초저압용 나노여과 중공사 복합막을 제조하기 위하여 poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) 소수성 중공사막 표면에무기염인 K2Cr2OH와 KMnO4 수용액으로 친수화 처리를 하였으며, 처리된 막 표면 위에 piperazine (PIP)과 trimesoyl chlor-ide (TMC)로 계면 중합하여 복합막을 제조하였다. NaCl, CaSO4, MgCl2 100 ppm 용액 및 300 ppm의 NaCl과 CaSO4 혼합용액을 이용하여 코팅물질의 농도, 코팅시간 및 건조시간에 따른 복합막의 투과특성을 알아보았다. 실험 결과 친수화 물질로는K2Cr2OH을 사용하였을 때 더 높은 배제율을 보였으며, 친수화 시간이 길어질수록 투과도는 향상되고 배제율은 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 또한 촉매인 triethyl amine (TEA)과 sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)의 농도가 높을수록 투과도는 감소하고, 염제거율은 증가하였다. 최적 조건으로는 K2Cr2OH으로 10분 동안 친수화 시킨 PVDF 중공사막 위에 PIP 2 wt% 용액(PIP 함량 대비 Triethyl amine (TEA) 7 wt%, SLS 20 wt% 혼합용액)과 TMC 0.1 wt%를 이용하여 계면중합한 것으로 공급액 NaCl100 ppm에 대해서는 투과도 40 LMH, 제거율 50%이었고, CaSO4 100 ppm에 대해서는 투과도 48 LMH, 제거율 55%를 나타내었다.

감태의 인공채묘시 유주자 및 유리배우체를 채묘하여 양성 생장도를 비교하므로써, 유리배우체의 대량양식 이용 가능성을 시험하였다. 2008년 11월에 유주자 및 유리 배우체를 채묘한 채묘틀을 이용하여 2009년 5월부터 10월까지 전남 완도군 약산면 시험어장에서 양성 생장도를 비교하였다. 유주자 및 유리배우체 채묘 실험구에서 감태 엽체의 엽장과 생체량 등은 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다.

Due to the recent advances in technology, the systems are becoming more demanding in terms of functionality and implementation complexity. Therefore, when system failures are involved in such complex systems, the effects of the related safety issues can also be more serious, thereby causing in the worst case irrecoverable hazards on both human being and properties. This fact can be witnessed in the recent rail systems accidents. In general, the accidents can be attributed to the systematic failure or the random failure. The latter is due to the aging or unsatisfied quality of the parts used in implementation or some unexpected external cause that would otherwise result in accidents whereas the former is usually related to incomplete systems design. As the systems are becoming more complex, so are the systematic failures. The objective of the paper is to study an approach to solving the systematic failure. To do so, at first the system design process is augmented by the functional safety activities that are suggested in the standard IEC 61508. Analyzing the artifacts of the integrated process yields the traceability, which satisfies the requirements for reduction of systematic failure as provided in ISO 26262. In order to reduce systematic failure, the results are utilized in the conceptual design stage of systems development in which systems requirements are generated and functional architecture is developed.

Recent trends in rail industry can be characterized by the multifunctionality and very high-speed modes of operations. In particular, the adoption of the unmaned or operatorless operations has been getting increased attention in which case ensuring systems safety is crucial. On the other hand, according to the result of analyzing rail accidents, the human/operator errors have turned out to be one of the key causes of the accidents. Therefore, the effort of improving the work environment of locomotive cabs is quite necessary in order to decrease the accidents. The objective of this paper is studying on how to incorporate the factors related to the train operators in the design of the locomotive cabs and also on how to evaluate the design results obtained, which is subsequently reflected in the generation of the test and evaluation procedure. The approach taken is based on systems engineering, yielding the procedure document as a result. The results obtained in the paper can be useful in confirming the design of locomotive cabs utilizing the domestic human/operator measure. Also, the way of achieving the objectives can be utilized to cover the expanded rail systems development with appropriate design activities added.

4 mol% Yttria-stabilized zirconia (4YSZ) coatings with 200 μm thick are fabricated by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) for thermal barrier coating (TBC). 150 μm of NiCrAlY based bond coat is prepared by conventional APS (Air Plasma Spray) method on the NiCrCoAl alloy substrate before deposition of top coating. 4 mol% YSZ top coating shows typical tetragonal phase and columnar structure due to vapor phase deposition process. The adhesion strength of coating is measured about 40 MPa. There is no delamination or cracking of coatings after thermal cyclic fatigue and shock test at 850oC.

