Purpose : To compare the visual function at near and to obtain the useful clinical data for diagnosis and prescription of relieving prism. Methods :The 88 subjects, 64 males and 24 females, mean age of 25.1±4.8. were recruited. Subjective refraction, amplitude of accommodation. relative accommodation, near point of convergence(N.P.C). fusional vergence, stereopsis, AC/A ratio, fixation disparity parameters, dissociated phoria and associated phoria were measured by using various charts, and prism prescription by criteria was compared. Results : 9.05±1.660 of amplitude of accommodation by minus Jens addition, 7.39±4.40 cm of NPC. 2.29±0.310 of NRA and -3.04±0.90 of PRA were measured respectively. Break point and recovery point of negative fusional vergence were 21.63±5.856 and 12.81±4.656 respectively, and those of positive fusional vergence were 22.41±6.97 6 and 12.21±4.926. In cases of stereopsis measured with Borish vectographic nearpoint card II. 61.21±60.65" with real contour ring chart and B6.74±175.5b" with l<andom dot E chart were measured and there were significant differences between the values(t = -4.815. p = 0.000). ln the dissociated phoria test using 3 types of card, mean dissociated phoria were -3.04±4.666 (8orish card). -2.71±4.886(Howell card) and -3.04±4. 796(Modified Thorington). The highest phoria was measw·ed with Borish card adopting prism add method. There was significance between Borish card and Howell card(t = -2.437. p = 0.017), but no significance between Borish card and Modified Thorington card or among three cards found. In the associated phoria test. mean associated phoria was -0.66±1.87 6(Borish card). -0.76±1.956 (8ernell slide). -0.69±1.796 (Saladin card) and -2.05±3.55 (Wesson card) the highest exo-phoria. Statistical significance was found. only when Wesson card is included(F = 6.645. p = 0.000). Oissociated phoria( -0.67±1.856) and associated phoria(-3.40±4.666 ) by Borish card(t = -6.858. p = 0.000) were showed significant difference. Gradient AC/A ratio using S±l.OOD is below ; 3.20±1.62.6 "'~th Borish card. ~.05±1.456 wilh Howell card, 2.76±1.19/\ with Modified Thorington. There was no significant difference. Fixation disparity parameters were X -intercept -2.05±3.556 . Y-intercept -3.09±4.59' and slope -0.83±0.81 '. according to Ogle's four types fixation disparity curve type, the order of type was I type, ffitype, Ntype, II type and so for1h.In the comparison of prescriptions by Sheard's criterion, Percival's criterion and associated phoria, exo-phoria and eso-phoria needed prism prescription only in associated Phoria. Conclusions : Stereopsis, dissociated phoria and associated phoria varied with cards. In that reason. examination, diagnosis, prism prescription of subjective symptoms on phoria have to consider the card used and criteria adopted, and the card to be used is need to be adopted in compliance with criteria after understanding character of each card.

베타리치 당근을 HCA 농도별 침지시간별로 각각 세척한 후 PE bag에 포장하여 8 oC에서 12일간 저장하여 미생물분석, 경도, 표면색, 백화지수 및 관능적 품질변화를 조사하였다. 총균수는 침지시간을 3분으로 한 처리구 T-II는 4.37± 0.19 log CFU/g, T-III는 4.27± 0.13 log CFU/g로 저장초기의 대조구에서 보다 적게 나타났다. 대장균군의 경우 저장일수 8일차의 처리구 T-II와 T-III는 대조구보다 적게 검출되었으며, 모든 처리구에서 E. coli는 검출되지 않았다. 3분 침지한 처리구가 1분 침지한 처리구보다 저장 12일 차에서 경도의 감소폭이 적었으며, T-I T-II, T-III로 갈수록 감소폭이 줄어들었다. 저장기간 중 모든 처리구의 L값은 감소하였고 a와 b값은 증가하였다. WI는 저장기간 중 증가하였으며, HCA 처리농도가 증가할수록 증가폭은 적었다. 저장 8일차의 관능적 품질평가 결과, 무처리구와 HCA 처리구의 이취평가는 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 유통기한 연장을 위하여 당근 세척에 HCA을 50 ppm 이상 사용하는 것이 안전성 및 품질 향상에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

