수출용 화훼박스에 장미와 국화를 각각 채운 후 화훼관련 해충 6종 (아메리카잎굴파리, 담배거세미나방, 복숭아혹진딧물, 점박이응애, 담배가루이, 대만총채벌레)에 대한 전자빔 (200 Gy, 300 Gy) 영향을 박스의 높이에 따라 조사하였다. 200 Gy 선량의 전자빔 조사 시 점박이응애, 담배가루이, 대만총채벌레의 알은 모든 높이에서 부화가 억제되었지만 아메리카잎굴파리와 담배거세미나방은 박스하부 위치에서 일부 부화가 되었다. 아메리카잎굴파리 유충, 담배거세미나방 유충과 담배가루이의 약충은 모든 높이에서 용화 및 우화가 억제되었다. 그러나 점박이응애와 복숭아혹진딧물 약충은 박스상부에서조차도 우화가 억제되지 않았다. 번데기에 조사 시 아메리카잎굴파리의 번데기는 모든 높이에서 우화가 억제되었고 담배거세미나방은 상부에서도 완전히 억제되지 않았다. 성충에 조사 시 점박이응애는 장미박스 중부에서 F1세대의 부화율이 100% 억제되었지만 국화 박스에서는 완전히 억제되지 않았다. 200 Gy 선량에서 완전히 억제되지 않은 해충의 발육단계를 300 Gy로 조사하였을 때는 200 Gy 보다 높은 억제효과를 보였다. 따라서 화훼수출 시 전자빔 조사선량은 화훼종류별, 대상해충별에 따라 달라질 수 있다.

Defended (distasteful or toxic) prey are often characterized by conspicuous coloration and this phenomenon is called "aposematism". The main advantage of aposematism is that it promotes faster learning by predators to avoid the prey. Some defended prey species use a different strategy; they remain cryptic in the normal state, but display conspicuous aposematic signal (which is normally hidden) in response to a predator's approach/attack. This anti-predator strategy of a defended prey has not been well studied yet although it can theoretically give the benefits of both camouflage and aposematism. Here, we investigated the effectiveness of this ‘hidden-aposematic signal’ as a warning signal. Using wild tits (Parus minor) as predator and novel artificial prey models (which mimics wings of insects), we tested whether hidden conspicuous signal of a defended prey enhances the avoidance learning rate of predators and how does it compare with the typical conspicuous/non-conspicuous signal. We found that hidden conspicuous signal indeed enhances the avoidance learning rate of predators in comparison with the non-conspicuous signal. However the overall learning rate by predators to avoid the defended prey was slower than for the normal conspicuous signal. Our results suggest that the prey with hidden-aposematic signals could enjoy both the benefits camouflage and the benefits of aposematism that are however lower than benefits from a typical aposematic signal. We, for the first time, highlight the functional aspect of a unique, but yet largely ignored, defensive coloration of prey.

Six unknown hitchhiking moths intercepted at the Korean port of entry were detected from an international vessel by the personnels of the International Plant-Quarantine Accreditation Board (IPAB) in 2012. Among them, there was a noctuid moth, Noctua pronuba (Linnaeus), which is a quarantine pest in Korea. Other five species are three erebids (Lophocampa maculata Harris, Lemyrarhodo philodes (Hampson), and Trigonodes cephise (Cramer)), one sphingid (Hippotion rosetta Swinhoe), and one zygaenid (Histia flabellicornis nigrinus Jordan). They are mostly distributed in the subtropical regions. In addition to these hitchhiking moths from the vessel, other interception records from inanimate pathways are provided here on the bases of Pest Information System, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA). Thus, it is necessary to monitor inanimate pathways and to adopt comprehensive border surveillance system, in order to protect further invasions of alien insect species.

The developmental time of immature stages of Paromius exiguus (Distant) was studied at eight different constant temperatures (17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5 and 35°C) with a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h on two host plants, Imperata cylinderica and Calamagrostis epigeios. On both host plants, the developmental time decreased with increasing temperatures. A significant difference in the developmental times was observed between two host plants for each nymphal stage and for the total nymphal stage as well. For completion of the total nymphal stage, the development time at 17.5 and 35°C were 69.6 and 16.6 days on I. cylinderica and 38.6 and 13.8 days on C. epigeios, respectively. The relationship between developmental rate and temperature was fitted to a linear regression model and the six nonlinear models (Lactin 1, Lactin 2, Briere 1, Briere 2, Logan 6 and Taylor). Except for the Taylor model, all of the five nonlinear models fitted the data for the total nymphal stage of the current study well, according to the high r2 value, on both host plants. The distribution of completion of each development stage was well described by the two-parameter Weibull function.