본 연구에서는 도시지역의 악취발생에 대하여 인천지역의 악취관리지역 이외 지역인 도심지역을 대상으로 관능법을 이용한 시민 모니터링을 통하여 조사를 진행하였다. 조사 결과 지역에 따라 지역별로 생활악취와 산업부분 악취발생이 서로 다르게 나타났으며 시 간별로는 대부분 저녁이나 아침시간대에 세기가 강한 악취를 감지할 수 있었다. 이러한 분석의 결과를 갖고 도시지역으로서 악취관리지역 이외의 지역에 대한 악취 문제를 해결 하기 위한 방안을 검토하고 실천방안을 제시하였다.

In recent years, the surroundings of Fire have rapidly changed and citizens need for Fire have been demanding very high. Under these situations, in order for satisfaction to all these demands, Seoul Metropolitan Government Fire Academy(SFA) have only to improve its educational training program as the fire educational training center in Korea. The purpose of this study is to scrutinize current educational training program of SFA and measure the relative weight among the hierarchy of disaster management(prevention and mitigation-prepare dness-response-recovery) by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP). The result of this study presents that how many hours must be allocated and set the educational training program with scientific and systematic way of AHP compared the current program of SFA　in 2013. And This study is applied to increase access and comprehension about the AHP and will be able to present guideline for the selection of optimal the educational training of SFA to serve Seoul citizens the best Fire services.

Silk fibroin has been widely tested as a candidate biomaterial applicable to various attempts of tissue engineering. In order to examine bone forming ability of silk 3-D scaffold, we have developed a tibial interlocking intramedullary nailing model. A tibial intramedullary nail in the weight bearing hind limb of a rat was interlocked with a pin through a pin hole at the proximal end of the intramedullary nail. Interlocking of the intramedullary nail prevented total collapse of proximal region of a bone defect and helped maintain the critical gap that was filled with silk 3-D scaffold, though minor shinkage about 1 mm at distal region was unavoidable. Bone forming ability of an implanted silk scaffold was monitored weekly for 8~10 wks by X-ray radiography of live animals and bone formation in the scaffold was examined by H & E staining and Masson’s trichrome staining of the bone tissue recovered from the animals. Although scattered islets of bone tissue was observed in the implanted silk scaffold, bone tissue was not widely developed and implanted scaffolds of silk nanofiber and salt-leached sponge were X-ray transparent, suggesting inefficient bone formation. By contrast, X-ray image of implanted silk nanofibrous scaffold coated with hydroxyapatite was getting darkened with time, which suggests bone tissue formation in the scaffold, while untreated silk 3-D scaffold remained undisturbed. Although existence of bone tissue in the scaffold should be confirmed by histological criteria, hydroxyapatite-coated silk scaffold appeared competent to support regeneration of the long bone defects In addition, the interlocking intramedullary nailing in tibia of rat hind limb could be applicable in assessing long bone regenerative capacity of various biocompatible materials.

We estimated decreasing rate of indoor air pollutants with are airborne bacteria, airborne fungi, formaldehyde, total volatile organic compounds, PM10, and PM2.5 in 10 children’s hospitals and 6 childbirth houses located in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do from November to December in 2012. Sectional period was respectively divided for operating and non-operating the air cleaners. There was a trend that concentration of surveyed pollutants in children’s hospitals and childbirth houses during operating period decreased among indoor air. We used Monte-Calro simulation to remove uncertainty and identify efficiency of eliminated pollutants such as surveyed pollutants by the air cleaners. Average efficiency of removal were 61.39 ± 21.42% for airborne bacteria, 71.77 ± 19.65% for airborne fungi, 73.37 ± 24.62% for formaldehyde, 71.20 ± 25.96% for total volatile organic compounds, 65.16 ± 23.80% for PM10, and 71.06 ± 23.97% for PM2.5.

