In this paper, we study the word of Luolü (覼縷) in several aspects of forms, sounds and meanings. Luo has three forms: 覶/覼/ . They have a same component 見 means seeing and they have different components /爾/繭which have the same meaning: reeling silk from cocoons. So the meaning of Luo (覶/覼/ ) is combing silk thread. Luo (覶/覼/ ) and Lü (縷) are cognate words with the same initials. They are synonyms that have the same meaning of putting things in order. The two words Luo (覶/覼/ ) and Lü (縷) are used together to form a synonymic compound. In case of Luo (覶/覼/ ) is not a commonly used word and Lü (縷) is normally used as a noun, thier early way of verb-using has been neglected. In that case, the synonymic compound Luolü (覼縷) has been regarded as an unanalyzable continuous word for long. As a conclusion, like Luolü (覼縷), the synonym compounding of cognate words is an important way to form binding words.

In this study, based on the research results of the steel plate and steel rod dampers with rocking behavior, the moment and the drift ratio were compared and evaluated. As a test result evaluation, it was showed that the behavior of R15-200 and R15-140 was very good than other dampers. And the steel rod damper showed in-plane behavior to the loading direction, and was evaluated to prevent out-of-plane behavior that causes performance degradation.

Chinese Idioms are important as a Part of Chinese Vocabulary, Korean learners who use Chinese as a second language understand and grasp the usage of the Chinese-Korean idiom，It will also play a significant role in learning Chinese for Korean learners. A Comparative Study on Chinese and Korean idiom of same patterns of synonyms provides many conveniences and references for Korean Chinese learners, Nevertheless, there are differences in Chinese and Korean of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic functions of idiom of same patterns of synonyms. Therefore, Korean Chinese learners may have some troubles learning and using Chinese idioms. Dissertation takes between Chinese and Korean idiom of same patterns of synonyms from the new HSK level six Vocabulary Outline and two sets of the new HSK level six official test paper as the research subject, make Research and Analysis on Chinese and Korean synonym idioms differences between using frequency and usage of idioms in Chinese and Korean databases, in addition, make a comparative study between Chinese and Korean of syntactic and pragmatic functions of idiom of same patterns of synonyms, both Chinese and Korean idiom of same patterns of synonyms of the meanings are similar, however there are still many differences.

The concern on the greenhouse gas emission is strongly increasing globally. In fishery industry section, the greenhouse gas emissions are an important issue according to The Paris Climate Change Accord in 2015. The Korean government has a plan to reduce the GHG emissions as 4.8% compared to the BAU in fisheries until 2020. Furthermore, the Korean government has also declared to achieve the carbon neutrality in 2050 at the Climate Adaptation Summit 2021. However, the investigation on the GHG emissions from Korean fisheries did not carry out extensively. Most studies on GHG emissions from Korean fishery have dealt with the GHG emissions by fishery classification so far. However, follow-up studies related to GHG emissions from fisheries need to evaluate the GHG emission level by species to prepare the adoption of environmental labels and declarations (ISO 14020). The purpose of this research is to investigate which degree of GHG emitted to produce the species (hairtail and small yellow croaker) from various fisheries. Here, we calculated the GHG emission to produce the species from the fisheries using the Life Cycle Assessment method. The system boundary and input parameters for each process level are defined for the LCA analysis. The fuel use coefficients of the fisheries for the species are also calculated according to the fuel type. The GHG emissions from sea activities by the fisheries will be dealt with. Furthermore, the GHG emissions for producing the unit weight species and annual production are calculated by fishery classification. The results will be helpful to understand the circumstances of GHG emissions from Korean fisheries.