금융산업의 글로벌추세와 초국경적인 금융위기의 위험에도, 이러한 금융위기를 사전에 예방할 수 있는 국가 간 금융활동에 관한 통합적인 국제금융규제는 아직 미비하다. 1974년 독일의 헤르쉬타트은행 도산 이후 설립된 바젤위원회는 현재 은행 감독과 자기자본에 관한 기준을 제시하는 국제적 포럼으로 성장하고 있다. 바젤위원회는 일련의 여러 금융위기들에 반응하여 국제금융규제를 보완 향상시키며, 궁극적으로는 금융제도를 국제적으로 통일화하기 위해 노력하고 있다. 바젤위원회의 기준들은 금융의 글로벌추세에 따라 합리적인 방향으로 발전하고 있으며, 이는 장차 선진금융제도의 발전에 있어서 지도자적인 역할을 담당할 것이다. 국제적으로 영업하는 은행들은 다른 은행들과 보조를 맞추기 위해 리스크 운영에 관한 바젤기준을 따르지 않을 수 없게 되었다. 바젤위원회는 그 회원국들을 구속할 법적인 권위를 지니지는 못했지만, 은행감독과 자기자본에 관한 광범위한 기준과 가이드라인을 제시하고 있으며, 이 기준들은 실제 각국의 은행활동에 관한 규율에 있어서 상당한 영향을 미치고 있다. 이 글에서는 국제적으로 통일화되고 있는 금융규제에 있어서 바젤위원회가 담당하고 있는 역할과 국제적으로 영업하는 은행들에 적용가능한 국제금융법을 제시하고 그 근간을 이루고 있는 바젤위원회에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 또한 바젤위원회는 국내은행 감독제도에 대한 기준들도 제시하고 있다. 2장에서는 바젤위원회의 역할과 구조에 대해 살펴보고 바젤위원회의 각 기준들에 대해 살펴볼 것이다. 3장에서는 국제법이 만들어지는 과정에 있어서 바젤위원회의 기준들이 갖는 의미를 논하고, 또한 이러한 바젤기준의 준수를 강화할 수있는 국제기구 구조에 대해 논할 것이다. 결론에서는 합리적인 국제금융법 체제를 만들고자 하는 국제금융사회의 바램을 언급하고, 국제금융 감독규제에 있어서 앞으로의 변화방향을 제안하며, 또한 국제금융에 관한 국제연성법을 만들어감에있어서 바젤위원회의 기준들이 담당하고 있는 역할을 강조할 것이다.

Using the MHD coronal seismology technique, we estimated the magnetic field for three spicules observed in 2008 June. For this study, we used the high resolution Ca II H line (3968.5 ˚A) images observed by the Hinode SOT and considered a vertical thin flux tube as a spicule model. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to estimate the spicule magnetic field using the Hinode observation. From the observed oscillation properties, we determined the periods, amplitudes, minimum wavelengths, and wave speeds. We interpreted the observed oscillations as MHD kink waves propagating through a vertical thin flux tube embedded in a uniform field environment. Then we estimated spicule magnetic field assuming spicule densities. Major results from this study are as follows : (1) we observed three oscillating spicules having durations of 5-7 minutes, oscillating periods of 2-3 minutes, and transverse displacements of 700-1000 km. (2) The estimated magnetic field in spicules is about 10-18 G for lower density limit and about 43-76 G for upper density limit. (3) In this analysis, we can estimate the minimum wavelength of the oscillations, such as 60000 km, 56000 km, and 45000 km. This may be due to the much longer wavelength comparing with the height of spicules. (4) In the first event occurred on 2008 June 03, the oscillation existed during limited time (about 250 s). This means that the oscillation may be triggered by an impulsive mechanism (like low atmospheric reconnection), not continuous. Being compared with the ground-based observations of spicule oscillations, our observation indicates quite different one, i.e., more than one order longer in wavelength, a factor of 3-4 larger in wave speed, and 2-3 times longer in period.