The objective of this study is to offer basic scientific data to support policy decision-making for the improved control of nitrogen dioxide(NO₂) and nitrous acid(HONO) in residence. The survey on concentration of NO₂and HONO in 20 houses in Seoul and Daegu was performed from January to February, 2013. Average NO₂concentrations in the kitchen, living room, and room were 25.7 ± 7.7 ppb, 24.3 ± 8.5 ppb, and 19.6 ± 5.6 ppb, respectively. Also, average HONO concentration were 3.6 ± 1.0 ppb, 3.1 ± 0.9 ppb, and 3.1 ± 0.9 ppb, respectively. NO₂and HONO concentration in kitchen were significantly higher than the concentration in the living room and room(p<0.05). Concentration ratios of HONO/NO2 were ranged to 0.070 0.277 for indoor air and 0.004 0.161 for outdoor air. Indoor HONO/NO2 ratios were higher than the outdoor HONO/NO₂ratios.

2010년 3월부터 2010년 12월까지 화원관광단지의 인공해빈에서 해조상의 계절적 변화에 대한 정성 및 정량조사를 실시하였다. 해조 식생의 계절적 변화는 인근의 자연서식지의 식생과 비교하였다. 인공해빈에서는 녹조류 8종, 갈조류 3종 및 홍조류 4종으로 총 15종의 해조류가 출현하였으며, 자연서식지에서는 녹조류 7종, 갈조류 9종 및 홍조류 22종으로 총 38종의 해조류가 출현하였다. 우점종은 인공해빈의 경우 겨울철에 Ulva compressa, U. intestinalis, U. prolifera, U. pertusa, 여름철에는 Urospora penicilliformis, U. intestinalis, U. compressa였으며, 자연서식지의 경우 겨울철에 U. pertusa, U. compressa, 여름철에 Sargassum thunbergii, Ishige okamurae였다. (R+C)/P 지수는 인공해빈에서 3.7~4.0, 자연서식지에서 2.6~3.4로 나타났다. 인공해빈의 해조 기능형군별 비율은 사상형 64.4%, 엽상형 21.9%, 분지형 13.7%로 분석되어 자연서식지의 기능형군별 비율과는 유의한 차이를 나타내었다.

The design composition elements and the mechanical behavior of trusses have been investigated for Pratt trusses. As a result, it was determined that the design composition elements of the trusses consist of the composition of webs, the distance between joints, the chords profile, the depth of the truss, and the double chord composition. In addition, by analyzing models with a variation of elements, comprehensive features of structural behavior have been presented for variations of design of Pratt trusses. This is to provide more effective and useful design information on truss structure in the architectural and structural planning stage.

Recently, children's deaths are found to be mostly caused by various accidents in Korea. But it is in reality that the safety training are very roughly conducted, and even contemporarily appropriate training materials are not sufficiently furnished contrary to the increasing significance of the safety training to reduce the children's accidental risks. This study is to compare and analyze the safety training courses of domestic and overseas elementary schools and various safety training materials. This study is purposed ultimately to reduce the accidental risks of elementary school students by suggesting the future development direction. It is concluded in this study that more appropriate safety training courses and materials should be provided to train the students to habituate their safe behaviors with a view to protect the elementary school students against the accidents. In addition, the safety training should be conducted consistently by reflecting the students' characters, and the pertinent training materials should be developed for the students' spontaneous learning and for more practical preventive training.

In the case of the fire to the exterior of the building through openings, the openings of the adjacent building are exposed to the risk of combustion expanding and factors that affect the combustion in the radiant heat and direct flame. Recent five years, fire of the adjacent building indicated that incidence of the 5,134(2.27%) among total 225,934 cases occurred The damage scale of fire expanded was lower than in a single building but casualties(5.46%) and property(25.0%) damage were higher. Therefore, this study provides to analyze the operating status for fire protection equipment of fire-preventing area in the Seoul and to apply measures to improve fire protection equipment according to narrow the distance between the building openings studied.

Korean Volunteer Fire Departments are the representative disaster-related civilian organizations which are based on "Firefighting Framework Act Article 37"and ordinance for complementing the lack of fire-fighting personnel and volunteer and they play a part as community safety keepers. They are operated by the National funding, but cannot be defined as the organization in governmental sources completely or pure volunteer organization in terms of its founding purpose and activities. In these special characteristics, some Volunteer Fire Departments play an important role in Civilian Volunteer Disaster Prevention by being managed effectively, but the others do not. There can be many cause-analyses about this difference. They aren't profit-making organizations and are groups which have no compulsion. So it is important that who the leader is, and what type of leadership he has. By solving this bias by considering these characteristics, in this study we make them perform the center role of community safety network through analyzing the existing status and problems of volunteer fire department education and customized training program reengineering to meet class-specific and regional level.