There is little information on the nutrient intake according to the city size and small town in Korean elderly. This study analyzed the nutritional consumption of older people in metropolitan, middle and small cities, and rural areas according to four income levels. The recent data from the 2016~2018 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were used. The final analysis included 4,325 individuals (Male: 1,856, Female: 2,469) over 65 years old. Multivariable regression with a complex sample design was conducted to compare the nutrient intake among the groups. In a comparison within regions, the nutrition status of the elderly in small towns was more vulnerable than metropolitan and middle & small cities. The energy intakes were similar between the groups. The carbohydrate intake of middle & small cities was significantly higher than the other regions. The intake of other nutrients in metropolitan and middle & small cities appeared to be higher than in rural areas. The number of nutrients with statistical significance between low and high-income levels were 19 in metropolitan, 11 in middle & small cities, and 5 in rural areas. Each contribution of carbohydrate, fat, and protein to the total energy intake was lower in the low-income level than the high-income level in metropolitan and middle & small cities. On the other hand, in rural areas, only the contribution of protein to energy intake was lower in the low-income level than the high-income level. Cities with higher levels of urbanization had more severe nutritional inequality in relation to the income level. There was also nutritional inequality present in rural areas but it was to a lesser extent. Moreover, the generally low level of nutrient intake was problematic in rural areas. These findings could be used as fundamental evidence for developing community nutritional policies for the elderly.

In fisheries, the importance of designing efficient fish cages is being emphasized as aquaculture has become more production than capture fishing. Particularly, the gravity cage system is one of the popular fish cage system in Korea. Currently, gravity cages of various shapes and sizes are being widely designed and installed in offshore and inland seas. The cage is subject to external forces, such as currents and waves, and the shape of the structure and tension on the ropes changes according to these external forces. Thus, it is important to accurately calculate these dynamic behavior, including the external forces and tension on the structure during the design stage. In this study, three types of cage systems with an equal internal volume of 8000 m3 were analyzed using mass-spring models and their behavior was interpreted through simulations. These simulations were used to analyze the behavior and tension of the ropes in response to currents and waves to aid in the selection of individual cage sizes for a given total volume. The numerical calculation results indicate that depending on the flow rate, the most resistant system is System 1, which has eight strays, and System 2 and System 3 have 69.4% and 54.8% of the resistance of System 1. Further, total resistance increased as the number of cages increased for all flow rates.

The 2018 amendment of the KORUS has made an important stride in the investment chapter of the agreement. In particular, the amendment introduced new provisions to regulate multiple, subsequent or parallel ISDS proceedings involving the same governmental measures. The new provisions, however, arguably contain inherent limitations. They will be able to address only some of the multiple, subsequent or parallel proceedings. They then leave open a possibility where essentially the same investor raises a series of ISDS proceedings against essentially the same measures by an advance planning on the scope of ‘measures’ and/or form of ‘control.’ This means that the new provisions will not be able to fully prevent multiple, subsequent or parallel proceedings in the same context or circumstances from taking place, as was originally intended by the drafters. More detailed wordings and elaborations would have helped to achieve the objective. Future Joint Committee discussions or additional amendments should consider such clarification or elaboration.

