우리나라에서 아직 육상플라나리아의 발생분포에 관한 공식적인 보고가 없는 상태이다. 제주도에서 육상플라나리아의 발생을 구명하기 위하여 2008년 4월부터 2015년 7월까지 조사하였다. 조사결과 총 5종이 동정되었는데, Bipalium fuscolineatum는 6지역에서 14개체가 확인되었다. B. fuscocephalum는 35개체가 12개 지역, B. trilineatum는 2개체가 2지역에서 발견되었으며, B. nobile는 3지역에서 8개체, Novibipalium venosum는 11개체가 6 지역에서 관찰되었다. 주로 여름철의 강우 직후 발견할 수 있었는데 대부분은 제주의 오름이라 불리는 화산체의 토양층에서, 일부는 하천변과 용암동굴의 입구에서도 볼 수 있었다. 한라산의 경우는 해발고도는 25m에서 1,021m까지 다양하였다. 본보고는 우리나라 육상플라나리아에 대한 최초보고로 향후 이 분야 연구의 기초자료로 활용이 기대되었다.
One of the endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia plutellae (Braconidae), parasitizes young larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. For the successful parasitization, C. plutellae required suppression of immune response in P. xylostella. Maternal (polydnavirus, venom proteins and ovary proteins) and embryonic (teratocytes) factors have been involved in immune-suppression. In this study, we performed transcriptome analysis of venom of C. plutellae and identify neprilysin-1 (Cp-NEP1) as a potential immunosuppressive protein. Cp-NEP1 encoded 451 amino acids and largely belongs to the hymeopteran neprilysin family via phylogenetic analysis. It is of interest that Cp-NEP1 has no conserved motifs such as zinc-binding domain (HExxH), substate binding domain (NAYY/F) and protein folding and maturation domain (CxxW) generally identified in other neprilysin family. In order to examine the biochemical function of Cp-NEP1, the recombinant Cp-NEP1 tagged with N-terminally 6X His was constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli. Expression of Cp-NEP1 was confirmed with SDS-PAGE and peptide sequencing. Recombinant Cp-NEP1 significantly suppressed nodule formation when the co-injection with E. coli. These results suggest that Cp-NEP1 contributes to suppression of immune response in P. xylostella and that the conserved motifs reported from other neprilysin do not involve immunosupperssion.
A rapid cold hardening (RCH) and supercooling capacity usually play crucial roles in survival during the overwintering period in the tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta, a freeze-susceptible species. Cryoprotectants such as polyol or sugar affect RCH and maintain fluid status of hemolymph. This study is performed to identify cryoprotectants as a RCH factor in H. assulta. Pre-exposure of H. assulta larvae to 4℃ significantly increased survival at -10℃ in all developmental stages from egg to adult. RCH was dependent on the duration of the pre-exposure period. RCH also significantly enhanced the supercooling capacity. Analysis of cryoprotectants from the hemolymph revealed that the pre-exposure treatment allowed the larvae to accumulate glycerol and trehalose among polyols examined. In addition, unknown materials from 2 peaks were also increased. TIC analysis revealed 3 predicted formulas for unknown materials, C26H24O20S or C3H4N6OS and C22H20O21. Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and glycerol 3-phosphatase (G3P) that involving in glycerol biosynthesis were identified from the transcriptome of H. assulta 4th instar larvae. Based on the expression level of transcripts, the expressions of GPDH and G3P were relatively increased when compared to that of the control, suggesting that these genes contribute to overwintering and biosynthesis of glycerol.
The pheromone biosynthesis in Plutella xylostella is stimulated a neuropeptide, pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide which is produced in subesophageal ganglion. The pheromone production is more active in the scotophase than in the photophase, which suggests that there may be changes of gene expression in the pheromone glands. To analyze gene expression related to pheromone biosynthesis, we performed transcriptomes of pheromone glands which were isolated at every 4 h. Eleven pheromone biosynthesis-related genes, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, Δ9 desaturase, Δ11 desaturase, fatty acid reductase, alcohol oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and aldehyde reductase were identified. Among these genes, the expression of aldehyde reductase and aldehyde oxidase were relatively higher in the scotophase than in photophase, which may affect increase of pheromone production in the scotophase. Expression of signal genes involving in pheromone biosynthesis such as acyl-CoA desaturase, FAR, PBAN receptor, fatty acid transporter and acyl-CoA binding protein did not exhibited any significant difference.