Abbreviation is one of the typical examples of using language. Traditionally, abbreviations are classified into the following four major categories in English morphology: (i) initialism, (ii) acronyms, (iii) clipping and (iv) blending. This research examines types of abbreviatory expressions in Korean from a sociolinguistic perspective. This study first provides a brief analysis of types of abbreviations in Korean, mainly in terms of morphology. The examination shows that in Korean the distinction between initialism and acronym does not hold because of the nature of the syllable-based writing system of Korean, and that acronym is the most widely used types of abbreviation. Second, the study discusses linguistic motivations which are at work in the formation of abbreviations mainly in terms of economic motivation and motivation of distinctiveness. Third, this research explores conditions on the use of abbreviations in terms of sharedness of the information about the referent being talked about. It also shows the property of exclusiveness in the sense that members of a certain speech community share the meanings of the abbreviations. In addition, it explores functions of abbreviations in the following terms: maintaining solidarity, excluding outsiders, novelty, temporariness, and so on. Finally, this paper shows that not only a morphological approach but also a sociolinguistic perspective is necessary in order to fully account for the formation and use of abbreviations in language.

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), direct decendant of Korea National Astronomy Observatory, has been publishing Korean Astronomical Almanac since in 1976. The almanac contains essential data in our daily lives such as the times of sunrise, sunset, moonrise, and moonset, conversion tables between luni-solar and solar calendars, and so forth. So, we are planning to register Korean astronomical almanac data for national Standard Reference Data(SRD), which is a scientific/technical data whose the reliablity and the accuracy are authorized by scientific analysis and evalution. To be certificated as national SRD, reference data has to satisfy several criteria such as traceability, consistency, uncertainty, and so on. Based on similarity among calculation processes, we classified astronomical almanac data into three groups: Class I, II, and III. We are planning to register them for national SRD in consecutive order. In this study, we analyzed Class I data which is aimed to register in 2009, and presented the results. Firstly, we found that the traceability and the consistency can be ensured by the usage of NASA/JPL DE405 ephemeris and by the comparsion with international data, respectively. To evaluate uncertainty in Class I data, we solved the mathematical model and determined the factors influencing the calculations. As a result, we found that the atmospheric refraction is the main factor and leads to a variation of ±16 seconds in the times of sunrise and sunset. We also briefly review the histories of astronomical almanac data and of standard reference data in Korea.

참돌꽃 유식물에서 줄기와 뿌리의 부위별로 나타나는 superoxide dismutase(SOD)의 활성과 환경 스트레스 또는 항산화분자 처리에 따른 SOD활성도를 조사하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. SOD의 활성은 줄기보다는 뿌리에서 높았고 각 기부보다는 선단부에 이를수록 높았으며 이러한 현상은 유식물 생육의 초기보다 후기에 더 상승된 결과를 나타내고 있다. 또한 환경 스트레스에 대한 SOD의 활성도는 유식을 초기생육 상태에서는 NaCl또는 cadmi

The principal aims of the review paper are (1) to establish broad overview information, both qualitative and quantitative, relating to the world market for polyacrylonitrile (PAN) or pitch-based carbon fibers; and (2) to generate an effective analysis and break down of consumption by process route and eventual end-use. The review paper also designed specifically to provide subscribers with an accurate, independent, and realistic assessment of the current status and future perspective of the market for carbon fibers in the world. The world market for carbon fibers continues to grow rapidly, fuelled by new industrial end uses, such as sport and leisure goods, aerospace, automotive applications, civil engineering and infrastructure repair, and immerging applications in energy generation. Demands for properties of carbon fibers used in those applications include many things such as strength, toughness, fatigue property, corrosion resistance, heat resistance, etc., and these become to be higher level. On the other hand, demands for manufacturing technologies of carbon fibers become to be difficult with these demands for properties, and these are wide variety such as high efficiencies, high qualities, many functions, labor saving, and low cost. In this review paper, thus, the recent carbon fibers corresponded to these needs, and its latest manufacturing technologies as well as market prospects are described.