Despite the plethora of articles and research in marketing and retailing literatures focused on enhancing customer loyalty, the topic of how to best allocate resources to various loyalty-building efforts has always attracted interest from both academics and practitioners (Kamran-Disfani, et al., 2017). Much research has examined that satisfaction is a strong relative factor of loyalty. However, Kumar, et al. (2012) and Kamran-Disfani, et al. (2017) stressed that the satisfaction-loyalty link could depend on various moderators and mediators. And they pointed out the difference between two types of loyalty—attitudinal and behavioral, and the mediating effect of attitudinal loyalty within the satisfaction-behavioral loyalty link. Thus, there is a need for more studies empirically investigating the satisfaction-loyalty link and how satisfaction effects loyalty in different contexts. On the other hand, many companies have recently been building a greater variety of store formats and attempting to provide a superior shopping experience through their stores in order to increase the possibility of customer revisitation and customer loyalty. Also, consumers not only switch to different retailers in the same product categories but also change to different store formats for the same product purchasing (Anand and Sinha, 2009). The reasons can be considered as customers’ attitudes toward stores and preference of store atmosphere and environment (Wakefield and Baker, 1998). However, few research pays attention to the issue of how, and to what extent, the different store formats have on impacting customer satisfaction and loyalty building. This is especially true of retailers having entered a new overseas market, and how its loyalty building is effected by its store format choice during its developing stages. This study adopts a conceptual model from Kamran-Disfani, et al. (2017) and aims to examine the satisfaction-loyalty link and test if attitudinal loyalty could be a mediator between satisfaction and behavioral loyalty. And if so, do store formats matter to the satisfaction-loyalty link. In short, we develop hypotheses of how store atmosphere, customer satisfaction, attitudinal loyalty, behavioral loyalty are related, and how store format moderates these relationships. In order to improve the understanding of the satisfaction-loyalty link in the context of retail internationalization, we survey a Japanese fashion company — Nice Claup who segmented the Chinese market by operating multiple retail stores, and each retail store plays a discrete role of cultivating customer loyalty. In our analysis, we compare two store formats of Nice Claup, which are the single brand specialty store and the multi-brand store (defined as ―house brand store‖ in this paper). House brand stores aim to offer novel shopping experiences by gathering several Japanese fashion brands into one large store, with each brand having their own detached areas for keeping each brand’s identity separate and recognizable, but are connected to each other by an integrated store design. Both of these two types of stores are named ―Nice Claup‖, and operated by the same retailer. We choose a 388-customer survey data as our sample. All of these customers have purchased clothes at Nice Claup’s stores over 5 times per year and have been given special member’s card by Nice Claup in Shanghai, China. This 388-customer data obtains 180 consumers who always purchase at house brand stores, and 208 consumers who always purchase at single-brand specialty stores. Hypotheses are tested using an ordinary least squares regression model with a cross-store format comparative analysis. The results suggest that while attitudinal loyalty positively and directly influences behavioral loyalty, satisfaction indirectly drives behavioral loyalty through the mediating effects of attitudinal loyalty. This implies that we should focus on the process of building loyalty and there might be a potential stage before gaining customers’ behavioral loyalty. We also find that there are some important differences between the two store formats, i.e., (1) the effect of store atmosphere (ambience cue, design cue, social cue (Kumar and Kim, 2014)) on satisfaction; (2) the moderating effect of store formats on the relationship between attitudinal loyalty and behavioral loyalty. The findings explore different perception of the two types of stores and influencing factor on building loyalty from an emerging market perspective. By extension, it also shows an application of implementing retail internationalization with adopting multiple store formats on different developing stages, and customer loyalty can be enhanced by offering store novelty in the Chinese market.

The Air-shiter is a new product possible ventilation at the same time cooling or heating with combined refrigerator and heat recovery ventilator. And a key device of this system is the air shifter. The air shifter device is to convert the outdoor air, room air, supply air and exhaust air flow. Therefore, an experimental study has been carried out to investigate the operating performance for this system. The results, it is possible to ventilate at the same time of heating by outside air above 30℃ in summer. and of heating by outside air within 3℃ in winter. The indoor discharge temperature is over 40℃, and the coefficient of performance is 3.4 in winter.

The article indicates that usually there exists no correspondence between the term and its conception illustrated by the case of loangraph and its related term orthograph. Different conceptions of contemporary Loangraph, namely, “diachronic usage relation”, “relation of form and meaning”, “prevailing usage in an era”, have inherited some views produced in the academic history, which includes Xu Shen’s loangraph of “benwuqizi”, Wang Yun’s “shengjie”, Duan Yucai’s “three changes” of loangraph, and Zhu Junsheng’s “three sources” of loangraph. By listing examples of misunderstanding and obscure caused by the different comprehension of the loangraph term, the article analyzes its objective linguistic foundation, stating that in the use of the term, the same conceptual meaning of the term should be taken as the criterion, otherwise it will constitute exchange barriers and cause unnecessary contradictions and arguments.