This report is a part of research on pests occurring in grapevine orchards in export complexes (Hwangsung in Gyeonggi, Sangju and Yeongcheon in Gyeongbuk, Namwon in Junbuk and Yeongdong in Chungbuk) from 2010 to 2012. This research was conducted to evaluate the distribution and difference in damage rates depending on management types of grapevine orchards (domestic sale farm vs. export farm). Damage by Arbordia spp. occurred only in 2010 and differed depending on localities and individual farms in the same area. Numbers of orchards damaged by Arbordia spp. were one, two and four in Hwasung, Namwon and Sangju, respectively, and the damage rate was below 6.2%. There was no damage in the orchards in 2011 and 2012, however, Arbordia spp. were collected on sticky traps in the orchards. A. nigrigena and A. kakogawana were the dominant species in Yeongcheon and Yeongdong, respectively, in 2011. A. kakogawana, A. maculifrons and A. nigrigena were collected on sticky traps in 2012. Collected numbers of Arbordia spp. were different depending on localities and management types of the orchards (domestic sale vs. export). A. kakogawana was the dominant species in all the survey sites and the densities were higher in the domestic sale farms than in the export farms.

Worldwide studies on Apis cerana variation for biogeography and genetic diversity depended largely on a 86~93 bp-long mitochondrial non-coding region (internal spacer region) located between tRNALeu and COII (named as NC2), possibly due to higher variability among available markers. In order to incorporate the A. cerana occurring in South Korea into world extensive data, we also sequenced the NC2 from 118 A. cerana samples collected over nine Korean localities and 66 A. cerana samples over seven Asian localities, such as China, Vietnam, and Thailand. These data were combined with preexisting world data to scrutinize genetic relationships of A. cerana in South Korea to outside distributional range. Sequencing of 184 samples provided a total of ten haplotypes: five from Korea, six from China, one from Vietnam, and two from Thailand. Among them eight were new, whereas two were previously reported ones. Phylogenetic analysis of A. cerana NC2 haplotypes so far found including ours has confirmed the presence of four major groups of A. cerana (Asian mainland group, Sundaland group, Palawan group, and Luzon-Mindahnao group) and all haplotypes found in this study also were included in the Asian mainland group. In order to find further variable regions that can be used as sequence-based marker several mitochondrial non-coding regions and nuclear intron regions are in the middle of testing.

주둥이방아벌레과는 종간의 형태가 매우 유사하면서, 지역적 종 분화가 많이 이루어진 분류군의 하나임으로 형태학적 종 동정이 어려운 경우가 많다. 이번 연구에서 직접형태분류가 완료된 국내외의 종과 NCBI에 등록된 염기서열을 대상으로 총 83종 408개체에 대한 DNA 바코드를 분석한 후 각 종에 대한 DNA 바코드 특성 및 형태형질과의 연관성을 진단하고자 하였다. 그 결과, DNA 바코드와 형태분류와의 일치는 63종(75%)에 불과 하였다. 특히, 형태분류에서 동일종으로 결론지었던 4종으로부터 8종(9.6%)의 동소적 또는 이소적 은밀종을 새롭게 확인 하였고, 형태적 난분류군 4종(4.8%)은 명료한 종 진단이 가능하게 되었다. 또한 형태분류를 통한 2종(2.4%)에서 신종을 재확인 할 수 있었고, 2종(2.4%)에 대해서는 각각 지리적 신아종에 대한 가능성이 진단되었다. 2종(2.4%)에서는 형태적 차이가 명료하나 단일 종 묶음이 형성되었으며, 2종(2.4%)에서는 종내 지역집단에서 유전적 차이가 모호하여 별종 가능성을 제시하기 어려운 경우도 있었다. 결론적으로 형태분류와 DNA 바코드 분석을 통합 적용하여 총 83종 중 81종(97.6%)에 대한 명료한 종 진단이 가능함을 확인 할 수 있었다.

