbage after 90-day storage was fresh without physiological disorders.

In this paper, we investigated the effect of the passivation stack with Al2O3, hydrogenated silicon nitride (SiNx:H) stack and Al2O3, silicon oxynitride (SiONx) stack in the n type bifacial solar cell on monocrystalline silicon. SiNx:H and SiONx films were deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition on the Al2O3 thin film deposited by thermal atomic layer deposition. We focus on passivation properties of the two stack structure after laser ablation process in order to improve bifaciality of the cell. Our results showed SiNx:H with Al2O3 stack is 10 mV higher in implied open circuit voltage and 60 μs higher in minority carrier lifetime than SiONx with Al2O3 stack at Ni silicide formation temperature for 1.8% open area ratio. This can be explained by hydrogen passivation at the Al2O3/Si interface and Al2O3 layer of laser damaged area during annealing.

The emission of odor, characterized by the combustion conditions and biomass types resulting from the use of a biomass incinerator, was analyzed. The following biomass types were considered: bark, board waste, sawdust, wood flour, wood fiver, wastewater sludge, and timber wastewater. As a study method, the physico-chemical characteristics of each biomass type were analyzed to predict the potential substances that might be emited under incomplete combustion conditions. And, the emission components of odor emission by biomass were analyzed at the laboratory level using a combustion device. In addition, the characteristics of the contaminant (odor) emission per mixture ratio of biomass were analyzed in a stoker incinerator that is in operation in an actual establishment at a scale of 300 ton/day. In the biomass emission experiment using the combustion device at the laboratory level, the major substances such as Acetic acid, Styrene, Toluene, Benzene, Dichloromethane, etc. were analyzed, and these components were determined to increase odor index. VOCs measurement in the outlet of the stoker incinerator indicated that Acetaldehyde, Ethanol, Acetonitrile, Ethyl acetate, Toluene, etc. were detected as the major substances. These were similar to the emission substances presented by the experiment that had investigated emissions by biomass type. A study on the Effect of Operational Conditions in biomass stocker incinerator on the concentration of odorous materials emitted from stack showed a close relationship between the input by biomass type and urea, temperature in the incinerator, and the tendency to emit/produce odor.

Cement production processes release various odor elements including acetaldehyde, hydrogen sulfide, formaldehyde and toluene etc. A three-dimensional numerical simulation using a commercial code of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to estimate the concentration profiles and dispersion distance around the local residential area. The calcination furnace, one of the main emission sources in the cement manufacturing process, discharged the odorous gases of H₂S, HCHO, CH₃CHO and C6H5CH₃at levels of up to 3.15 ppb, 5.1 ppm, 6.65 ppm and 0.74 ppm of H₂S, HCHO, CH₃CHO and C6H5CH₃respectively. This study found that as for the emission concentration of 1ppm for H₂S and CH₃CHO, the landing distance of the threshold value for each gas was extended in summer seasons at a low velocity. Low temperature of the flue gas at a high velocity also led to long dispersion.

역전기투석전지는 염수-기수의 농도차이를 원동력으로 이온교환막의 선택성에 의해 양이온과 음이온을 서로 반대방향으로 이동시켜 전력을 생산한다. 이상적인 이온교환막의 경우 35 g/L과 0.5 g/L 농도의 염수와 기수를 흘려 보냈을 때, 약 0.1 V의 전압 출력을 가진다. 본 연구에서는 역전기투석 스택전지의 출력특성에 영향을 주는 인자로서 막저항, 염수와 기수의 전기전도도, 막 이동수, 막 면적, 유로 두께 및 메쉬의 개방면적비, 스택수 등을 고려하여 수치모사를 수행하였다. 스택전지 내 유로에서 발생하는 누설전류 및 내부저항을 고려한 등 가회로모델을 수립하였고, 상용 이온교환막으로 제작된 스택전지 실험결과로부터 개방전압, 단락전류밀도, 최대전력밀도와 같은 중요 전지특성에 대하여 수치 모사의 정합성을 확인하였다.

