We present near-infrared light curves of HBC 722 after its the September 2010 outburst. We have been monitoring its near-infrared light curves since November 2010 with Korean Astronomy and Space Science Institute Infrared Camera System (KASINICS). HBC 722 exhibits large changes in optical and near-infrared brightness since its outburst. The J, H, and Ks light curves over about 2.5 years show that in all observed bands HBC 722 progressively became fainter until around April 2011, down to J ~10.7, H ~9.9, Ks ~9.3, but it is getting brighter again. Large scatter in the obtained light curve prevents us from finding whether there is any short timescale variation as reported in other optical observations. The near-infrared color of HBC 722 is becoming bluer since its outburst. The pre-outburst Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) of HBC 722 is consistent with that of a slightly reddened Class II YSO with the exception of the extraordinary IR-excess in the far-infrared region.

We present a Microsoft Kinect-based hand recognition algorithm for an interactive image clipping system, which is widely used for environments such as public facilities and security environments where personal capturing devices including mobile phones are not allowed. User-friendly interface and accurate image capturing function are required for an image clipping system. We build the system by combining Microsoft Kinect, HD webcam and projector. The Kinect and webcam are used to capture the motions of users' hand and project is to display the user-selected area from the capturing material. Hand recognition is composed of three steps: (i) the region occupied by users' hand is extracted from an image, (ii) the fingertips of the extracted hand region are analyzed using k-curvature algorithm, and (iii) the height of the fingertip is estimated using the depth image from Kinect. The height of the fingertip informs whether users' finger touched the surface of the target. The region captured by the fingertip is clipped from the image and stored as the target image. The excellence of our hand recognition algorithm is proved through a user test.

Park Hyu-yong. 2013. Critical analysis of contrasting identities and styles of anti- and pro-multicultural discourses in Korea. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 21(3). In a multicultural society, social discourses composed of diverse voices, identities, and subjectivities collide and naturally create tensions. Adopting Rogers' (2004) methodological approach to critical discourse analysis and Castells' (2004) categorization of identity - legitimizing, project, and resistanceas a conceptual framework, this paper analyzes the discourses between antiand pro-multiculturalist sides in Korea. This paper surveys and analyzes the discourses hosted in cyber space, such as internet agora, portal site cafes, and personal blogs, which are the outlets of common people's voices and identities regarding multiculturalism. The concrete research questions of this paper are as follows: i) how are anti- and pro-multiculturalist voices and rationales categorized?; ii) what are the types of identities in anti- and pro-multiculturalist discourses, and how do they conflict; and iii) what styles do anti- and pro-multiculturalists bear in their own discourses? This paper argues that multicultural discourses in Korea are conjugated by diverse conflicting voices of people with different standpoints and beliefs on a multicultural society. This paper also stresses that the government or academia should monitor the voices, rationales, and attitudes of both sides to establish clear directions for future multicultural policies and legislation. (190 words)

The purpose of this study was to verify the change in temperature·humidity·perspiration of fire suit when applying phased intensive exercises to fire fighter wearing fire suit. For this study, three male fire fighters took basic physical test and performed 10 minute phased intensive exercises -exercise intensity I (30%VO2max), exercise intensity II (45%VO2max), exercise intensity III (60%VO2max) based on maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max)- wearing fire suit (helmet, boots, air respirator) in treadmill and took a rest. The result of study shows that the temperature in the suit elevated during stabilization period after each exercise intensity, humidity elevated as exercise intensity increased, perspiration elevated as exercise intensity increased.

This is the second paper on a systematic search for variable stars in Cyg OB3 region. In this paper we present the observational properties of 46 variable stars found in the region. Among them, 27 are eclipsing binaries and others are semi-long periodic or slow irregular variables. Only 5 are known variables and the rest are newly discovered ones. We have obtained the period and amplitude of 20 eclipsing binaries using the phase fitting method, and present the light curves of 46 variable stars.