큰자색호랑꽃무지속(Osmoderma)은 구북구와 신대륙에 걸쳐 12종이 분포하며, 대다수 종들은 희소성으로 각국에서 보호종으로 지정되어 있다. 국내에서도 큰자색호랑꽃무지 1종이 기록되어 멸종위기야생동식물 2급 종으로 보호받고 있으며, 현재까지는 Osmoderma opicum Lewis, 1887이란 학명을 적용해 왔다. 하지만 과연 국내 종이 일본산 O. opicum과 동일한 종인지는 분류학적으로 재분석할 필요성이 제기되어 왔고 최근 중국 및 극동러시아지방에서 새롭게 O. caeleste (Gusakov, 2002)란 종도 발표된 바 있다. 이에 따라 지리적 분포영역의 근연종들과 최근 COI염기서열이 분석된 유럽산 종들을 포함하여 국내 큰자색호랑꽃무지의 형태 및 분자분류를 통합적으로 진행하고자 한다. 1차 연구 결과로서 한국산 개체와 일본산 개체는 DNA 바코드 분석을 통해 별종으로 판단될 정도로 큰 바코딩 갭이 나타났을 뿐 아니라 형태적인 차이도 확인되었다. 따라서 국내 종은 그에 적합한 학명을 찾아 주어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 향후 추가적인 표본 확보와 DNA 바코드 마커의 추가 등 보다 정확한 종 동정을 위한 통합적인 분석과 검증이 수행될 예정이다.

사슴풍뎅이는 꽃무지아과 중에서 수컷이 유일하게 특이한 뿔을 갖고 있을 뿐 아니라 긴 앞다리를 가진 모습으로 주목을 받아왔다. 이 종은 한반도에서 처음 신종으로 발표된 이래 베트남 북부, 티벳동부, 중국 서부와 중북부에 이르기까지 아종의 분화 없이 단일 종으로 다루어왔다. 최근까지 사슴풍뎅이속(Dicronocephalus)은 동양구에서 한반도와 극동러시아 지역에 걸쳐 8종 7아종이 분포하며, 종 또는 아종 사이에 형태적으로 매우 유사하여 이들 종간에 유연관계는 아직까지 알려지지 않았다. 따라서 국내 집단은 지리적으로 먼 중국서부 등의 집단과 단일 종을 형성하는 것인지 또는 타 지역 분포 종과의 유연관계는 어떠한 지 곤충자원의 보전과 관리 측면에서 검토할 필요성이 있었다. 이에 따라 1차적으로 국내 사슴풍뎅이 집단을 포함하여 5종 5아종을 대조 분류군으로 삼아 mtCOI과 16S rRNA마커를 이용한 분자분류를 시도하였다. 그 결과, 한국산 사슴풍뎅이 집단은 중국산 사슴풍뎅이 집단과 유전적 차이가 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 다만, 형태분류학자의 주장과 달리 대만산 D. yui와 sister group을 형성하는 것이 확인되었다. 따라서 향후 추가적인 샘플의 확보를 통해 사슴풍뎅이 종의 분화를 밝히고, 사슴풍뎅이속의 지리적 분포와 더불어 새로운 종의 발굴 가능성을 타진하는 연구를 계속하고자 한다.

국내 연노랑풍뎅이속(Blitopertha)에는 어깨무늬풍뎅이(B. conspurcata), 연노랑풍뎅이 (B. pallidipennis), 등얼룩풍뎅이(B. orientalis) 3종이 분포한다. 이 중 연노랑풍뎅이와 등얼룩풍뎅이는 외부형태가 극히 유사하고 두 종간 수컷의 교미기 형태도 변이가 심하면서 서로 이행현상을 나타내는 등 정확한 종 동정이 어려운 분류군으로 알려져 왔다. 이와 같이 형태적 분류가 어려운 종들에 대하여 형태분석과 더불어 분자분석까지 통합한 연구로 극복해 보고자 이번 연구를 시도하였다. 우선, 국내산 표본뿐 아니라 등얼룩풍뎅이의 기산지인 일본표본과 연노랑풍뎅이의 기산지인 극동 러시아 표본들을 포함하여 mtCOI과 Histone H3 마커를 이용한 분자분석을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 두 종은 뚜렷이 분화된 종으로 진단되었으나, 등얼룩풍뎅이 계열에서 제3의 새로운 종이 국내에 존재하는 것으로 추정되었다. 아울러 분자 분석된 표본의 분포를 보면, 두 종은 동소적으로 혼재된 분포를 보이는 것으로 나타났다.