Spoken words tends to be verbal communication, because the source of the words is different, or for use in different groups, it produced the sound homophones nearly glyph (written symbols) through the synchronical and diachronical spread, which is a spoken word may become phonetic variations occurred in the communication process, and lead to produce multiple variants including the shape of words and the numerous, complicated and changeful usage of words, sometimes even cover up their original real feature. This article focuses on spoken word about the same word but variant character of the oral literature (including abroad), which reflected Beijing dialect in the late Qing and early republic period

목 적: 5~50세에 해당하는 연구대상에서 세대에 따른 굴절이상의 변화를 확인하고자 하였다. 방 법: 1987년부터 2012년 10월까지 청주와 천안의 안경원에 굴절이상 교정을 위해 방문한 사람 162,494 명(남성 50,453명, 여성 112,041명)의 굴절검사 데이터를 사용하였다. 안경원은 청주 5군데와 천안 2군데를 선정하여 개인정보를 제외한 굴절검사 데이터만을 수집하여 분석에 사용하였다. 각 연구 대상의 연령은 출생 연도와 안경원 방문 일자를 계산하여 만 나이로 산정하였다. 연령에 따른 굴절이상 변화를 고려하여 연령을 그룹화하고 동일 그룹에서 방문연도에 따른 평균 굴절이상 정도를 등가구면 굴절력으로 비교하였다. 또한 안 경원 방문 당시 연도와 연령을 변수로 하여 굴절이상에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 회귀분석을 시행하였 다. 연구대상에 포함하는 일부 표본인구에 설문조사를 실시하여 세대에 따른 환경적 요인 변화를 확인하였다. 결 과: 6개 연령 그룹 모두 방문당시 연도에 따라 평균굴절이상 정도에 유의한 차이를 보였고, 방문 연도 가 최근에 가까울수록 (-)방향으로 그 값이 커지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 5~50세 전체 연령군의 평균굴절 이상 정도를 결정하기 위한 회귀분석에서는 방문연도가 유의한 변수로 나타났다. 표본 집단을 대상으로 한 설문조사에서는 30대 그룹보다 20대 그룹에서 근거리 작업과 관련한 답변에서 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 결 론: 동일 연령군에서도 평균 굴절이상 정도는 환경적 요인에 의해 세대에 따라 달라진다. 본 연구 대상 에 해당하는 5~50세 연령 그룹 모두 (-)방향으로 굴절이상 정도가 증가하였다.

Spinnable pitches and carbon fibers were successfully prepared from petroleum or coal pyrolysis residues. After pyrolysis fuel oil (PFO), slurry oil, and coal tar were simply filtered to eliminate the solid impurities, the characteristics of the raw materials were evaluated by elemental analysis, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF-MS), and so on. Spinnable pitches were prepared for melt-spinning carbon fiber through a simple distillation under strong nitrogen flow, and further vacuum distillation to obtain a high softening point. Carbon fibers were produced from the above pitches by single-hole melt spinning and additional heat treatment, for oxidization and carbonization. Even though spinnable pitches and carbon fibers were processed under the same conditions, the melt-spinning and properties of the carbon fiber were different depending on the raw materials. A fine carbon fiber could not be prepared from slurry oil, and the different diameter carbon fibers were produced from the PFO and coal tar pitch. These results seem to be closely correlated with the initial characteristics of the raw materials, under this simple processing condition.

미국에서 동성애 및 동성혼과 관련된 논쟁은 오래전부터 시작되었다. 미국의 일부 주법은 동성애행위자체를 법으로 금지하는 경우도 있었기 때문에, 동성애자들의 권리투쟁은 그에서부터 시작되었다. 그리고 그들은 동성혼 역시 이성혼과 법적으로 동등하게 취급되어야 하며, 동성혼을 법 적으로 인정받기 위한 권리투쟁을 계속해왔다. 그리고 2015년, 마침내 미국의 연방대법원은 5대 4로 동성혼 역시 수정헌법 제14조의 적법절차 조항과 평등보호조항에 의하여 보호되어야 함을 선언함으로써, 미국 전 역에서 동성혼을 합법화하였다. 한국은 아직 미국처럼 동성애 및 동성혼을 둘러싼 논란이 가열되지는 않은 단계이다. 그러나 지난 2013년, 광화문에서 한 동성커플의 공개적인 결혼식 및 혼인신고 이후로 이에 대한 주목은 예전보다 높아져가고 있다. 한국에서 동성애 및 동성혼을 둘러싼 사회적 논의는 아직도 미미하지만, 성적소수자로 분류되는 이들의 권리 또한 보호받아야 하기에 과연 그 범 위를 어디까지 인정할 것인지에 대한 법적 논의는 분명 필요하다. 이 논문은 미국에서의 동성애 및 동성혼 관련 판결분석에 주된 초점을 맞추었다. 연방대법원의 판결문 내용을 검토하여 판결의 점진적인 변화 를 살펴보고, 또한 그러한 변화를 이끌어 낸 원인은 무엇인지, 이전 판례 와의 차이는 무엇인지 등을 분석해본다. 그리고 이를 통해 한국에서 동 성혼을 제도화하는 데 있어 고려가 되어야 할 헌법조항들은 어떤 것이 있으며, 어떤 단계들이 필요한지 간략하게 논한다. 미국의 연방대법원 판 결분석은 그 자체로 우리에게 충분한 시사점을 제공해줄 것이