본 연구에서는 일본식으로 제조된 상업용 간장과 우리나 라 전통방식으로 제조된 재래식 간장으로부터 다당을 분리 하여 RAW 264.7 대식세포주를 이용한 면역 증진활성을 비교 하였다. 간장 유래 다당, CSP-0 및 KTSP-0는 RAW 264.7 세 포주에 대해 모든 농도에서 세포 독성을 나타내지 않았다. 또 한 재래식 간장 유래 다당인 KTSP-0는 상업용 간장 유래 다 당 CSP-0보다 대식세포에 의한 NO 및 ROS의 생산을 농도의 존적으로 증가시켰으며, KTSP-0를 1,000 ㎍/㎖ 처리하였을 시 가장 높은 생산능을 나타내었다. 간장 유래 다당의 RAW 264.7 세포로부터 면역반응에 중요한 cytokine인 IL-6와 TNF-α의 cytokine mRNA의 발현량과 해당 단백질의 생산을 각각 real-time PCR과 ELISA로 확인한 결과, CSP-0는 IL-6와 TNF- α mRNA의 발현 및 생산에 유의적인 영향을 미치지 않았지 만, KTSP-0는 농도의존적으로 IL-6와 TNF-α mRNA 발현 및 생산을 증가시키는 것을 확인하였으며, 1,000 ㎍/㎖ 처리 시 최대 활성을 보였다. 한편, 대식세포의 탐식작용에서 중요한 역할을 하는 Fc 수용체의 발현 증가를 RT-PCR로 확인한 결 과, CSP-0는 FcR I, II의 발현에 모두 영향을 미치지 않았지만, KTSP-0는 FcR I의 발현을 선택적으로 증가시킴이 확인되어 항원에 결합한 IgG와 강하게 결합하여 탐식작용을 촉진시킬 것으로 예상되었다. 본 연구를 통해 상업용 간장에서 분리한 다당, CSP-0보다 우리나라 전통 재래식 간장에서 분리한 다 당, KTSP-0가 대식세포를 활성화하여 높은 면역 증진 효과를 나타내는 것으로 결론 지을 수 있었다.

재래유자, 개량종 I(유자+탱자), 개량종 II(유자+유자) 세가 지 유자의 종류별, 부위별 이화학적인 특성과 유기산, 지방산 및 향기성분을 분석하였고, 총 페놀 화합물을 분석하는 실험 을 수행하였다. 중량은 재래종이, 껍질(혹은 껍질+씨)의 비율 은 개량종이 높았다. 단백질은 재래종보다 개량종Ⅰ의 껍질 에서 다소 높게 나타났고, 회분도 개량종의 껍질에서 다소 높 았다. Vit. C는 과즙의 경우 재래종에서 29.6 ㎎%로 껍질에서 는 개량종 I이 57.7 ㎎%로 다소 높았다. 유리당은 과당이 주 였는데, 개량종 I에서 가장 높은 함량을, 유기산은 구연산이 대부분을 차지하였는데, 개량종 II에서 가장 유기산 함량이 높았다. 유자의 지방산 조성은 리놀레인산이 가장 많았고, 과 피와 과즙에서 품종별 특징을 보이고 있었다. 향기성분은 dl-Limonene이 향기성분의 64~70%를 차지하는 물질로, gammaterpinene과 함께 개량종 II에서 유의하게 높았다. 유자에 함 유된 총 페놀 함량은 품종별로는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았 으나, 과즙에 비해 과피에 2.5배 정도 많은 양이 들어 있었다.

