This study evaluated the immunogenicity of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in a guinea pig model to refine preclinical assessment methods. 24 guinea pigs were divided into four groups for immunohistochemical, histopathological, and molecular analyses, including qRT-PCR and ELISA. The ELISA results revealed significant elevations in interleukin 2 (IL-2), interferon-gamma (IFN- ), and tuberculosis-specific antibodies in vaccinated guinea pigs, particularly γ notable after 6 weeks. Although lung cytokine levels remained unchanged, spleen gene expression showed significant differences in interleukin-17, interleukin-12, interleukin-1β, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 after 6 weeks. Immunohistochemistry revealed peak IL-2 expression at 8 weeks and significant IFN-γ and TNF-α expression at 6 weeks. This study confirmed the effectiveness of BCG vaccine in guinea pigs, providing crucial insights for future tuberculosis vaccine development and standardizing immune response indicators.

본 연구에서는 간담도 조영제를 사용하는 간 검사에 있어서 동맥기 검사에서의 원인 미상의 이유로 인하여 일시적 호흡곤란이 발생하고, 호흡정지가 실패하여 영상의 질을 저하하는 경우가 있는데, 이에 있어 기존의 고안된 여러 방법이 아닌 백신 기법을 사용하여 호흡정지의 성공률을 높이고 영상의 질을 향상해 임상의 유용성을 평가하고자 한다. 간 검사를 시행하는 65세 이상 또는 의사소통이 명확히 되는 간병증 환자 20명을 대상으로 진행하였으며, 동맥기 검사 직전에 백신 개념의 조영제 0.1 ml를 주입하여 환자 신체가 조영제에 적응하게 한 후, 조영제 9.9 ml를 주입하여 동맥기 검사를 진행하였다. 영상의학과 전문의 1명과 전문방사선사 4명이 영상을 평가하고, 환자로부터 조영제 주입 후의 신체적 평가를 직접 확인하였다. 그 결과로 정성적 평가인 5점 리커트 척도를 통하여 대응 표본 T-검정으로 유의한 차이가 있었고, 시행된 환자 본인에 있어서 조영제의 주입 시, 체감에 있어 대부분 느낌도 받을 수 없었으며, 환자의 조영제에 대한 두려움과 만족도 측면에서 약 3배 높은 결과를 보여주었다. 그리고 이에 대한 영향으로 영상 측면에서도 일시적 호흡곤란이 발생하지 않고 검사에 방해 요소가 줄어든바, 약 1.78배 높아진 평가 를 얻을 수 있었고 동맥기 검사에서 호흡정지 실패 발생 빈도가 줄어드는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 임상에서 높은 질의 영상을 얻을 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

Extensive research and testing continue to be conducted for the development of vaccines targeting zoonotic diseases such as brucellosis. In this study, the potential of the DapB as a recombinant protein vaccine to effectively combat Brucella abortus 544 infection in BALB/c mice was evaluated. Western blotting assay results showed that recombinant protein DapB reacted with Brucella-positive serum, indicating its potential immunoreactivity. In vivo results showed that the peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cell population significantly increased in the DapB-immunized mice group after the first, second and third blood collection, compared to the control group that received PBS. Additionally, at the fourth blood collection, an increase in CD4+ T cell activation was observed in three vaccination groups compared to PBS negative control group. These results indicate the potential of DapB in stimulating cellular immunity. Fourteen days after infection, the bacterial load in the spleen was evaluated. The reduction in bacterial replication in the spleen by both DapB and RB51 highlights their protective efficacy against Brucella infection. These findings contribute to the ongoing efforts in developing effective vaccines against brucellosis and provide valuable insights for further research in this field.