이 연구는 진안군의 산림과 마을숲 주변 경관의 서식지 변화 과정을 경관지수와 서식지 형태 분석으로 밝히고, 생물다양성 보전을 위한 경관생태학적 함의를 제시하고자 수행되었다. FRAGSTATS과 GUIDOS 서식지 분석 프로그램에서 1989년과 2006년의 토지피복도를 활용하여 진안군 산림과 34개 대표적인 마을숲 주변 경관의 서식지 구성과 짜임을 분석하였다. 진안군 핵심과 통로 서식지의 면적, 서식지 연결성은 1989년보다 2006년에 낮았다. 또한, 마을숲 주변 서식지의 파편화 정도와 서식지의 구조적, 기능적 연결성은 1989년보다 2006년에 낮았다. 서식지 파편화를 감소시키고 연결성을 향상시키기 위해 기존에 존재하는 마을숲과 주변 생태통로를 보전하면서 새로운 생태통로를 조성해주는 전략이 필요하다. 본 연구의 경관지수와 서식지 형태 분석은 급격하게 변하는 경관에서 서식지 기능과 짜임을 분석하는 데 효과적인 기법으로 활용될 수 있다.

목적: 본 연구는 Anaglyph방식의 3D 입체영상물 시청 전·후에 나타나는 입체시와 사위 및 자각증상을 평가하고자 하였다. 방법: 일부대학 재학생 56명을 대상으로 입체시검사결과에 따라 입체시 안정그룹 A군과 입체시 불안정 그룹 B군으로 나누었다. 30분 동안 적록안경방식의 Anaglyph방식의 3D입체영상 시청 전·후 입체시를 평 가하였다. 사위는 von Graefe 기법을 측정하였고, 입체시는 Titmus fly 검사를 이용하였다. 결과: 난시는 안정그룹(평균±표준편차: 0.52±0.40)보다 불안정그룹(평균±표준편차: -1.05±0.73) 이 높은 난시도를 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다(p < 0.005). 눈의 편위는 외사위가 안정그룹(36%)에 비해 불 안정그룹에서 (64%)에서 유의하게 높은 분포를 보였다(p < 0.01). 3D영상 시청과 관련하여 불안정그룹의 입 체시각이 113.6초에서 10.3.2초로 떨어짐으로써 시청전보다 시청후의 입체시 능력이 유의하게 향상되는 것으로 나타났다(p < 0.05). 시각적 증상과 비시각적 증상에서는 안정그룹과 불안정그룹 모두 비슷한 증상을 보여 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결론: 본 연구결과를 통해, Anaglyph방식의 3D 입체영상물 시청 후 입체시 능력이 어려운 사람일수록 난시도수가 높고 외사위 경향이 있음을 알 수 있었다.

지구적으로 양서류가 감소하고 있다. 오래전부터 중금속은 양서류 군집 감소의 원인 중 한가지로 지목받고 있다. 수정 후 변태에 이르는 생활사를 수중에서 진행하는 양서류는 수환경 내의 오염물질에 1차적으로 노출되며 독성효과에 대한 감수성이 높아 수환경의 오염에 특히 취약하다. 양서류는 수서생태계의 건강도 지표로서 유용할 뿐 아니라 분자 및 개체수준의 다양한 생체지표를 이용한 다양한 환경오염물질의 독성평가 모델로서도 유용하다. 양서류에서 얻어진 독성자료는 수환경 오염물질의 관리와 안전관리기준으로 사용될 수 있다. 본 논문에 서는 기존에 보고된 중금속이 양서류의 다양한 독성종말점에 미치는 영향들에 대해 검토하고 분석하였다.

The characteristics of odor generation with the production of resources by utilization of methane gases in landfill sites was investigated, and the effect of making resources with landfill gases on the reduction of odor was analyzed in recent years. The greenhouse gas was estimated to reduce from the range of 1,334,940~209,875 tCO₂e with the period of 2008~2017, and the effective odor was diminished with considerable amount. The more effective methods of odor removal with the utilization of waste gases were estimated by studies of similar cases to acquire standard methods of making energy resources by waste gases.