한반도 서남부 하천을 대상으로 2013년 5월(몬순의 영향이 없었던 시기)에 환경요인 및 부착돌말 군집을 각각 조사하였다. 조사는 상류에 1개 이상의 댐이나 인공 보가 형성된 조절하천(19개 지점)과 설치되어 있지 않은 비조절하천(19개 지점)으로 나누어 수질 및 부착돌 말 군집조사를 실시하였다. 조사결과, 부착돌말 출현특 성에 따라 한반도 서남부 하천은 비조절하천(G1), 혼합 형하천(G2), 조절하천(G3) 등 3개 유형으로 구분되었다. G1은 수질이 양호하고 다양한 부착돌말류가 출현한 반면, G3은 비록 수질은 불량하였으나 부착돌말 현존량 이 크게 증가하거나 감소하지 않았다. 또한 G2의 경우 조절하천에 비해 수질은 양호하였지만 부착돌말의 종수는 가장 낮게 나타났다. 본 조사에서 출현한 부착돌말 우 점종은 생태범위가 비교적 넓은 담수와 기수 보편종들로 서 G1에서 Nitzschia palea (17%), Navicula seminuloides (11%), G2에서 Nitzschia inconspicua (19%), Navicula perminuta (9%), G3에서 Nitzschia inconspicua (15%), Nitzschia palea (14%)으로 수질환경에 큰 영향을 보이지 않았으나 종수의 감소를 가져왔다. 그러나 G2와 G3 과 같은 조절하천에서 비록 부착돌말 현존량은 높지 않았으나 부영양 상태(높은 영양염 및 엽록소량 등)를 나타내 하구역의 정확한 수환경 상태파악을 위하여 국내 연안에서 종종 조류발생을 일으킬 수 있는 부유성 돌말 류에 대한 조사도 반드시 병행되어야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

In order to investigate the effects of antioxidants on the culture of mouse preantral follicles in vitro, we examined the effects of taurine, glutathione and catalase on their growth and maturation. Addition of taurine was not effective on the survival of preantral follicles. However, metaphase II rates of oocytes within preantral follicles were signifi-cantly higher in 1 mM treated group than in control and 10 mM treated group (p<0.05). Glutathione did not improved the rates of survival and metaphase II oocytes. However, metaphase II rates of oocytes progressively decreased with increasing glutathione concentration. Catalase also showed that the rates of survival and metaphase II oocytes pro-gressively decreased with increasing concentration. Especially, all of preantral follicles cultured in medium containing 100 IU/ml catalase were degenerated. These results suggest that low concentraion of taurine, as an antioxidant, have positive effect on the culture of mouse preantral follicles in vitro.

Bacterial soft rot is one of the major disease of Zantedeschia species (Calla lily) caused by Erwinia carotovora. The objectives of this study were i) to screen the most efficient method to determine resistance level against E. carotovora and ii) to evaluate the genetic variability in Zantedeschia genotypes by inoculation of Ecc NHRI-3 and PD 1784 isolates. Four screening tests i.e. leaf disk, petiole, tuber and tuber slice tests were used to determine the resistance level in calla lily. Eleven genotypes from section Zantedeschia were used for variation studies against E. carotovora by using the leaf disk test. It was observed that all genotypes showed variation in resistance level and could be categorized in 3 groups on the basis of their resistance level. Four of the genotypes were resistant against this pathogen whereas, 6 genotypes were moderately resistant and only one genotype was found susceptible. Within section Aestivae, ‘Galaxy’, ‘Florex Gold’, ‘Treasure’ and ‘Mango’ were found very susceptible cultivars, whereas ‘Coral Sunset’, ‘Hazel Marie’ and ‘Neroli’ were less susceptible genotypes. Most of the cultivars from section Aestivae were susceptible to bacterial soft rot and the cultivar ‘Florex Gold’ was identified as susceptible control. It is suggested to perform pre-screening through leaf disk method which proved to a non-destructive test. The pre-screening evaluation can discriminate susceptible cultivar and resistant cultivar. Tuber slice test is more useful in screening subsequent genotypes at a later growth stage in any breeding program.

