The objective of this study was to evaluate novel usability as natural anti-obesity supplement of Selaginella tamariscina extract. The total phenol contents and total flavonoid contents were 60.29±3.11 GAE mg/g and 14.90±0.34 QE mg/g, respectively. To evaluate anti-obesity activity of Selaginella tamariscina extract, pancreatic lipase inhibition activity as well as its inhibition effect of lipid accumulation in adipocytes were conducted by Oil Red O staining and lipolysis assay. The result of pancreatic lipase inhibition activity of S. tamariscina extract showed a wide range between 40 and 73% dose dependently. While the incubation of 3T3-L1 cells with S. tamariscina extract inhibited differentiation of preadipocytes and reduced lipid accumulation, the level of released free glycerol into culturing medium was increased in multiple concentrations. These results showed that S. tamariscina extract inhibit adipogenesis and pancreatic lipase activity. Thus, S. tamariscina extract can be a candidate for regulating lipid accumulation in obesity.

This study was carried out using Celluclast 1.5L to increase the content of 2,6-DMBQ and water extractable arabinoxylan in wheat germ extract. Extraction temperatures were 30oC, 45oC and 60oC. The extraction times were 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 h. The pH of the extract decreased rapidly from 18 h at 30oC in both water- and enzyme-treated extracts. 2,6-DMBQ of water- and enzyme-treated extracts increased with the extraction time. At 30-hour extraction time, enzyme-treated extract increased 27.60% at 30oC extraction temperature than water extraction. Extraction temperatures of 45oC and 60oC were increased by 65.03% and 151.05%, respectively. The highest content of waterextractable arabinoxylan was 15.23±0.08 mg/g when the enzyme was treated at an extraction temperature of 60oC for 30 h. At 30=hour extraction time, enzyme-treated extract increased 7.92% at 30oC extraction temperature compared to water extraction. Extraction temperatures of 45oC and 60oC were increased by 31.20% and 54.38%, respectively.

Validamycin A is an aminoglycoside fungicide produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus that inhibits trehalase. The purpose of this study was to develop a method for detecting validamycin A in agricultural samples to establish MRL values for use in Korea. The validamycin A residues in samples were extracted using methanol/ water (50/50, v/v) and purified with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) cartridges. The analyte was quantified and confirmed by liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) in positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Matrix-matched calibration curves were linear over the calibration ranges (0.005~0.5 ng) into a blank extract with R2 > 0.99. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.005 and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. For validation validamycin A, recovery studies were carried out three different concentration levels (LOQ, LOQ × 10, LOQ × 50, n = 5) with five replicates at each level. The average recovery range was from 72.5~118.3%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 10.3%. All values were consistent with the criteria ranges requested in the Codex guidelines (CAC/GL 40-1993, 2003) and the NIFDS (National Institute of Food and Drug Safety) guideline (2016). Therefore, the proposed analytical method is accurate, effective and sensitive for validamycin A determination in agricultural commodities.

In this study, the nutritional components (moisture, fat, protein, ash) value of military hardtack was collected and analyzed to control the mixing ratio of rice and flour. Hardtack from 4 factories was analyzed by 3 testing organizations certified by the Korean Ministry Food and Drug Safety. In addition, the accuracy and collaborative study possibility of each organization were evaluated in Q-test and HorRat. Also, other hardtack groups with different mixing ratios were compared to quality control of hardtack by I-MR charts. As a result, the HorRat and Q-test values of test organizations were 0.5-6.2 and 0.08-0.91, respectively. The quality of hardtack by the factories was similar. However, for accurate management of the mixing ratio, suggesting both upper and lower limit requirements of the nutritional components is necessary.