The tribe Archipini occurring mainly in the Holarctic, Afrotropical and Oriental Regions; scarcely represented in the Neotropical with more than 500 described species of 150 genera (Razowski, 2003). The tribe Archipini in Vietnam was studied by several authors. Kuznetsov (1992) described two new species, Homona superbana and Neocalyptis sodaliana, besides 28 known species were recorded, and he (1997) also recorded four species, Homona encausta (Meyrick), Neocalypis tricensa (Meyrick), Meridemis furtiva Diakonoff and Lumaria probolias (Meyrick). In a study on Tortricidae fauna from Vietnam (2000), 43 of 208 Tortricidae species belong to the tribe Archipini were annotated. Based on the collection of the Berlin Museum, Razowski (2008a) reported seven known species and described 13 new species belong to four genera, Gnorismoneura Issiki & Stringer, 1932, Terthreutis Meyrick, 1912, Synochoneura Obraztsov, 1955, and Terricula Falkovitsh, 1965, he also reported ten known species and described five new species belong to three genera, Choristoneura Lederer, 1859, Homona Walker, 1863 and Meridemis Diakonoff, 1976 (2008b). In the year of 2009, he described one new genus, Chirapsina Razowski, 15 new species, besides 37 known species were recorded (2009a), he (2009b) also described five new species and four known species from Vietnam. In the present study, we focused on Archipini fauna in the northern part of Vietnam, a total of 19 species belong to 13 genera are recorded. Among them, five species Adoxophyes tetraphracta Meyrick, Meridemis bathymorpha Diakonoff, Pademis corylana Fabricius, Terthreutis bulligera Meyrick, and Ulodemis hyalura Diakonoff are recorded for the first time.

Prey species should avoid areas where predation risk is high. However, if this is impossible, prey should reduce activities that may make them conspicuous and attract predators, such as foraging or mating. Thus, predation risk should change behavioral pattern of prey species. Not all species have same anti-predator behavioral patterns because they have evolved in the presence of different types or number of predators in their habitat. In this study we measured microhabitat use and escape initiation distance to identify how sensitive each species is to approaching predators. We measured jumping performance and morphological characteristics to reveal the relationship between jumping and morphology and whether jumping is helpful for escaping from predators' attack. Finally, we compared the survival rate among three species to identify how survival rate is affected by anti-predator behavioral patterns. The survivorship was related to microhabitat use and to the escape initiation distance, rather than on the jumping ability. We predicted that a species with the best survival rate will have superior jumping ability in order to escape from predators at the moment when they were attacked by predators. The jumping ability, however, was probably limited by hydrodynamic and morphological constraints, so jumping appears to contribute little to successfully escaping from predators’ attacks.

Genus Chlaenius Bonelli, 1810 of the tribe Chlaeniini is a cosmopolitan group distributed in all zoogeographical region. General characteristics of Chlaenius are with pubescent or metallic luster on the pronotum and elytra, and antennal second segment shorter than third segment. Members of subgenus Ocybatus are similar to those of subgenera Lissauchenius and Chlaenioctenus in having a round yellow spot on each elytron, but it showed difference from them having apical segment of labial palpi strongly securiform. Subgenus Ocybatus Laferté-Sénectere, 1851 belonging to the genus Chlaenius were reported three species from Paleoarctic region: Chlaenius (Ocybatus) junceus Andrewes, 1923, Chlaenius (Ocybatus) spathulifer Bates, 1873, Chlaenius (Ocybatus) bioculatus Chaudoir, 1856, among them Chlaenius (Ocybatus) bioculatus Chaudoir, 1856 has been recorded in Korea. In here Chlaenius (Ocybatus) spathulifer Bates reported firstly from Korea. Description and photo of adult are provided.