The genus Mesocallis Matsumura, 1919 is reviewed from the Korean peninsula. Total of five species are recognized by adding two new and one new unrecorded species to current two recorded species. In this study, diagnosis and illustrations for all five species are presented.
The Tribe Pulvinariini Ashmead, 1891 in Korea is reviewed with a newly reported genus Leptopulvinaria Kanda, 1960. The tribe Pulvinariini is revised as 8 species of 2 genera from Korean peninsula including three new records, Leptopulvinaria kawaii Tanaka & Amano, 2008, Pulvinaria hydrangea Steinweden, 1946 and P. photiniae Kuwana, 1914. In this study, the morphological data about adult females of the species are redescribed from Korean specimens and diagnosis, descriptions and illustrations are also provided.
Mosquitoes are vectors of many human diseases such as Japanese encephalitis, vivax malaria, west nile fever, dengue fever and yellow fever. However, factors affecting the abundance and distribution of mosquitoes are not well-understood. Moreover, the global climate change makes it even more difficult to address and predict the population dynamics of mosquitoes. Therefore, it is important to monitor this medically-important pest throughout landscapes over a long period of time. This study was conducted as a part of the nation-wide surveillance program to monitor insect vectors. In 2015, mosquitoes were collected using black light traps and BG-Sentinel traps in Gyeonggi-do at every two weeks from April to September. Three types of potential mosquito habitats were selected for surveillance: urban area (Suwon), cattle shed (Yongin) and wild bird refuge (Gwangju). Among the three habitats, female mosquitoes were first caught on April 4 by BG-Sentinel trap in the urban area. The highest density of female mosquitoes in the traps was recorded in July in the urban area (134 ± 84 per trap); the highest density was observed in June in the cattle shed (2473 ± 1319) and wild bird refuge (21 ± 15) (mean ± SE). The dominant mosquito species were Culex pipens pallens (91%), Aedes vexans nipponii (79%) and Anopheles sinensis (33%) in the urban area, cattle shed and wild bird refuge, respectively. The results of this study indicate that female mosquitoes were most abundant in the cattle shed habitat type. It is also noteworthy that the dominant mosquito species varied among the habitat types surveyed. This nation-wide monitoring program for medical pests will provide fundamental basis to develop effective management strategy under the global climate change environment.
강원도 백두대간 내에 위치한 진부령 권역, 오대산 권역, 태백산 권역과 대조구인 지리산 권역에서 딱정벌레아과의 분포와 군집 구조를 모니터링하였다. 그 결과 4개권역 14개 조사구에서 총 11종의 딱정벌레아과 곤충이 확인되었으며, 강원도 백두대간 지역에서는 강원우리딱정벌레와 청진민줄딱정벌레가, 지리산권역에서는 지리우리딱정벌레와 민줄딱정벌레가 주요 우점종으로 나타났다. 또한 해발고도 1000m 이상의 고지대 조사구에서 멸종위기 야생생물 II급으로 지정된 멋조롱박딱정벌레와 창언조롱박딱정벌레가 관찰되었다. 강원우리딱정벌레 멋조롱박딱정벌레는 강원 지역에서, 지리우리딱정벌레와 창언조롱박딱정벌레는 지리산 권역에서만 확인되어 지리적으로 격리되어 있는 것으로 사료되나, 두 종의 분포지역 사이의 완충지역에서는 동소성이나 교잡개체가 확인될 가능성이 있어 완충지역 군집 구조에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다.
This study is carried out to know the insect diversity at Gonggeomji wetland in Sangju city where the first designated as a rice paddy wetland protection area from Ministry of Environment of Korea. As the results, 330 species of 234 genera belonging to 90 families in 10 orders were collected and a total of 1,327 individuals were surveyed in this study. Among them, highest collection ratio was 54. 3% (162 species) of Coleoptera, next order was 22% (66 species) of Hemiptera. In seasonal variation, 28 species were surveyed in the first quarter, 81 in the second, 78 in the third, and 87 in the fourth. Ancylopus pictus asiaticus in Coleoptera, Nysius (Nysius) plebejus in Hemiptera were the most dominant species. As a diversity analyses, species diversity index (H'), dominance index(DI), species richness index and evenness index (EI) were provided in here.