Synthesis of sub-micron 2SnO·(H2O) powders by chemical reduction process was performed at room temperature as function of viscosity of methanol solution and molecular weight of PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone). Tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate and sodium borohydride were used as the tin precursor and the reducing agent, respectively. Simultaneous calcination and sintering processes were additionally performed by heating the 2SnO·(H2O) powders. In the synthesis of the 2SnO·(H2O) powders, it was possible to control the powder size using different combinations of the methanol solution viscosity and the PVP molecular weight. The molecular weight of PVP particularly influenced the size of the synthesized 2SnO·(H2O) powders. A holding time of 1 hr in air at 500˚C sufficiently transformed the 2SnO·(H2O) into SnO2 phase; however, most of the PVP (molecular weight: 1,300,000) surface-capped powders decomposed and was removed after heating for 1 h at 700˚C. Hence, heating for 1 h at 500˚C made a porous SnO2 film containing residual PVP, whereas dense SnO2 films with no significant amount of PVP formed after heating for 1 h at 700˚C.

Official Announcements of China and the Philippines have clarified their claims over the Huangyan Island, which has compartmentalized its history into three periods. Period I: Before 1946. China had acquired its title by discovery of terra nullius, and consolidated into a full title with the historical consolidation process. The Philippines made no claims in this period; instead its laws confirmed the Island lies out of its territory. Period II: 1946–1997. The Philippine evidences are private in nature, or contradictory to its laws and governmental position, thus making its claims vulnerable. China had exercised an open and peaceful effective occupation over the Island with superior evidences. Period III: After 1997. According to the ICJ judgment, April 30, 1997 was tentatively determined the critical date. Since China acquired its territorial sovereignty over the Island before the critical date, the Philippines’ acts cannot alter China’s ownership of the Island.

This paper explores central Asia's contextualization mission strategy focused on national approach to culture of homogeneity and heterogeneity. This article attempts Central Asian society's common character and differences from the historic origin and each people's cultural diversity in Central Asia. Central Asia and the entire region contextualization of this article suggesting strategies to derive basically the most basic issues of the specification that can be raised. This article explores examining particularly Central Asia’s historical-cultural common homogeneity and individuality. Chapter II examines Central Asia's history-culture and mission : mission strategy of common homogeneity. Chapter III reviews Central Asia’s mission strategy after independence : factor elements of commonality and individuality. Chapter IV analyzes Contextualization mission strategy focused on national origin and mutual confrontation. As Uzbekistan and Tajikistan develop a stronger sense of their own independence, each country is establishing a new concept of view in explaining their national origin of its own history, which is then inserted into the state ideology. Moreover, because the historical paths of the two states overlap, they interpret the same historical events, from a nationalist perspective, in diametrically opposite ways. Contemporary Uzbekistan and Tajikistan are the territories with the strongest historical links in Central Asia. Since the acquisition of independence they have been marked by similar features of state and nation building.The aim of this article is to present a general overview of the contextualization mission strategy in Central Asia in examining common character and heterogeneous features of the Central people's surroundings after independence and the different aspects of a nation's most basic historical, traditional, understanding including national origin and political system. In exploring Central Asia's mission strategy. it need to be conducted study not only common aspects and heterogeneous nature in Central Asia to identify the distinctive aspects of the Central Asia mission strategy. This article's specification of mission strategy lies in the individual culture and ethnic-based access to a variety of strategies to be drawn to emphasize that what was done. Central Asia is a mission target area.