본 연구에서는 한국원자력연구원의 핵연료가공시설 굴뚝 내에서 9곳의 시료채취 위치를 선정하여 ANSI/HPS N13.1-1999 지침에서 제시하는 기준에 따라 그 적절성을 평가하였다. 유체를 포함한 다중물리 해석 소프트웨어인 COMSOL을 활용하여 유동교란 지점으로부터 굴뚝 직경의 배수 높이 위치(L/D) 단면에서의 속도분포, 유동각 및 10 μm 크기의 입자분포 등의 항 목에 대하여 기준만족 여부를 평가하였다. 평가 결과, 5 L/D 이상에서 속도분포에 대한 기준을 만족했으며, 평균 유동각에 대한 기준은 모든 위치에서 만족했다. 입자분포에 대한 기준은 5 L/D 와 9 L/D 에서 만족하였으나, 그 분포가 일부에서 기 준을 만족하지 못하였다. 균일한 입자분포를 얻기 위한 방법으로 굴뚝 내 정적 혼합장치(static mixer)와 둘레링(perimeter ring)을 추가하는 것을 제안하고, 이에 대한 평가를 수행하였다. 정적 혼합장치를 추가한 경우에는 5-10 L/D, 둘레링을 추가 한 경우에는 5 L/D 및 7-10 L/D 에서 입자분포에 대한 기준을 만족하였다. 보완을 위하여 추가한 2 가지 조건에서, 입자분포 에 대한 기준을 만족하는 지점은 속도분포 및 평균 유동각에 대한 기준 역시 만족하고 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 사 용한 방법은 신규시설뿐만 아니라, 현장입증시험 수행이 어려운 운영중인 시설에 대하여 시료채취 위치의 적절성을 평가하 기 위한 방법으로 활용될 수 있다.

Impedancemetric NOx (NO and NO2) gas sensors were designed with a stacked-layer structure and fabricated using LaCrxCo1-xO3 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 and 1) as the receptor material and Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 plates as the solid-electrolyte transducer material. The LaCrxCo1-xO3 layers were prepared with a polymeric precursor method that used ethylene glycol as the solvent, acetyl acetone as the chelating agent, and polyvinylpyrrolidone as the polymer additive. The effects of the Co concentration on the structural, morphological, and NOx sensing properties of the LaCrxCo1-xO3 powders were investigated with powder Xray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and its response to 20~250 ppm of NOx at 400 oC (for 1 kHz and 0.5 V), respectively. When the as-prepared precursors were calcined at 700 oC, only a single phase was detected, which corresponded to a perovskite-type structure. The XRD results showed that as the Co concentration of the LaCrxCo1-xO3 powders increased, the crystal structure was transformed from an orthorhombic phase to a rhombohedral phase. Moreover, the LaCrxCo1-xO3 powders with 0 ≤ x < 0.8 had a rhombohedral symmetry. The size of the particles in the LaCrxCo1-xO3 powders increased from 0.1 to 0.5 μm as the Co concentration increased. The sensing performance of the stack-structured LaCrxCo1-xO3/Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 sensors was found to divide the impedance component between the resistance and capacitance. The response of these sensors to NO gas was more sensitive than that to NO2 gas. Compared to other impedancemetric sensors, the LaCr0.8Co0.2O3/Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 sensor exhibited good reversibility and reliable sensingresponse properties for NOx gases.

Silicon oxynitride that can be deposited two times faster than general SiNx:H layer was applied to fabricate the passivation protection layer of atomic layer deposition (ALD) Al2O3. The protection layer is deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition to protect Al2O3 passivation layer from a high temperature metallization process for contact firing in screen-printed silicon solar cell. In this study, we studied passivation performance of ALD Al2O3 film as functions of process temperature and RF plasma effect in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition system. Al2O3/SiON stacks coated at 400 oC showed higher lifetime values in the as-stacked state. In contrast, a high quality Al2O3/SiON stack was obtained with a plasma power of 400 W and a capping-deposition temperature of 200 oC after the firing process. The best lifetime was achieved with stack films fired at 850 oC. These results demonstrated the potential of the Al2O3/SiON passivated layer for crystalline silicon solar cells.

The object of this paper is to examine the noise generating mechanism at manufacturing process of metal material products. To accomplish the object; A noise generating mechanism of high noise machine, which is mounted in the small and medium size enterprise, was investigated. The measurement method of the noise for the machine by manufacturers were investigated. The noise at the 250 point of the manufacturing procrss machine in the 40 processes of the 3 factories, 3 business fields was measured. The database of the noise was built from the measurement data. The major sound sources and frequency range for the manufacturing processes of metal product machine was investigated.