2006년 5월부터 2007년 5월까지 동강의 어류상과 생태학적 군집분석을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 조사된 어종은 총 10과 31종이었다. 총 31종의 어종 중 일차담수어가 26종, 주연성 담수어가 5종으로 나타나 일차담수어의 구성비가 매우 높았다. 우점종은 참갈겨니(Zacco koreanus) 55.73%, 아우점종은 쉬리(Coreoleuciscus splendidus) 7.15%였으며, 우세종은 배가시리(Microphysogobio longidorsalis) 6.12%, 어름치(Hemibarbus mylodon) 4.87%, 참종개(Iksookimia koreensis) 4.49% 등이었다. 한국고유종은 묵납자루(Acheilognathus signifer), 줄납자루(A. yamatsutae), 가는돌고기(Pseudopungtungia tenuicorpus), 쉬리(C. splen야연), 긴몰개(Squalidus gracilis majimae) 그리고 어름치(H. mylodon)등 19종(61.29%)으로 고유종의 빈도가 매우 높았으며, 천연기념물이 1종, 환경부지정 멸종위기 야생동물 II급 종이 5종으로 각각 확인되었다. 예상되는 종수(기대종)의 분석 결과, 동강의 전 조사지점에서는 18(지점4, 5)~22종(지점 3)이 서식하고 있을 것으로 나타났으며, 유사도 분석은 62.28%(지점 1과 2)~84.13%(지점 1과5)의 범위로 나타났다. 따라서 동강유역은 어류가 서식하기에 매우 적합한 수환경을 유지하고 있으며, 각 조사지점별 수환경도 매우 유사한 것으로 판단된다.

수왕광상은 중생대 백악기 중기의 반상화강암이나 선캄브리아기의 소백산 편마암 복합체에 발달한 열극을 충진한 석영맥에서 산출된다. 광물 공생군에 대한 연구 결과 광화작용은 4차례에 걸쳐 일어났다. 섬아연석은 광화작용이 진행되는 동안 광화 I, II, III기에 각각 정출하였다. 현미경 관찰과 전자현미분석 결과 섬아연석에서 나타나는 황동석 점적과 황동석 병변은 광화 III기 초에 열수용액의 교대작용에 의하여 생성되었을 것으로 생각된다. 황동석 병변의 생성과정은 아래와 같다. (1) Fe가 풍부한 용액이 Fe가 결핍된 섬아연석의 가장자리나 틈을 통해 Fe부화 (2)광화 II기에 Fe가 결핍된 섬아연석에 황동석 점적을 형성하고 Cu를 함유한 용액에 의해 황동석 점적 주변의 섬아연석에 Fe 감소 (3)광화 III기 초에 황동석 병변을 형성하였다.

The purpose of this study was to determine toxic effect of sucrose and trehalose prior to cryopreservation on nuclear maturation and embryonic development in immature bovine oocytes. All cryoprotectant was prepared in tissue culture medium 199-HEPES (TCM 199-HEPES) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Immature oocytes were exposed to 1.2M ethylene glycol (EG) and 0.1M sucrose or 1.2M EG and 0.1M trehalose for 3 min and then were exposed to 3.2 M EG and 0.25 M sucrose or 3.2 M EG and 0.25 M trehalose for 1 min. Oocytes treated with cryoprotectants were exposed to 0.25 M sucrose or 0.25 M trehalose for 5 min and then 0.1 M sucrose or 0.1 M trehalose for 5 min. Depending on type of sugar added to cryopreservation solution, oocytes were allocated to sucrose group and trehalose group, respectively. Oocytes exposed to TCM 199-HEPES with 10% FBS were considered as control. Oocytes were cultured in TCM 199 supplemented with 10% FBS, 5 ng/ml epidermal growth factor, 0.01 IU/ml luteinizing hormone, and estradiol for 24 h in , 5% . Nuclear maturation was assessed by staining oocytes with 1% aceto-orcein. Oocytes were fertilized in vitro and were cultured in TCM 199 supplemented with 10% FBS, 5 mM sodium pyruvate, and antibiotics in , 5% . The rates of cleavage and blastocyst, and cell number in blastocyst were assessed. Metaphase II rates were not different among experimental groups regardless of type of sugar. The cleavage rate of trehalose group (73.3%) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of sucrose group (62.8%) and control group (60.8%). The blastocyst rate was significantly higher in trehalose group (p<0.05). Mean cell number in blastocyst were not different among experimental groups, although cell number of blastocyst in trehalose group was significantly higher on day 7 (p<0.05). In conclusion, sucrose and trehalose were not toxic to immature bovine oocytes prior to cryopreservation. In particular, trehalose was more effective on embryonic development.