The mirine plant bug genus Paramiridius, which has been known only by a single Taiwanese species, is reported from Indochinese Laos for the first time and redefined. Two additional species, P. indochinensis and P. laomontanus, are described as new to science. The female genitalic structures are from the first time figured for the genus. A key is provided for all three known Paramiridius species.
국내에서 채집된 개미 24종 71개체를 대상으로, 세포 내에 공생하며 자신들의 증식을 위해 숙주의 성을 교란하는 성비교란 공생체인 Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, Cardinium, Rickettsia의 감염 여부를 판별하였다. 24종 중 Wolbachia에 감염되어 있는 종은 9종이었으며, 감염률은 37.5%로 네 종류의 성비교란 공생체 중 감염률이 가장 높았다. 채집된 종 중 스미스개미(Paratrechina flavipes), 에메리개미(Vollenhovia emeryi), 일본왕개미(Camponotus japonicus)는 채집 지역별로 Wolbachia에 감염되어있는 군체와 감염되어있지 않은 군체가 나뉘었다. 또한, 곰개미(Formica japonica)와 극동혹개미(Pheidole fervida)는 각각 11개 지역과 5개 지역에서 채집되었는데, 모든 채집 지역의 개체들이 Wolbachia에 감염되어있는 것으로 나타났다. Spiroplasma의 경우, 24종 중 코토쿠뿔개미(Myrmica kotokui) 단 한 종에서만 감염되어 있는 것을 확인하였다. Cardinium과 Rickettsia는 채집된 전체 개미 개체 모두에서 비감염인 것으로 확인되었다.
최근 기후변화에 의한 기온 상승에 따라 한지성 나비가 고지대에서 사라지고, 서식범위가 변동될 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구는 산림성 나비의 고도에 따른 다양성과 서식 분포를 파악하고자 실시하였다. 조사지역은 지리산국립공원으로 고도가 낮은 지역부터 높은 고도까지 접근 가능한 4개 경로를 선정한 후 선조사법으로 나비 다양성을 조사하였다. 현장조사는 1달 간격으로 모든 경로를 3회 방문하여 실시하였다. 조사결과 5과 58종 769개체가 발견되었으며, 이중 네발나비과가 28종 309개체, 팔랑나비과 9종 33개체, 흰나비과 8종 333개체, 부전나비과 7종 63개체, 호랑나비과 6종 31개체를 차지하였다. 고도별 출현 종수는 1200-1500m 구간에 38종으로 가장 많았고, 다음으로 300-600m 구간에 32종, 600-900m 구간에 26종, 900-1200m 구간에 24종이 나타났다. 고도가 높은 지역(1200m 이상)과 낮은 지역(600m 이하)에 많은 종이 나타나며 중간고도(600-1200m)에는 상대적으로 적은 종이 나타났다. 낮은 고도부터 높은 고도까지 모두 출현하는 종은 9종, 낮은 고도에만 출현하는 종은 7종, 중간 고도에만 출현하는 종은 6종으로 나타났다. 고도에 따른 종다양성과 특정고도에 서식하는 종을 지속적으로 관찰하여 기후변화에 의한 나비의 서식지 이동현상을 파악할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.
To develop an empirical degree-day model for predicting the spring flight period of the bark beetle, Ips subelongatus Motschulsky, based on field observation, field studies were biweekly conducted in three Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) forests in In-je, Korea from 2013 to 2014. To validate this degree-day model, we compared the model-predicted values with observed emergence data of I. subelongatus in 2015 spring at one of the sites. The flight period of over-wintering generation began on April and ended May, and flight of next generation lasted until October. The lower developmental threshold temperature (LDT) was estimated using spring emergence of I. subelongatus and field temperatures. Then a degree-day model was constructed, based on LDTs estimated from field observations data. The baseline temperature with the highest coefficient of determination was considered the LDT, and this was estimated to be 6.0℃. The explanatory power of the model was 88%. This model accurately predicted the flight of I. subelongatus in 2015 spring, as the estimated median flight dates was 1 days earlier than the corresponding observed flight date. The results of the goodness-of-fit test did not differ between observed and estimated values (ks = 0.21, P = 0.54).