A method was developed for the simultaneous detection of an antibiotic fungicide, streptomycin, and its metabolite (dihydrostreptomycin) in agricultural products using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The samples were extracted using methanol adjusted to pH 3 using formic acid, and purified with a HLB (Hydrophilic lipophilic balance) cartridge. The matrix-matched calibration curves were constructed using seven concentration levels, from 0.001 to 0.1 mg/kg, and linearity of five agricultural products (hulled rice, potato, soybean, mandarin, green pepper), with coefficients of determination (R2) ≥ 0.9906, for streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin. The mean recoveries at three fortification levels (LOQ, LOQ × 10, LOQ × 50, n = 5) were from 72.0~116.5% and from 72.1~116.0%, and relative standard deviations were less than 12.3% and 12.5%, respectively. The limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.01 mg/kg, which are satisfactory for quantification levels corresponding with the Positive List System. All optimized results satisfied the criteria ranges requested in the Codex guidelines and the Food Safety Evaluation Department guidelines. The present study could serve as a reference for the establishment of maximum residue limits and be used as basic data for detection of streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin in food.

The objective of this study was to reduce the waste rate of onion peel, which has excellent functionalities, and to promote its industrial utilization. The methodology involved preparing beef jerkies using liquid seasonings with 0% (OPE0), 50% (OPE50) and 100% (OPE100) onion peel extract (OPE) of domestically produced onion, respectively; and assessing their antioxidant activities and quality characteristics. As the amount of added OPE increased, the contents of crude protein and crude ash increased, while those of crude fat decreased. As for color values, increase in the amount of added OPE led to increase in L value and b value, but decrease in a value. The measurement of mechanical texture showed that hardness and cohesiveness decreased as the amount of added OPE increased. TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) content decreased as the amount of added OPE increased. And the amount of added OPE increased, all the antioxidant activity of beef jerky increased. Acceptability test showed the highest preference for OPE50 with regard to flavor, taste texture and overall acceptability. Quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) showed that increase in the amount of added OPE led to increase in meat color, salty taste, sweet taste, meat flavor and chewiness and decrease in off-flavor. According to principal component analysis (PCA), OPE50 and OPE100 had high levels of the sensory attributes that increase preference-such as meat color, salty taste, sweet taste, meat flavor and chewiness. Based on such results, it was established that 50% is the optimal mixing ratio of OPE for preparing a beef jerky of high preference that also has excellent quality characteristics and antioxidant activity.

The impregnation of solid foods into the surrounding hypotonic or hypertonic solution was explored as a method to infuse NaCl in pork loin cube without altering its matrix. Mass transfer kinetics using a diffusive model as the mathematical model for moisture gain/loss and salt gain and the resulting textural properties were studied for the surrounding solutions of NaCl 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 15% (w/w). It was possible to access the effects of brine concentration on the direction of the resulting water flow, quantify water and salt transfer, and confirm tenderization effect by salt infusion. For brine concentrations up to 10% it was verified that meat samples gained water, while for processes with 15% concentration, pork loin cubes lost water. The effective diffusion coefficients of salt ranged from 2.43×10-9 to 3.53×10-9 m2/s, while for the values of water ranged from 1.22×10-9 to 1.88×10-9 m2/s. The diffusive model was able to represent well salt gain rates using a single parameter, i.e. an effective diffusion coefficient of salt through the meat. However, it was not possible to find a characteristic effective diffusion coefficient for water transfer. Within the range of experimental conditions studied, salt-impregnated samples by 5% (w/w) brine were shown with minimum hardness, chewiness and shear force.

In order to examine the functionality of broccoli sprout (Brassica oleracea, BS), solvent extracts were prepared and their anti-oxidative and immunomodulating activities were compared with those of broccoli (B). EtOH extracts (E) were potently higher than hot-water extracts (HW) in the antioxidant contents and radical scavenging activity. In particular, the total polyphenolic contents in addition to ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity were significantly higher in EtOH extract of broccoli sprout (BS-E; 9.15 mg GAE/g, 4.52 mg AEAC/g, and 1.14 mg AEAC/g) compared with that of broccoli (B-E; 7.83 mg GAE/g, 3.63 mg AEAC/g, and 0.97 mg/AEAC/g). Whereas, total flavonoid content was significantly higher in B-E (1.60 mg QE/g) than BS-E (1.43 mg QE/g). Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using LPS-induced cell line model at a concentration of 10~100 μg/mL, in which all solvent extracts of both broccoli sprouts and broccoli were not toxic to RAW 264.7 cell lines. In anti-inflammatory activity of broccoli sprouts, EtOH extracts also showed significantly more potent activity than hot-water extracts in all sample concentrations tested. In addition, BS-E (100 μg/mL) inhibited nitric oxide (NO) and IL-6 production to 60.9% and 68.9% compared with the LPS inflammation group (without extracts), whereas B-E inhibited 49.6% and 54.9%. On the other hand, in immunostimulating activity by splenocytes and macrophages, hot-water extract showed significantly higher activity than EtOH extract. Especially, BS-HW stimulated the splenocyte proliferation (1.2-fold against saline group) and IFN-γ production (264.39 pg/mL) at 100 μg/mL, and the production of IL-6 (1.33-fold), IL-12 (1.09-fold) and TNF-α (1.49-fold) from macrophages was also significantly enhanced over broccoli. In conclusion, broccoli sprouts showed more potent anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and immunostimulating activity than broccoli, suggesting the possibility of using broccoli sprouts as functional food materials.