In terms of aphid species identification, both host plant association and morphological characteristics are crucial factors. However, aphids in the genus Aphis Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Aphididae) often are cryptic in morphology due to their rapid radiation. Moreover, overlapping host plant species can make difficult situation worse. Three cryptic species Aphis gossypii Glover, Aphis glycines Matsumura, and Aphis rhamnicola sp. nov. occur together on the Buckthorn, Rhamnus spp. in the overwintering season in Korea. Due to lacking informative morphological characters and host plant sharing, the new species recently has been recognized as a distinct species. In this study, A. rhamnicola sp. nov. on various host plants was compared with the primary host sharing species, A. gossypii and A. glycines, based on morphological and molecular characteristics. In the results, there were significant genetic differences between three species, despite the high similarities in morphology. Our results provide strong evidence for establishing new species, which seems to be a typical heteroecious species that alternates between only primary host, Rhamnus spp., and various secondary hosts. We describe a new species, A. rhamnicola sp. nov., for apterous and alate vivipara, fundatrix, ovipara, and gynopara, including diagnostic key for host sharing species in genus Aphis.

Phycitinae is one of the subfamilies of Pyralidae, about 4000 phycitinae species in the world (Solis and Mitter 1992), and around 300 species of 110 genera have been reported in China (Li and Ren 2005). The subfamily of Phycitinae is characterized by the following characteristics: both wings are long and narrow, chaetosema present; forewing with 11 veins or less, R3 and R4 stalked at base or fused completely, both male and female with only one frenulum; gnathos rod-shaped or coniform; valva with costa well developed, transtilla free or connected at top, aedeagus cylindrical, male usually with culcita; ductus bursae from corpus bursae. The larvae of phycitinae are leafrollers, leafminers or products pests. Their distribution is throughout the world (Munroe and Solis, 1999). As a NE region, Jilin province lies in the center of northeast part of China, borders by North Korea, Far East of Russia, Heilongjiang, Liaoning and Inner Mongolia. Until now, only 20 species of phycitinae have been reported from here, accordingly, the faunistic inventory is by no means completed, and to survey the diversity of phycitinae is significant for systematic study in China. In this study, we identified 35 species belonging to 19 genera, of them, 2 species are reported for the first time in China, and 12 species are newly reported from Jilin Province. The materials examined come from the collection of Incheon National University and Northeast Forestry University.

Previously, several levels of phylogenetic relationships in an insect order Odonata have been estimated using morphological and molecular markers. For the molecular phylogeny rRNA sequences were mainly, but other markers were not frequently employed. In this study, we sequenced both two mitochondrial genes (COI and 16S rRNA) and nuclear genes (28S rRNA and elongation factor-1α), composed of ~4,002 bp from 71 species of Odonata, occurring mostly in South Korea. These concatenated sequences were utilized to test the previous phylogenetic hypotheses of Odonata via Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) algorithms, along with the data partition option available in BI method. Each families and superfamilies represented by multiple taxa consistently supported monophylies with the highest nodal supports in both Anisoptera and Zygoptera. A close relationship of Anisozygoptera to Anisoptera represented by a single species was obvious. On the other hand, familial relationships within each suborder of Anisoptera and Zygoptera have shown two compelling topologies. The topology obtained by BI method with partitioning of the four genes showed an unresolved relationship among Gomphidae, Aeshnidae, and the suborder Anisozygoptera in Anisoptera clade, presenting the relationships ((((Libellulidae + Corduliidae) + Macromiidae) + (Gomphidae + Aeshnidae + Anisozygoptera)) + (((Coenagrionidae + Platycnemdidae) + Calopterygidae) + Lestidae)). Another topology obtained by both BI and ML methods without partitioning, on the other hand, placed Anisozygoptera the basal lineage of Anisoptera, but Lestidae in Zygoptera was placed as the sister to Anisoptera + Anisozygoptera, presenting the relationships (((((((Libellulidae + Corduliidae) + Macromiidae) + Aeshnidae) + Gomphidae) + Anisozygoptera) + Lestidae) + ((Coenagrionidae + Platycnemdidae) + Calopterygidae)). Topological test to find out better supported tree turned out a slight higher support for the former topology, but the monophyly of Zygoptera with the inclusion of Lestidae was supported only poorly (BPP = 0.68) in the former topology.