본 연구는 아세트아미노펜, 비타민 C, 무수 구연산으로 구성된 해열진통 및 염증 완화제, 피버닐산의 사료첨가가 구제역(FMD) 백신의 접종으로 야기 될 수 있는 돼지의 부작용에 대한 감소 효과를 확인하기 위해 실시되었다. 8-9주령의 돼지(LYD) 30마리를 공시, 대조군(n=10), 구제 역 백신 접종군(n=10; T1), 구제역 백신+피버닐 산 투여군 (n=10; 백신 접종 후 5일 간 0.2% 피버닐 산 경구 투여, T2), 3개 그룹으로 배치하여 시험을 진행하였다. 각 시험 구에서 총 14일 동안 체중, 혈액학치, 혈액화학치, FMD 항체 및 스트레스 지표의 변화를 관찰했으며, 총 증체량 은 T1(11.13±1.33kg)에 비해 T2(13.76±1.73kg)에서 유의적 으로 증가하였다(p<0.001). 혈액학치 및 혈액화학치 분석 결과, 백신을 접종한 두 처리군에서 유의한 차이는 없었 다. FMD 항체 역가는 T1(89.1±7.9)에 비해 T2(91.9±5.6)에 서 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 통계적 유의성을 나타나지 않았다. T2 그룹의 코르티솔, TNF-α 및 CRP와 같은 스 트레스, 염증 지표 물질은 구제역 백신 접종 후 3일에서 5 일 사이에 각각 310.31±44.11ng/mL, 59.05±11.88pg/mL, 29.05±2.84ng/mL으로 T1(361.58±58.74ng/mL, 74.47±19.26 pg/mL, 34.21±5.34ng/mL)보다 유의적으로 낮게 측정되 었다. 시험 14일째에 육안 및 조직병리학적 분석 결과, 주 사 부위의 염증 반응은 T2에서 적게 관찰되었으며 염증세 포 침윤 및 섬유조직이 증식된 육아종성 염증 또한 T2에 서 적게 관찰되었다. 본 연구결과로 미루어 보아 피버닐 산의 0.2% 경구 투여는 체중감소, 발열 등의 임상증상을 감소시키는 효과가 있으며, 접종 부위의 염증반응을 억제 하여 구제역 백신 접종의 부작용에 대한 스트레스를 경감 시키는 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 백신 접종 후 피버닐 산 의 0.2% 경구 투여는 돼지에서 구제역 백신 접종과 관련 된 부작용을 줄이는 데 효과적인 것으로 사료된다.

This study evaluated whether fevernill, which is primarily composed of acetaminophen, vitamin C, and anhydrous citric acid, is effective in relieving stress caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccination in calves. Three-month-old calves from a farm in Korea were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n = 10 per group: control [untreated], group A [FMDV vaccination], and group B [FMDV vaccination + addition of fevernill 0.2% to feed for five days after vaccination]). Body weights, antibody formation, clinical symptoms, serum parameters were measured in the 14 days following vaccination. Total weight gain and average daily gain during the experiment period were group A (12.00±1.15 kg, 0.86±0.08 kg/day) compared to group B (13.57±0.98 kg, 0.97±0.07 kg/day) was significantly improved (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the formation of antibodies against the FMDV vaccine between group A and group B, though the antibody value of group B tended to be higher than that of group A. The pre-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α value was 74.47±19.26 pg/ml in group A and 59.05±11.88 pg/ml in group B on the 5th day of the experiment, which was significantly lower in group B than in group A (p<0.05). Also, cortisol concentrations were significantly lower in group B than in group A (p<0.05). In conclusion, the feeding of fevernil is judged to be helpful in mitigating the side effects caused by FMD vaccination, and thus it is thought to be able to prevent the decrease in productivity caused by vaccination.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the nurses’ experience of the side effects of COVID-19 vaccination and understand its meaning. Methods: This study was a qualitative study using the content analysis method. The data collection period using a focus group was from October 26, 2021 to January 23, 2022. Results: The themes included: “Pressure from mandatory COVID-19 vaccination”, “Feeling relieved because the side effects are mild”, “Severe vaccine side effects cause negative emotions”, “Tolerating side effects and coping personally”, “Confusion and alienation about insufficient coping of side effects”, “Feeling skeptical about the COVID-19 vaccination policy”, “Thinking about how to build trust in the COVID-19 vaccine”. Conclusion: In the future, it is considered important to establish scientific evidence through continuous monitoring and data collection of the side effects of COVID-19 vaccination and to build trust in vaccines through transparent information disclosure.