The health benefits associated with consumption of fresh produce have been clearly demonstrated and encouraged by international nutrition and health authorities. However, since fresh produce is usually minimally processed, increased consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables has also led to a simultaneous escalation of foodborne illness cases. According to the report by the World Health Organization (WHO), 1 in 10 people suffer from foodborne diseases and 420,000 die every year globally. In comparison to other processed foods, fresh produce can be easily contaminated by various routes at different points in the supply chain from farm to fork. This review is focused on the identification and characterization of possible sources of foodborne illnesses from chemical, biological, and physical hazards and the applicable methodologies to detect potential contaminants. Agro-chemicals (pesticides, fungicides and herbicides), natural toxins (mycotoxins and plant toxins), and heavy metals (mercury and cadmium) are the main sources of chemical hazards, which can be detected by several methods including chromatography and nano-techniques based on nanostructured materials such as noble metal nanoparticles (NMPs), quantum dots (QDs) and magnetic nanoparticles or nanotube. However, the diversity of chemical structures complicates the establishment of one standard method to differentiate the variety of chemical compounds. In addition, fresh fruits and vegetables contain high nutrient contents and moisture, which promote the growth of unwanted microorganisms including bacterial pathogens (Salmonella, E. coli O157: H7, Shigella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus) and non-bacterial pathogens (norovirus and parasites). In order to detect specific pathogens in fresh produce, methods based on molecular biology such as PCR and immunology are commonly used. Finally, physical hazards including contamination by glass, metal, and gravel in food can cause serious injuries to customers. In order to decrease physical hazards, vision systems such as X-ray inspection have been adopted to detect physical contaminants in food, while exceptional handling skills by food production employees are required to prevent additional contamination.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different soy protein concentrate (0, 15, 30, and 45%), defatted soy flour (0, 10, 20, and 30%), and wheat flour (10, 20, and 30%) contents replacing fish meal on physiochemical properties of extruded aquatic feed by using a twin screw extruder. The moisture content, barrel temperature, die diameter, and screw speed were adjusted to 45%, 137oC, 4 mm, and 250 rpm, respectively. With the higher amount of soy protein concentrate replacing fish meal, the expansion ratio, swelling ratio, and water stability increased significantly while specific length and water holding capacity decreased significantly. With the increasing defatted soy flour content, expansion ratio increased significantly, but specific length, water holding capacity and water stability decreased significantly. With increase in the wheat flour content, the specific length significantly decreased while the water stability significantly increased. In conclusion, aquatic feed quality was optimized in this study and could be used in the future.