Gene arrangement in the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) has been regarded as an important evolutionary event that is useful as a phylogenetic signal. The mountainous duskywing, Erynnis montanus, belongs to a lepidopteran family Hesperiidae. We sequenced 15,530-bp long complete mitogenome of the species. The genome has the typical gene content of animals (13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and one major non-coding A+T-rich region). Further, E. montanus mitogenome also contained a high A/T content in the whole genome (81.7%) and the CGA (arginine) as the start codon for the COI gene, as typical in lepidopteran mitogenome. However, unlike other lepidopteran species, including two sequenced skippers, the E. montanus mitogenome has a unique arrangement tRNASer-tRNAAsn, instead of the tRNAAsn-tRNASer found unanimously in other lepidopteran species, providing a new gene arrangement in Lepidoptera. Such rearrangement probably was likely caused by duplication of gene block tRNASer-tRNAAsn and subsequent random loss of tRNAAsn in the first copy and tRNASer in the second copy, resulting in the arrangement tRNASer-tRNAAsn. Considering current phylogenetic relationships among available lepidopteran groups in connection with lepidopteran gene arrangement the new gene arrangement found in E. montanus seems to be apomorphy, requiring cautious interpretation as a phylogenetic signal.

Oecophoridae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea), the concealer moths, is worldwide in distribution and comprises more than 4,000 described, particularly in Australia with over 3,000 endemic species. To date, the phylogenetic relationships of Oecophoridae have been poorly known, except a few works on the higher-level phylogeny of the superfamily Gelechioidea which includes some species of Oecophoridae. This study is the first comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of Oecophoridae, based on 4,395 base pairs of mitochondrial protein coding gene (COI), nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (18S and 28S) and nuclear protein coding genes (IDH, MDH, Rps5, EF1a and wingless) for 82 taxa. Data were analysed using maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic frameworks. The results are shown that the family Oecophoridae is not monophyletic, as the genus Casmara is closely clustered with Stathmopodidae far from the Oecophorid lineage and the genera Tyrolimnas and Phaeosaces are closely clustered with Depressariinae in the Elachistid lineage. Main clade of Oecophoridae comprises Xyloryctinae previously assigned to Xyloryctidae, closely claded with New Zealandian Oecophorids including the genera Hierodoris, Gymnobatra and Izatha; the problematic position group, Acryptolechia spp., Deuterogoniinae and Oecophorinae.

캄보디아는 동양구에 위치한 국가로 북동쪽으로 라오스, 동쪽과 남동쪽으로 베트남, 북쪽과 서쪽으로 태국과 접하고 있다. Samkos지역은 캄보디아 서쪽에 위치한 산림지역으로 1997년 유네스코 생물권 보호구역으로 지정된 바 있다. Samkos산은 1750m 높이로, 산림이 우거지며 야생동물이 다양하게 서식하는 지역이다. 현재 Samkos지역은 화전에 의한 화재와 개발로 인해 산림이 심각하게 훼손되고 있으며, 그에 따라 생물다양성 감소에도 큰 영향을 미칠 것으로 예상되는 지역이다. 본 연구는 2012년 7월 12일 ~ 7월 23일, 2013년 2월 13일 ~ 2월 18일까지 캄보디아 서부지역에 위치한 Samkos산에서 실시하였다. 연구방법은 Sweeping, Light trap, Bucket trap 등 다양한 방법을 이용하여 곤충상을 조사한 결과, 나비목은 총 7과 81속 98종이 채집되었다.

Soil biodiversity is important for proper functioning of soil ecosystem. Soil microarthropods play roles in cycling of nutrients and decomposition of organic matter. We compared the diversity of oribatid mites in organically and conventionally managed apple orchards. Sampling were done from 10 orchards; 5 from organic and 5 from conventional, in spring season of 2011 and 2012. Species richness and abundance were higher in conventional (25, 4,222/m2) than organic orchard (21, 1,906/m2). Diversity index was higher in conventional than organic orchard. Common dominant species present in orchards were Perglumna duplicata nipponica and Scheloribates latipes. Only observed in apple orchards were Pilogalumna tenuiclava, Protoribates agricola, Hypochthonius luteus, Punctoribates manzanoensis, Punctoribates sphaericus, and Scheloribates corpusculum. In organic orchard, Suctobelbella naginata and Tectocepheus cuspidentatus were only present. Pergalumna altera, Galumna longiporosa, and Protoribates lophotrichus, Galumna sp. were found only in conventionally managed apple orchard. Further study on the functional aspects and association with other soil biotic and abiotic factors are demanding.