Various efforts have been explored to save the cost in many industrial fields. In order to recover the residual thermal energy from the flue gas, an extreme high efficiency heat exchanger is planning to install at a power plant. The gas temperature will be reduced to 40°C from 115°C. Thus gas buoyancy decreases, and dispersion of nitrogen oxides is expected to deteriorate as increasing relative humidity. In this study, the conversion of nitrogen monoxide to nitrogen dioxide and dispersion regime are investigated through computational modeling. Nitrogen dioxide which indicates 0.1 ppm at 85 m from the ground could be propagated to 620 m at 115°C of the flue gas, whilst when cooled down to 40°C, it expands up to 750 m. The ground level influence area showed more expansion of dispersion, approximately to 930 m.

In the segmented-in-series solid-oxide fuel cells (SIS-SOFCs), fabrication techniques which use decalcomania paper have many advantages, i.e., an increased active area of the electrode; better interfacial adhesion property between the anode, electrolyte and cathode; and improved layer thickness uniformity. In this work, a cell-stack was fabricated on porous ceramic flattened tube supports using decalcomania paper, which consists of an anode, electrolyte, and a cathode. The anode layer was 40μm thick, and was porous. The electrolyte layers exhibited a uniform thickness of about 20μm with a dense structure. Interfacial adhesion was improved due to the dense structure. The cathode layers was 30μm thick with porous structure, good adhesion to the electrolyte. The ohmic resistance levels at 800, 750 and 700˚C were measured, showing values of 1.49, 1.58 and 1.65Ω·cm2, respectively. The polarization resistances at 800, 750 and 700˚C were measured to be 1.63, 2.61 and 4.17cm2, respectively. These lower resistance values originated from the excellent interfacial adhesion between the anode, electrolyte and cathode. In a two-cell-stack SOFC, open-circuit voltages(OCVs) of 1.915, 1.942 and 1.957 V and maximum power densities(MPD) of 289.9, 276.1 and 220.4mW/cm2 were measured at 800, 750 and 700˚C, respectively. The proposed fabrication technique using decalcomania paper was shown to be feasible for the easy fabrication of segmented-in-series flattened tube SOFCs.

A sample of ultra low carbon IF steel was processed by six-layer stack accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) and annealed. The ARB was conducted at ambient temperature after deforming the as-received material to a thickness of 0.5 mm by 50% cold rolling. The ARB was performed for a six-layer stacked, i.e. a 3 mm thick sheet, up to 3 cycles (an equivalent strain of ~7.0). In each ARB cycle, the stacked sheets were, first, deformed to 1.5 mm thickness by 50% rolling and then reduced to 0.5 mm thickness, as the starting thickness, by multi-pass rolling without lubrication. The specimen after 3 cycles was then annealed for 0.5 h at various temperatures ranging from 673 to 973 K. The microstructural evolution with the annealing temperature for the 3-cycle ARB processed IF steel was investigated in detail by transmission electron microscopy observation. The ARB processed IF steel exhibited mainly a dislocation cell lamella structure with relatively high dislocation density in which the subgrains were partially observed. The selected area diffraction (SAD) patterns suggested that the misorientation between neighboring cells or subgrains was very small. The thickness of the grains increased in a gradual way up to 873 K, but above 898 K it increased drastically. As a result, the grains came to have an equiaxed morphology at 898 K, in which the width and the thickness of the grains were almost identical. The grain growth occurred actively at temperatures above 923 K.

A numerical simulation of plume from a stack into atmospheric cross flow is investigated using a two-dimension model. The simulation is based on the k~ε turbulence model and a finite volume method. In this paper, it mostly researches how the wind velocity affects the flue gas diffusion from an 80 m high stack. Wind velocity is one of the most important factors for flue gas diffusion. The plume shape size, the injection height, the NO pollutant distribution and the concentration at the near ground are presented with two kinds of wind velocities, 1 m/s and 5 m/s. It is found that large wind velocity is better for flue gas diffusion, it generates less downwash. Although the rise height is lower, the pollutant dilutes faster and more sufficient.

The fabrication of interconnect from titanium powders and powders is investigated. Corrosion-resistant titanium and are used as reinforcement in order to reveal high heat and corrosion resistance at the elevated temperature. We fabricated the plates for interconnect reinforced with by mixing titanium powders with 10 wt.% of nano-sized . Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) was chosen for the sintering of these composites. The plate made of titanium powders and powders demonstrates higher corrosion resistance than that of the plate of titanium powders alone. The physical properties of specimens were analyzed by performing hardness test and biaxial strength test. The electrochemical properties, such as corrosion resistance and hydrogen permeability at high temperature, were also investigated. The microstructures of the specimens were investigated by FESEM and profiles of chemical compositions were analyzed by EDX.