본 연구는 5주령(180~200 g)의 SD계 흰쥐에 사염화탄소로 간 손상을 유발시킨 후 혼합 시료추출물(MSE)을 투여한 다음 혈액학적 및 생화학적인 parameter의 변동과 더불어 간 조직의 면역화학적 변화를 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 실험동물의 식이량을 측정한 결과, 실험대조군(EC)군이 실험군(E1, E2)과 정상대조군(NC)과 양성대조군(PC)에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하는 경향을 나타내었고, 체중과 식이 섭취율은 실험대조군(EC)에 비해 실험군(E1, E2)과 정상대조군(NC)과 양성대조군(PC)은 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하는 간, 비장 및 흉선의 무게를 측정한 결과, 간의 무게는 실험 대조군(EC)이 정상대조군(NC)과 양성대조군(PC)에 비하여 약간 증가하였으나, 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었으며, 혼합 시료추출물(MSE)을 투여한 실험군(E1, E2)은 NC군 및 PC군과 유의한 차이가 없었다. 비장 및 흉선의 절대무게와 상대무게에 있어서도 모든 군에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 실험대조군(EC)이 정상대조군(NC)에 비하여 혈청 ALT, AST, ALP와 LDH의 활성과 triglyceride(TG)의 함량이 모두 유의하게 증가하였고, 혈청 cholesterol(CHOL)의 함량은 모든 군에서 유의한 변동을 관찰할 수 없었다. 실리마린을 투여한 양성 대조군(PC)은 실험 대조군(EC)에 비하여 혈청 ALT, AST, ALP 와 LDH의 활성 및 TG의 함량 모두 유의하게 감소하였다. 그리고 혼합 시료추출물(MSE)을 투여한 실험군(E1, E2)은 실험 대조군(EC)에 비하여 혈청 ALT, AST, ALP와 LDH의 활성과 TG의 함량 모두 유의하게 감소하였다. 백혈구, 호중구, 림프구, 혈소판 수치와 혈색소의 함량 모두 실험대조군(EC)이 정상대조군(NC)에 비해 유의하게 높았고, 실험대조군(EC)에 비해 양성대조군(PC)인 실리마린 투여군이 유의하게 낮았다. 혼합 시료추출물(MSE)을 투여한 실험군 E1, E2군에서는 실험대조군(EC)에 비해 백혈구와 림프구가 유의하게 낮았고, 각 실험군(E1, E2) 간에는 약간의 차이는 있었으나, 유의성은 나타나지 않았다. 간조직의 면역조직화학적 발현 결과는 정상군대조군(NC) 및 양성대조군(PC)의 간 조직에서 SMA(smooth muscle actin) 항체에 대한 교원섬유 발현 부분이 미세한 양성으로 관찰되었다. 실험대조군(EC)에서는 간 섬유조직 발현 부분에서 얇은 띠를 형성한 강 양성의 갈색으로 관찰되어 통계적으로 유의성 있게 나타났으며, 혼합 시료추출물(MSE) 투여군인 E1과 E2군에서는 간 섬유조직 발현 부분에서 미세하게 갈색으로 염색되어 실험대조군(EC)에 비해 유의하게 낮게 나타났으며, 정상대조군(NC)과 양성대조군(PC)의 발현정도와 큰 차이가 없었다. 이상의 실험결과를 종합해 볼 때, 본 실험의 결과는 간 손상 예방과 치료, 더 나아가 건강기능성 식품 소재로서 혼합 시료추출물의 활용 가능성에 대한 기초자료로 이용할 수 있을 것으로 생각되며, 이와 관련된 추가적인 연구를 계획하고 있다.

This study examined the consumers’ perception of edible insect foods and carried out importance-satisfaction research on the choice attributes of edible insect foods. Through this, the potential of food materials as future food resources was evaluated and foundational data was provided to devise marketing strategies required to develop products made from edible insect foods. According to the results, females had more information on edible insect foods than males (p<0.05), and males gained higher points in trying new foods (p<0.001), overall satisfaction (p<0.001), and purchase intention (p<0.01) than females. Both importance (p<0.05) and satisfaction (p<0.001) about the mean of the choice attributes of edible insects were higher in males than females. The sustenance area showed high importance and high satisfaction, including taste, smell, freshness, sanitation, safety, and shelf-life. Accordingly, to understand edible insect foods properly, it is important to deliver information constantly and publicize them aggressively. In addition, it is necessary to develop various kinds of food made from edible insect foods and functional foods utilizing their nutritive value.