In the oral literature of Qing Dynasty, there are a lot of Chanese characters with variant forms, including the standardized and vulgar forms, the traditional and simplified forms, and the ancient and modern forms. These variant forms of the same character ususlly can tell us the evolution of the word meaning and pronunciation, and also can tell us the new difference of the wording meaning and pronunciation between the forms of the character in Qing Dynasty, such as “得dĕi-得„ (《Yu yen tzuerh chi》)、哪-那„ (《Yu yen tzuerh chi》)、狠/哏-很、這麼-這們、喝-欱、他-怹tān（《Yan jingfuyu》）”. Therefore, the variant forms of the same character have great value in the history of words. In the literature of dialect in Qing Dynasty, the words of dialect recorded the pronunciation of dialect very well, yet these dialect words have not been paid much attention to in academic research. It is expected that these variant forms of the same character can draw more attention in researching of ancient books.

We report results of the measurement of the trigonometric parallax of an H2O maser source in IRAS 22555+6213 with the VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry (VERA). The annual parallax was determined to be 0.2780.019 mas, corresponding to a distance of 3.66+0:30 -0:26 kpc. Our results conrm that IRAS 22555+6213 is located in the Perseus arm. We computed the peculiar motion of IRAS 22555+6213 to be (Usrc; Vsrc;Wsrc) = (0 ± 1,-32 ± 1, 9 ± 1) km s􀀀1, where Usrc, Vsrc, and Wsrc are directed toward the Galactic center, in the direction of Galactic rotation and toward the Galactic north pole, respectively. IRAS 22555+6213, NGC7538 and Cepheus A lie along the same line of sight, and are within 2 on the sky. Their parallax distances, with which we derived their absolute position in the Milky Way, show that IRAS 22555+6213 and NGC7538 are associated with the Perseus arm, while Cepheus A is located in the Local arm. We compared the kinematic distances of IRAS 22555+6213 derived with at and non- at rota- tion curve with its parallax distance and found the kinematic distance derived from the non- at rotation assumption (—32 km s-1 lag) to be consistent with the parallax distance.

In this paper, we present the result of investigations pertaining to the elastic buckling of simply supported columns with various cross-sectional dimensions but the same length and volume. In the investigations the accuracy of the analysis methods is studied and it was found that the result obtained by the successive approximations technique is the most accurate. In addition, the elastic buckling loads of columns with variable cross-section dimensions are obtained by the theoretical and numerical methods. From the results, it was found that the buckling loads obtained by the numerical methods are close to the buckling loads obtained by the successive approximations technique for the practical standpoints. Moreover, the buckling load of column with convexity in its middle is the highest while the buckling load of the tapered column is the lowest as expected.

The Air-shiter is a new products possible ventilation at the same time cooling or heating with integrated refrigeration and ventilation units. and is a key component of the air shifter devices and bypass damper. The air shifter devices are to convert the outdoor air, room air, supply air and exhaust air flow. And the bypass damper is device to determine a ventilation. After research and development of these systems were as follows. It is confirmed that the Air-shiter is possible ventilation at the same time cooling or heating, and outdoor air cooling in the spring or fall.