Ips acuminatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the potential pests of various species of pines. To investigate the effects of thinning on I. acuminatus and Stigmatium pilosellum (Coleoptera: Cleridae), known as a natural enemy of bark beetles, were examined in Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest in Chuncheon, South Korea in 2014. Three study site were selected - two sites (western slope and southern slope) that thinning was conducted in early spring 2014 and a site without thinning within 5 years. I. acuminatus and S. pilosellum were collected every week or fortnightly using the 12-unit Lindgren multi-funnel traps with pheromone lure (Ipsdienol +50/-50 40mg, Ipsenol +50/-50 40mg) from May to early October. The densities of I. acuminatus, the dominant species of bark beetles, were maximum 8.4 ± 0.9 and 1.4 ± 0.4 individuals/trap/day at thinning site and non-thinning site, respectively. In case of S. pilosellum, the dominant species of Cleridae, its densities were 17.7 ± 2.4 and 2.6 ± 0.8 individuals/trap/day at thinning site and non-thinning site, respectively. I. acuminatus showed first emergence peak on June and second emergence peak on September, but S. pilosellum showed only one time emergence peak on June – the density of S. pilosellum increased along with the density of I. acuminatus (r = 0.66, p = 0.0365). Our results shows that thinning in Korean pine forest increases the densities of I. acuminatus and S. pilosellum, reflecting increase in their food resources available.
This study was conducted to examine the occurrence characteristics of pine trees infected by pine wood nematode in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. Based on the GPS coordinate data of the infected trees at Yeongdeok-gun from 2013 to 2014 and at Andong-si in 2014, nearest neighbor analysis was conducted to analyze nearest distance between the infected trees. And the influence of geographical factors such as altitude, slope, and the distance from the road on the position of infected trees were identified. Our results showed that over 60% of the newly infected trees were found within 50m of the trees infected in previous year. Over 70% of infected trees occurred below 100m altitude in Yoeongdeok-gun whereas less 32% of total pine trees distributed below the altitude. 98% of the infected trees and 74% of total pine trees in Andong-si were found between 150 and 300m altitude, and altitudinal distribution of the infected trees was similar to that of pine forests. Only less 5% of infected trees found in the forests located below 5 degree of slope in Yeongdeok-gun whereas 18% of total pine trees existed in the areas. Over 50% of infected trees in the forests located from 10 to 20 degree of slope, and 47% of total pine trees were found in the forests located from 5 to 15 degree of slope. Most infected trees and total pine trees were found in the forests located below 15 degree of slope in Andong-si. Over 80% of the infected trees occurred within 1km of road in both study areas.
지역별 소나무 재선충병(이하 “재선충병”) 확산속도와 이에 영향을 줄 수 있는 임상 및 인위적 요인간의 관계를 분석하기 위해 연구를 수행하였다. 부산광역시, 울산광역시와 경상남도 7개 시·군(밀양, 양산, 거제, 통영, 진주, 김해, 함안), 경상북도 구미시의 01‘ ~ 06‘ 재선충병 모니터링 자료를 활용하여 평균 확산거리를 산출하여 지역별로 비교하였다. 확산거리는 전년도 선단지역과 다음연도 선단지역간의 최소 직선거리로 추정하였다. 임상특성은 국토지리정보원의 임상도를 통해 전체지역면적 대비 소나무, 잣나무, 해송, 침활혼효림의 임상이 차지하는 면적의 비율(이하 “임상률”)을 사용하였다. 인위적 특성은 국토지리정보원과 통계청의 자료를 통해 전체지역면적 대비 도로가 차지하는 면적의 비율(이하 “도로율”)과 단위면적(ha)당 인구밀도를 산출하여 사용하였다. 지역별 재선충병의 연간 평균 확산거리는 거제시가 896.7m ± 111.2로 가장 넓게 확산된 것으로 나타났으며 그 다음으로 울산광역시가 840.9m ± 83.7이었다. 반면, 밀양시는 105.2m ± 46.6로 연간 평균 확산거리가 가장 짧은 것으로 나타났다. 임상률과 도로율은 지역별 재선충병의 확산속도에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타난 반면, 인구밀도가 높아질수록 재선충병의 확산속도가 빠른 것으로 나타났다. 이는 재선충병의 확산에 인위적 요인이 관여할 수 있음을 시사하는 바 이다.
독도는 동도와 서도의 2개 주요섬과 89개의 부속도서로 이루어져 있으며, 환경부 제1호 특정도서이며, 서도는 천연보호림으로 지정되어 있다.