1990년대 중반 인터넷의 상용화가 활발해지면 서 인터넷을 기반으로 하는 다양한 사업모델들이 개발되고, 기업의 경제활동의 상당부분이 인터넷 을 기반으로 이루어지는 추세가 더욱 심화되고 있 는 상황이다. 그런데 이 같은 인터넷 기반 사업자들 에게 경쟁법을 적용함에 있어서 흥미로운 논의들 이 이루어지고 있다. 경쟁법적 분석의 출발점인 시 장획정과 관련하여, 가격에 근거한 대체가능성이 라는 전통적인 경쟁법적 전제가 과연 인터넷 기반 사업에도 그대로 적용될 수 있는지, 부당한 공동행 위의 경우에 인터넷 기반 사업의 특징으로 인하여 경쟁제한적인 합의에 대한 평가가 달라질 수 있는 지, 시장지배적 지위의 남용에 있어서 시장지배력 을 인정하는 근거나 남용행위의 부당성을 판단함 에 있어서 인터넷 기반 사업의 특징들이 어떻게 평가될 것인지, 기업결합에 있어서도 인터넷 기반 사 업자들 간의 결합에 대한 관련 시장에서의 경쟁제 한성을 판단하는 기준은 전통적인 사업자들 간의 결합의 경우와 어떠한 차이점이 있을 수 있는지 등 에 대한 많은 논의들이 이루어지고 있다. 우리나라 의 공정거래위원회도 인터넷 기반 사업자들에 대 하여 공정거래법상의 다양한 규제를 한 사례들이 축적되고, 이에 대한 법원의 판단을 받은 사례들도 증가하고 있다. 온라인 음악서비스 사업자들의 부 당한 공동행위에 대한 사건, 오픈마켓 사업자의 시 장지배적 지위 남용사건, 오픈마켓 사업자들의 기 업결합 사건 등에서 이러한 인터넷 기반 사업에 대 한 특징들이 고려되었다. 나아가 공정거래위원회 는 인터넷 기반 사업이 소비자에게 미치는 파급력 을 고려하여 전자상거래법상 금지되는 기만적인 소비자 유인행위를 판단함에 있어서는 매우 엄격 한 의무를 인터넷 기반 사업자들에게 부과하였다. 이는 인터넷 기반 사업에서의 소비자보호에 대하 여는 매우 엄정한 법집행을 하겠다는 의지가 반영 된 것으로 보인다.

본 연구는 온대 북부 기후대에 위치한 강원도 대관령 목장 산림생태계의 현존식생, 식물군집구조, 천이계열 특성과 보전가치를 밝히고, 향후 복원 및 관리계획 수립 시 필요한 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행하였다. 현존식생은 총 56개 유형으로 분류되었고, 조사면적 19,397,361m2 중 신갈나무가 우점하는 지역은 7,669,593m2(39.1%), 1차 초지 지역은 4,785,417m2(24.7%), 신갈나무-낙엽활엽수군집이 우점하는 지역은 2,182,276m2(11.3%)이었다. 조사구는 20m×20m(400m2) 28개소를 설정하였으며, DCA분석 결과 군집 I(소나무-신갈나무군집), 군집 II(신갈나무-소나무군집), 군집 III(신갈나무군집), 군집 IV(신갈나무-낙엽활엽수군집), 군집 V(낙엽활엽수군집), 군집 VI(팥배나무군집) 등 6개의 식물군집으로 분류되었다. 표본목 수령은 군집 I은 57~62년생, 군집 II는 41~77년생, 군집 III은 47~108년생, 군집 IV는 47~82년생, 군집 V는 47년생, 군집 VI은 55년생으로 전체적으로 41~108년생이었다. 대관령 목장의 생태적 천이는 소나무군집에서 신갈나무군집으로 발달하고 있는 것으로 예측되었으며, 계곡부를 중심으로 낙엽활엽수군집도 분포하고 있었다. 단위면적 400m2당 샤논의 종다양도지수를 분석한 결과, 군집 IV(0.8203~1.1439) → 군집 III(0.8019~1.1375) → 군집 V(1.0993) → 군집 I(0.9475~1.0797) → 군집 II(0.6896~1.0324) → 군집 VI(0.9909) 순으로 높았다.