가공식품에서 폴리아크릴산나트륨에 대한 분석 방법을 size-exclusion chromatography를 사용하여 개발하고 유통중인 가공식품에 대해 모니터링 하였다. 분석조건에 대하여 GF-7M HQ column과 UV / VIS 검출기를 피크 모양과 선형성을 기준으로 선택하였으며, 유속, column oven 온도 및 이동상은 각각 0.6 mL/min, 45℃ 및 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 9.0)으로 선정되었다. 시료의 전처리를 위하여 pH 7.0의 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer로 20℃, 150 rpm에서 3 시간 동안 추출하였다. 확립된 분석법을 검증한 결과 적절한 선택성을 나타내었으며, 검량선은 50~500 mg/L의 범위에서 선정되었고, 이때 검량선의 상관계수(R2)는 0.9985로 나타났다. 폴리아크릴산나트륨의 검출한계(LOD)는 10.95 mg/kg으로 정량한계(LOQ)는 33.19mg/kg의 값을 얻었으며, 정밀도는 intra-day의 경우 3.0~8.3%를, inter day의 경우 1.3~2.6%로 확인되었다. 정확도는 intra-day의 경우 99.6~127.6%를 나타내었으며, interday의 경우 94.3~121.9%로 확인되었다. 유통 중인 가공식품 125품목을 대상으로 폴리아크릴산나트륨의 함유량을 분석한 결과 40품목에서 검출되었으며, 검출량은 식품첨가물공전의 규격인 0.2% 미만으로 검출되었다. 본 연구 결과는 size-exclusion chromatography에 의한 분석방법이 가공식품에서 폴리아크릴산나트륨을 분석하는데 적용할 수 있는 적합한 방법이라는 것을 나타내었다.

본 연구의 목적은 대학생들의 식품 안전과 관련된 인식도와 지식, 행동 등을 파악함으로써 식품의 안전성 인식도를 높일 수 있는 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 경기도에 있는 대학에 재학 중인 252명을 대상으로 연구를 수행하였다. 식품의 안전성에 대한 관심도는 5점 만점에 3.48로 응답하여 전체적으로 높은 관심도를 보였다. 식품위생 교육 을 경험한 대상자들이 교육 경험이 없는 대상자와 비교하여 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이며 높은 관심도를 보였다. 유통되고 있는 식품의 안전성 인식도는 2.55로 매우 불안하게 생각하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 식품이 불안하다고 생각하는 이유는 62.3%가 식품의 생산과정에서 위생을 신뢰할 수 없기 때문이라고 응답하였다. 식품의 안전성에 불안을 느끼게하는 위해요인은 식품첨가물이 2.35로 가장 높았고, 중금속과 내분비계 장애물질이 각각 2.38로 나타났다. 식품의 위해요인들이 서로 어떤 관련성이 있는지 분석하기 위하여 상관분석을 한 결과, 통계적으로 유의하게 모든 위해요인들이 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 중금속과 잔류농약이 0.674로 가장 높았으며, 중금속과 내분비계 장애물질이 0.672로 나타났다. 유전자변형 식품과 방사 선조사 식품이 0.644로 역시 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 식품위생의 관심도 및 안전성 인식도가 식품위생 교육 참여 의사에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 다중회귀분석 결과 식품위생의 관심도는 식품위생 교육 참여 의사에 유의적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 식품위생의 지식에서는 평균 63.5%의 정답률을 보였다. 정답률이 가장 낮은 항목은 채소류의 뿌리에 중금속 함량이 높다는 내용으로 38.1% 나타냈으며 식품위생 교육 경험자의 정답률이 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 손을 씻는 행동이 3.85로 잘 지켜지고 있었으며 역시 식품위생 교육 경험자가 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 냉동식품을 실온에서 녹이는 행동이 3.23으로 잘 지켜지지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 대학생들이 식품을 안전하지 못한 것으로 인식하고 있으며 식품위생의 관심도가 교육의 참여 의사에 영향을 미치는 것을 알수 있었다. 또한 식품위생의 교육 경험자가 식품위생의 지식이 높고 손 씻기 및 위생 상태를 확인하는 행동을 잘 지키는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 식품의 안전성에 대한 불안한 인식을 감소시키기 위하여 올바르고 객관적인 자료를 활용하여 체계적인 교육이 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료된다.