독도 곤충상에 관한 연구는 지리적 특성으로 인해 간헐적으로 미비하게 진행되어 왔다. 그러나 지리적, 경제적, 군사적으로 매우 중요하며, 문화․사회적으로 중요한 가치를 인정받아 2000년대부터 많은 조사가 이루어지고 있다. 독도에는 현재 동도의 경비대 병력과 등대 관리원 등 약 40여명이 상주하고 있고 최근에는 어민대피소, 경비대 주요 건물을 포함하여 협소한 지역에 많은 시설물 및 설피 공사, 그리고 빈번한 물자 운반과, 방문자들로 인해 귀화식물이 지속적으로 유입되고 그에 따라 육상곤충의 경우도 독도 미기록종들이 지속적으로 보고되고 있는 실정이다. 그러나 독도는 여러기관에서 조사를 수행하고 있어 보고된 종의 오동정이나 종합분석에 대한 연구가 미비한 실정이다.
본 연구는 2015년도 조사한 결과를 포함하여 1981년 최초 독도 곤충을 보고한 문헌부터 최근 2014년까지 보고된 문헌에서 기록된 종에 대한 식물종 목록과 함께 주요종 유입시기 등 종합고찰을 실시하여 결과를 보고하는 바이다.
환경부 지정 특정도서는 현재 219개소로 이들을 대상으로 지형·경관, 지질, 식생, 식물, 육상동물, 해안무척추동물, 해조류를 대상으로 2006년부터 매년 10~15개씩 정밀조사가 수행되고 있다. 특정도서의 지정사유는 자연경관·지질(28%), 식생(22%), 동물(21%), 식물(11%), 해안무척추(11%), 해조류(7%) 순이다. 최근 도서의 솔잎혹파리, 솔껍질깍지벌레나, 솔거품벌레, 나무좀류, 흰개미류 등의 피해사례가 지속적으로 보고되고 있다. 그러나 지정사유가 높은 비율로 나타나는 식생, 식물과 연관되어 있는 곤충 연구는 2006~2008년 3년간 39개 도서를 대상으로 조사한 결과 이외는 전무하며 특히 우수 식생군락과 연관되어 특정도서 해충 연구는 이루어진 것이 없다.본 연구는 2015년도 조사 실시된 환경부 지정 특정도서 11개(내매물도, 아랫돈배섬, 진지외도, 해1도, 해2도, 북격렬비도, 묘도(토끼섬), 묘도, 흑어도, 옥도, 솔섬)를 대상으로 식생군락의 주요 해충 및 곤충 다양성에 대한 결과를 보고하는 바이다.
SCPs on larvae and eggs of red-spotted apollo butterfly, P. brimeri were measured according to the method of Kim and Kim (1977) with a thermocouple, BTM-4208SD (LT Lutron, Taipei, Taiwan), to detect the release of the latent heat of fusion as body water freezed. SCP of larvae during March goes below –27.4±1.7℃ and egg scp during November goes –47.2±1.0℃. In order to identify the reason of the difference(-17℃) between egg and larva we took photographed egg through scanning electron microscope (COXEM EM-30, Korea). Chorion of P. bremeri were 100.1㎛, Papilio machaon and Sericinus montela in same family was 10.8㎛, 5.5㎛ respectively. P. bremeri was 10 times, 20times thicker than another species within the same family .
Most caterpillars, the larvae of butterflies and moths(Lepidoptera), are herbivorous. Even though their major role in the ecosystem, details of biology are poorly known for most species. This study has been carried out to identify larvae and to acquire useful biological information of insect larvae through rearing from 1997 to 2015 in HECRI(Holoce Ecosystem Conservation Research Institution). From 2012, 2013, 2014 we are carrying out ‘Larvae Identification and Specimen Security of Primary Endemic Moths in Korea Peninsula through Rearing’ supported by National Institute of Biological Resources(NIBR). Of these this study is the list about special caterpillars feeding on the foliage wild peach (Prunus spp.) Total 209 species belonging to 15 families were collected and 52 species belonging to 13 families identified. Among them wild peach dependent monophagous caterpillars are 17 species belonging to 9 families, oligophagous 1 species belonging to 1 families and polyphagous 34 species belonging to 9 families. The dominant family is Geometridae(65 species), second is Noctuidae(57 species) and followed by Pyralidae(21 species).