The techniques of IVM, IVF and IVC of canine oocytes may provide useful information for gamete salvage programs and the conservation of endangered canidae. This investigation has been made to determine the efficiency of in vitro maturation (IVM) as a basic experiment to study the development of canine oocytes after in vitro fertilization (IVF). The rate of oocytes developing to the MII stage was higher in the hormone treated group (10 IU/ml hCG+eCG, 14.7%, p<0.05) than in the control group (0 IU/ml hCG+eCG, 10.0%). The monospermy and pronuclear rates of canine oocytes were investigated after caffeine treatment on IVF. Canine oocytes were fertilized in the Fert‐TALP medium supplemented with 0, 10, 20 or 30 mM caffeine (Fert I, Fert II, Fert III or Fert IV, respectively). The highest pronuclear formation rate was obtained in the Fert I for 24 h IVF (6.7%, 6/89). Therefore, it is believed that unlike in other mammals, caffeine in canine IVF does not increase the efficiency of fertilization rate, and is not an important factor.

This study was performed to investigate the flora of Gangneung-si (Kangwon-do). The collected vascular plants were composed of all 903 taxa including cultivated species, and classified into 755 species, 1 subspecies, 124 varieties, and 23 forms of 450 genera under 126 families. Among the investigated vascular plants, 16 taxa were Korean endemic species. Law-protected plants by Ministry of Environment were 2 taxa. The special plants based on floral region by Ministry of Environment (2006) were 75 taxa; V rank species 2 taxa, IV rank species 9 taxa, III rank species 21 taxa, II rank species 14 taxa, and I rank species 29 taxa. A naturalized plants were 45 species, correspond to 15.5% of totaling 290 species appeared in South Korea. Floristic geography of the investigated area was regarded as the boundary between middle regions in floristic pattern of the Korean peninsula.

This study aims to introduce the concept of equipping church to church leaders in Korea for more effective lay leadership development and lay ministry. The traditional churches, which are hierarchical, institutionalized, and clergy-driven, generally do not have a well-organized sequential process for equipping the laity. As a result, in these traditional churches, lay people remain as bystanders, subordinates, and receivers of ministry, rather than becoming creative partakers in ministry. In contrast, some churches are focusing on lay development through well-organized sequential phases and are deploying equipped lay people in various ministries according to their spiritual gifts. These churches are called “equipping churches.” Based on this understanding, in section II, the author defines the equipping church as a church that focuses on educating lay people for ministry and leadership in order for effective shared ministry to occur. In section III, the author discusses theological basis for the equipping church, which includes ecological ecclesiology, the priesthood of all believers, and holistic ministries according to spiritual gifts. These theological understandings are all based on the biblical teaching of the church as the body of Christ, in which all people of God are interrelated and work together according to their spiritual gifts for the kingdom of God. In section IV, the author presents five essential qualities that shape the equipping church: (1) Equipping pastor, (2) Equipping process, (3) Equipped lay leaders, (4) Shared ministry, and (5) Laos-driven structure. The author names these essential qualities ‘Five Pillars of the Equipping Church.’ In this church, the main role of the pastor is to equip lay people to be mature Christian ministers. Through well-organized equipping processes, equipped lay leaders occur and lead various kinds of ministers according to their spiritual gifts. Therefore, the equipping church has laos-driven structure in which the clergy and the laity build horizontal and circular network relationship, keeping same ontological status. Today many Korean church leaders are struggling with instantly-made lay leaders who have not passed through an appropriate equipping process and entered into the inner-circle of the Church to practice leadership. Leadership-making is a process, not a day event. Through a well-planned sequential process, effective lay ministry partners are produced. Without a well-organized lay-equipping process, the Church cannot have entrepreneurial Christian lay leaders. Therefore, Korean church leaders should focus on developing well-organized and sequential equipping processes for the naïve/beginning Christians to be effective lay ministry partners. The older mechanistic, linear, and hierarchical structure of the church needs to be replaced by ecological, circular, and horizontal organism, which is biblically faithful. This can be possible through the equipping church which is a model of church renewal.