. Things we have learned. II . The new Design model Ill. The New Loess housing Model ill. The Building Strategy IV. Use of New Technology

A xylanolytic microorganism, strain DY-7, was isolated from the gut of the mole cricket, Gryllotalpa orientalis. The result of phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rDNA sequence revealed that the isolate was a Gram-positive bacterium belonging to the genus Streptomyces. The cloned gene (1350-bp) encoding a GH family 10 β -1,4-xylanase (XylA) from Streptomyces sp. strain DY-7 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 and its gene products were characterized. The hydrolysis activities of rXylA and rXylAΔCBD II against xylosidic materials were maximum at pH 5.5 and 65oC. However, deletion of CBD II in the C-terminus region of XylA significantly increased the thermal stability of the enzyme at high temperatures above 50oC. The xylanolytic activity of rXylA was slightly enhanced in the presence of 1 mM Mn2+ and 5 mM sodium azide but it was completely inactivated by 1 mM Hg2+ and 5 mM N-bromosuccinimide. rXylA was capable of efficiently decomposing various xylosidic compounds, PNP-cellobioside, and PNP-xylopyranoside, whereas other hexose-based compounds were insensitive to the enzyme. The specific activities of rXylA toward oat spelts xylan and PNP-cellobioside were 649.8 U/mg and 328.1 U/mg, respectively. Enzymatic degradation of birchwood xylan and xylooligosaccharides (xylotriose to xylohexaose) resulted in the production of xylobiose (>75%) as the main hydrolysis product together with a small amount (4%<) of xylose as the final hydrolysis product.

Proteinaceous insecticidal proteins, Cry proteins, from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are insecticidal proteins that are highly active against several species of Lepidoptera. Thus, cry genes encoding these Cry proteins have been widely applied for construction of transgenic crops resistant to pest insects. In this study, through the 3D structure prediction and accompanying mutagenesis study for the Mod-Cry1Ac, 7 and 16 amino acid residues from domain I and II, respectively, responsible for its insecticidal activity against larvae of Spodoptera exigua and Ostrinia furnacalis were identified. We used site-directed mutagenesis to improve the insecticidal activity of Mod-Cry1Ac, resulted 31 mutant cry genes. These mutant cry genes encodes potent insecticidal proteins in the form of crystalline protoxins of 95 kDa. SDS-PAGE analysis of the recombinant polyhedra revealed that expressed Cry proteins was occluded into polyhedra and activated stably to 65 kDa by trypsin. When the insecticidal activities of these mutant Cry proteins against to larvae of P. xylostella, S. exigua and O. furnacalis were assayed, they showed higher or similar insecticidal activity compared to those of Cry1Ac and Cry1C. Especially, Mutant-N16 is considered to have the potential for the efficacious biological insecticide since it showed the highest insecticidal activity.

Environmental changes such as land-use change including reclamation cause effects on the ecosystem seriously. Present study investigated community structure of hemipterans in several reclaimed lands from western coast of South Korea in 2010, because among arthropods, hemipterans are more influenced by land-use change which caused the change of dominant plants. Six reclaimed lands were selected for our study based on the ages of reclaimed land (0, 5, 12, 16, 20, and 31 years). Dominant plant species of reclaimed lands were belonging to Poaceae, Phragmites communis and Oryza sativa in Yeongsangan II, Sabkyocheon, Geumgan I and Gyehwado, Secale cereale in Seokmun, and Imperata cylindrica and Calamagrostis epigeios in Sihwa. A total of 31 species in 10 families were identified from 4475 collected hemipterans. In Sihwa, Shannon’s diversity was very low compared to other 5 reclaimed lands due to dominance of Paromius exiguus. Because I. cylindrica and C. epigeios were 1st and 2nd host plants of P. exiguus (2824 individuals only collected from Sihwa). In multivariate analysis, 6 reclaimed lands grouped into 2 major groups showing 49.8% in Bray-Curtis similarity between 2 groups. From these results, land-use change such as reclamation project may cause the outbreak of insect pests by destruction of ecosystem functions and simplification of plant community, although community structure of hemipterans may be stable over age of land reclamation.