Purpose: This study aimed to understand the COVID-19 vaccination experience of nursing students and explore its importance. Methods: A descriptive qualitative study and content analysis was conducted. The participants were 14 nursing students who expressed their rejection of COVID-19 vaccination. Data were collected through in-depth interviews from November 24, 2021, to January 30, 2022. Results: The COVID-19 vaccination experience of nursing students included four themes: “nostalgia for everyday life before COVID-19”, “hesitancy to get vaccinated against COVID-19”, “different thoughts about COVID-19 vaccination”, and “future direction of COVID-19 vaccination”. Conclusion: The COVID-19 vaccination experience of nursing students may be due to a lack of trust in COVID-19 vaccination. Therefore, accurate information about COVID-19 vaccination should be provided to lower the vaccination hesitancy of nursing students.

In this study, antibody responses after vaccination against equine influenza were investigated among 1,591 horses in the Republic of Korea using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Equine influenza has not occurred since 2011 and a commercial vaccine against H3N8 has been used. The equine influenza virus, A/equine/South Africa/4/03 (H3N8), was used as the antigen in the HI assay. The mean seropositive rate was 90.5% in 2019. Except for stallion whose seropositive rate was 78.5%, all seropositive rates of other horse types were over 90%. Regionally, except for Gangwon-do and Jeju-do whose seropositive rates were 89.0% and 87.1%, all seropositive rates in other provinces were over 90%. In the future, more through vaccination against equine influenza needs to be done based on this investigation result.

A 2-month-old Turkish Angora cat presented with multiple skin masses after first vaccination and spot-on antiparasitic treatment. There was no hair loss or pruritis, and tests revealed negative for the feline leukemia and immunodeficiency viruses. Biopsy revealed densely packed eosinophils in sparse dermal tissue with a few mast cells. These lesions did not respond promptly to prednisolone treatment, but they regressed without relapse over the following month, despite sequential vaccinations and anti-parasitic treatment. The present case is interesting considering the rarity of multiple eosinophilic granuloma development in a very young cat with a recent history of vaccination and antiparasitic treatment.

BALB/c mice were vaccinated with Brucella (B.) abortus recombinant protein L27 (50S ribosomal protein L27) cloned into a pMal vector system. L27 was induced, purified and injected intraperitoneally (IP). Mice were vaccinated on 0-, 15- and 35-day. Serum cytokines were evaluated on 36- and 49-day from first vaccination. Mice were intraperitoneally infected with 5×104 CFU of virulent B. abortus 544 on day-50 and sacrificed after two weeks from infection. Bacterial burden from the spleen was quantified and showed a 0.7- and 0.9-log reduction in vaccinated mice in comparison to PBS and MBP (maltose binding protein) groups respectively. Cytokines in the serum demonstrated increased interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). On the other hand, interleukin 10 (IL-10) was attenuated in the sera of vaccinated mice. This cytokine profile is indicative of a cell-mediated type of immune response which is favorable for the eradication of intracellular infections. The current study showed the potential of another B. abortus ribosomal protein in inducing protective immunity against B. abortus infection.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the understanding of immunization and antibody test by region and age. The questionnaire was conducted for those who raised their dogs for more than two years. The survey consisted of 500 people. SNS. The results showed that the perception of the reinforcement vaccination was more prevalent than Seoul / Gyeonggi province. However, in the Seoul / Gyeonggi area, the recognition and comprehension of the antibody test was higher and the participation rate by age was the highest in the 20s. In addition, the percentage of people who knew about vaccination was much higher, and the understanding of reinforcement vaccination showed a similar rate. The results of the questionnaire showed that the importance of antibody test is more important than antibody vaccination. In the case of a large number of antibodies, the reinforcement vaccination should be performed at the appropriate time after the antibody test.