This paper presents the log likelihood function for integrated models for ALT such as exponential-general Eyring, Weibull-temperature and specific heat, lognormal-temperature and specific heat. Additionally this paper estimates the system reliability and mean time to failure(MTTF) for series, parallel, k of n, and standby system using ALT linkage parameter. Lastly this study designs three variable reliability acceptance sampling(RAS) plans such as type I, II censored test, sequential test by the use of integrated models for ALT.

2차적저작물 작성권은 복제권과 함께 저작권 침해사건에 있어서 핵심을 이루는 중요한 권리로서, 위 권리는 원저작물을 기초로 하되 그와 동일한 또는 실질적으로 동일한 저작물을 작성하는 행위를 넘어서 동일하지는 않지만 실질적으로 유사하면서도 새로운 창작성을 가미한 저작물을 작성하는 행위를 통제할 수 있는 근거가 되는 권리이다. 2차적저작물 작성권을 인정하는 이론적 근거로는 경제학적 이론, 노동보상 이론, 자아계발 이론 등이 주장되고 있으나, 2차적저작물 작성권이 원저작자의 기대 수익의 증가 및 기대수익의 확실성이라는 장점을 통해 저작물을 창작할 인센티브를 증가시킨다는 점이 가장 유명하고, 강력한 이론적 근거로 제시되고 있다. 2차적저작물 작성권에 관한 각 국가들의 입법례는 서로 유사한 면이 많기는 하나 동일하지는 않다. 예를 들어, 한국의 경우 무단으로 작성된 2차적 저작물이라고 하더라도 새로이 부가된 창작적 표현에 대한 저작권 자체는 보호되지만 원저작물의 이용∙저촉관계는 별개의 문제로 다루고 있고, 미국의 경우 무단으로 작성된 2차적저작물에 새로운 창작적인 표현이 부가되더라도 이에 대한 별도의 저작권보호를 하지 않으며, 일본의 경우 원저작자에게 2차적저작물의 저작자와 동일한 권리를 부여하는 방식으로 규정하여, 2차적저작물에 대하여 그 ‘작성권’과‘이용권’을 분리하여 별도로 규정하는 체계를 취하고 있다. 저작권법 제5조의 2차적저작물의 정의 규정 및 대법원 판결의 2차적저작물에 관한 판시내용에 비추어, 2차적저작물의 성립요건으로서는 아래와 같이, (i) 원저작물을 기초로 하되, (ii) 원저작물과의 실질적 유사성을 유지하고, (iii) 이것에 사회통념상 새로운 저작물이 될 수 있을 정도의 수정증감을 가하여 원저작물과 구별되는 새로운 창작성을 부가하여야 하는 것이라고 할 수 있다. 그러나, 원저작자로부터 2차적저작물 작성에 관해 동의나 허락을 받지 않더라도 원저작자에 대한 관계에서 저작권침해로 되는 것은 별문제로 하고 저작권법상 2차적저작물로서 보호된다. 2차적저작물이“원저작물의 이용부분”과“새로운 창작성 또는 창작적인 표현의 부가부분”으로 구성된다고 보는 경우에, 어떠한 2차적 저작자가 원저작물을 기초로 무단으로 2차적저작물을 작성하는 경우 원저작권자의“2차적저작물 작성권의 침해”이외에“원저작물의 이용부분”에 관해서 원저작권자의“복제권”의 침해도 별도로 성립한다고 볼 수 있는지 여부가 문제된다. 이에 대해서는 동일성(또는 실질적 동일성)의 경우에는 복제권의 침해만이 문제되고, 실질적인 개변을 통해 사회통념상 새로운 저작물이 될 수 있을 정도의 새로운 창작성이 부가되었지만 여전히 원저작물과 실질적으로 유사한 경우에는 2차적저작물 작성권 침해만이 문제된다고 하여 유사성의 정도에 따라 두 권리가 서로 배타적으로 적용되는 것으로 보는 견해가 있으나, 2차적저작물 작성권 침해가 인정되는 경우, 2차적 저작자에게 복제권의 이용허락이 부여되어 있지 않는 한, 원칙적으로 복제권의 침해도 중복적으로 성립될 수도 있다고 생각된다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the task-oriented training according to the application time with the change of motor and cognition function. Focal ischemic brain injury was produced in Sprague-Dawley rats (20 rats, 250±50 g) through middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Before MCAo induction, all rats were trained in treadmill training and Morris water maze training for 1 week. Then they were randomly divided into groups: Group I : MCAo induction (n1=5), Grop II: the application for simple treadmill task training after. MCAo induction (n2=5). Group III: the application for Morris water maze cognitive task training after MCAo induction (n3=5). Group IV: the application for progressive treadmill task training and Morris water maze cognitive task training after MCAo induction (n4=5). Modified limb placing tests (MLPTs) and motor tests (MTs) were performed to test motor function and then Morris water maze acquisition test (MWMAT) and Morris water maze retention test (MWMRT) were performed to test cognitive function. For MTs, there were significant interactions among the groups with the time (p<.001). Group IV showed the steeper increasing pattern than those in other Groups on the 7th and 14th day. For MLPTs, there were significant interactions among the groups with the time (p<.001). The scores in Group III. IV had showed the more decreasing pattern than those in Group I, II since the 7th day and 14th day. For MWMAT, there were significant interactions among the groups with the time (p<.001). Group II found the Quadrant circular platform showed the steeper decreasing pattern than that in Group I on the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th day. Group III. IV found the quadrant circular platform showed the slower decreasing pattern than that in Group I, II, For MWMRT, there were significant differences among the four groups (p<.001). The time to dwell on quadrant circular platform in Group IV on the 13th day was the longest compared with other groups. These results suggested that the combined task training was very effective to improve the motor and cognition function for the rats affected on their focal ischemic brain injury.

The objective of this study was to compare the differences on the activity and power of the wrist flexors and extensors in subjects before the use of a wrist extension splint, after nighttime wearing of the splint, and after daytime wearing of the splint. Ten healthy male and ten healthy female students (mean: 22.4±1.2 years old) volunteered to wear custom-made wrist splints either during the night or during the day, The hand force of the wrist flexor and extensor, and grip force were measured by PowerTrack II and Dynatron, respectively. At the same time, the activities of the wrist flexor and extensor were recorded by' surface electromyography. The maximal hand force and motor unit recruitment of the flexor carpi ulnatis (FCU) increased significantly (p<.05) when tile subjects wore the wrist splints during the daytime, but the maximal hand power of the FCU decreased with nighttime use of the splints. The maximal hand power and motor unit recruitment of the extensor carpi radialis (ECR) and the ECR/FCU ratio decreased both during nighttime and daytime use. The decrement of the ECR/FCU ratio was significant (p<.05). Wearing a wrist extension splint during nighttime led to the maintenance of a lengthened position of the wrist flexor, resulting in the wrist flexor becoming weak. Wearing a wrist extension splint during the day induced the wrist flexors to be greater. In healthy people, the imbalance between the wrist flexors and extensors may be caused by the use of a wrist extension splint. This study indicates that therapists have to consider whether a splint will be effective, as well as the wearing time, when prescribing splints to people with problems of the musculoskeletal system.