Naegleria fowleri is pathogenic free-living amoeba leading to primary amoebic meningoencephalitis(PAM) in human and animals. The nfa1 gene cloned from N. fowleri is located on food-cup structure called pseudopodia and function an adherence of host target cells. To evaluate the effect of nfa1 vaccination against N. fowleri infection, we constructed retroviral vector(pQCXIN) expressing nfa1 gene. To determine the effect of vaccination and protective immunity in in vivo models, we measured the immunoglobulin levels, cytokine induction, and survival rate in mice infected with N. fowleri. Both levels of IgG and IgG subclass in DNA vaccinated mice were significantly elevated. The cytokine analysis show that DNA vaccinated mice induces production of IL-4 and IFN-γcytokines suggesting a Th1/Th2 mixed type immune response. The levels of nfa1 specific IgG antibody were maintained highly until 12 weeks post-vaccination in vaccinted mice. The nfa1 vaccinated mice using retroviral vector increased significantly survival rate(60%) after N. fowleri infection. Consequently, the nfa1 vaccination effectively induces protective immunity by upregulation of immune response in mice infected with N. fowleri. These results suggest that DNA vaccination using retroviral vector may be proper trial for treatment and prevention of PAM.

Viral respiratory infections are common in horses, notably equine herpesvirus infection and equine influenza, which primarily initiate secondary bacterial respiratory infections such as strangles caused by Streptococcus equi equi. A decline in the production of stallions has been associated with these respiratory diseases leading to adverse financial implications. This study investigated the antibody responses against respiratory diseases in horses from Jeju Island a year after vaccination. A low level of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) (11.36%) antibodies was detected from stallions, however a high level of EHV-4 (95.84%) antibodies was detected from horses without vaccination against this infection suggesting that EHV-4 is ubiquitous in this horse population. In case of equine influenza, ranch stallions showed low positive rate (12.06%) whereas stallions from Subtropical Livestock Research Institute displayed higher positive rate (81.32%). Antibody responses against equine influenza and strangles revealed positive rates of 26.32% and 55.12%, respectively. These findings may draw attention towards the importance of developing an improved disease prevention and/or immunization program that will effectively control respiratory diseases in horses.

Seven outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) have occurred in South Korea during the period January 2000-September 2015. The Korean government changed national goal to FMD-free country with vaccination after the November 2010 outbreak when approximately 3.5 million cattle and pigs were culled. With regard to vaccination, Korean pig producers have claimed that the occurrence of injection site reaction (inflammatory or non-inflammatory granuloma) is potentially associated with intensive vaccination campaign since 2011. The present study was undertaken to assess the incidence of injection site lesions in slaughtered pigs caused by FMD vaccination and the corresponding economic losses. Data obtained from two meat packers were classified into 3 vaccination periods: non-vaccination (July-November, 2010, n=96,959); one injection (July-November, 2014, n=162,089); and two injections (March-July, 2015, n=161,928). A total of 420,976 carcasses from 6,526 farms were analyzed. The incidence of the lesions was 18.6% for non-vaccination, 46.5% for one injection, and 73.7% for two injections. Economic loss per head slaughtered due to removal of the lesions was estimated to 1,302 won (US$ 1.1) for non-vaccination, 8,286 won (US$ 7.2) for one injection, and 17,378 won (US$ 15.1) for two injections (converted using 2015 exchange rate where Korean won 1,150 = 1 US$). It was estimated that the national annual losses excluding costs of an FMD vaccine and its application is US$ 115 million for one injection and US$ 241 million for two injections. The adoption of measures that cause minimal tissue damages and economic losses would appear to be of high priority.

본 연구에서는 수정란 이식을 위해 선발된 대리모에 이식 전 백신의 투여 시기가 임신과 유산에 미치는 효과와, 임신한 대리모의 분만 예정일 전에 백신의 투여가 송아지의 질병과 생존에 미치는 효과를 검토하였다. 실험 1에서는 한우 체외 수정란의 이식에 선발된 대리모의 백신 투여 시기가 임신과 유산에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 이식 전 주째 백신 투여시 임신율이 31.5%로서 대조군 및 주 투여군의 42.4 및 45.9%에 비하여 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.05