The goal of this study was to examine the effects of urban forest program on environmental sensitivity, academic stress and academic achievement in high school students. Thirty high school students were assigned to an experimental group, which participated in weekly urban forest program, and thirty students to a control group. As a result, the experimental group showed the significant improvement in environmental sensitivity and academic achievement, and higher environmental sensitivity along with lower academic stress. The results suggest that, as urban forest program enhances environmental sensitivity of students, their academic stress was reduced, and the program may influence academic achievement positively.

In this study the urban atmospheric environment map in Busan was made and it consist of the atmospheric environment element map and the atmospheric environment analysis map. The atmospheric environment element map covered the topography, the urban climate, the air pollutant emission, ozone and PM10 concentrations in Busan and the atmospheric environment analysis map included the thermal environment and the wind flow by using WRF meteorological numerical simulation. The meteorological elements from 2007 to 2011 in Busan were used in this study. As a result, in the center of Busan and Buk-gu along to the Nakdong river was the temperature high. To analyze the air flow of Busan 3 clusters depending on the wind direction were extracted with the cluster analysis. The results of the analysis on the detailed wind field of each cluster showed that the weak ventilation could be happened locally at the specific meteorological condition.

Recent developments in robotics and intelligent vehicle area, bring interests of people in an autonomous driving ability and advanced driving assistance system. Especially fully automatic parking ability is one of the key issues of intelligent vehicles, and accurate parked vehicles detection is essential for this issue. In previous researches, many types of sensors are used for detecting vehicles, 2D LiDAR is popular since it offers accurate range information without preprocessing. The L shape feature is most popular 2D feature for vehicle detection, however it has an ambiguity on different objects such as building, bushes and this occurs misdetection problem. Therefore we propose the accurate vehicle detection method by using a 3D complete vehicle model in 3D point clouds acquired from front inclined 2D LiDAR. The proposed method is decomposed into two steps: vehicle candidate extraction, vehicle detection. By combination of L shape feature and point clouds segmentation, we extract the objects which are highly related to vehicles and apply 3D model to detect vehicles accurately. The method guarantees high detection performance and gives plentiful information for autonomous parking. To evaluate the method, we use various parking situation in complex urban scene data. xperimental results shows the qualitative and quantitative performance efficiently.

  This study suggests plan of green space management based on the result of research apprehending the characteristic through sorting types of city thermal environment targeting summer which thermal pollution is the most serious. Considering anthropogenic heat, development level of wind road, thermal environment, as a result of types of thermal environment process, it is appeared 36 types, and 10 types is relevant of this research subject. Type Ⅰ-1, size of building is large, artificial covering area is wide, and thermal load of anthropogenic heat is high, typeⅡ-1, development condition of wind road is incomplete as Ⅱlevel, entering cold air is difficult and thermal management and improvement is needed area. Type Ⅲ-1, scale is large and it is area of origin of cold air, development level of wind road is mostly favorable, type Ⅲ-2 is revealed as smaller scale than Ⅲ-1, and small area of origin of cold air. Type Ⅳ, anthropogenic heat is 81～150 W/㎡, average, but development function of wind road is very favorable. Type Ⅴ, large area of thermal load and the origin of cold air are distributed as similar ratio, and level of development function of wind road is revealed as Ⅱ level. According to standard of type classification of thermal environment, as a result of suggesting plan of green space management and biotops area ratio, type Ⅰ-1 is buffer green space and waterway creation, goal biotops area ratio 35%, type Ⅱ-1 afforestation in site and goal biotops area ratio 40%, type Ⅲ-1, preservation plan to display the current function continuously is requested. Type Ⅳ suggests afforestation of stream current, and typeⅤ suggests quantitative increase of green space and goal biotops area ratio 45%.

본 연구에서는 대구광역시 도시공원 중 대다수를 차지하고 있는 어린이공원 중 달서구에 위치한 4개 어린이 공원을 대상으로 CPTED 이론을 적용하여 이용자의 안전 만족도를 조사하고, 체크리스트를 바탕으로 CPTED 설계원칙에 따른 물리적 환경 적합도를 분석하여 그에 대한 개선방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 이를 위해, 우선 설문 조사를 통한 어린이공원 이용자의 심리적 · 물리적 안전 만족도를 조사하였는데, 응답자의 절반 이상이 공원에서의 범죄발생에 대하여 심리적 · 물리적 불안감을 느끼는 것으로 조사되었다. 공원별로는 미리내공원, 은하수공원, 목련공원, 샛별공원의 순으로 심리적 · 물리적 불안감이 높은 것으로 조사되어, 물리적 안전에 대한 낮은 만족도가 심리적인 범죄 불안감을 증가시킬 수 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 또한, 도시공원 · 녹지의 유형별 세부기준 등에 관한 지침을 바탕으로 다섯 가지 CPTED 설계원칙에 따른 14개 항목의 체크리스트 작성하여 현장 조사를 통한 범죄예방 환경설계의 물리적 환경에 관한 문제점을 찾고 종합적으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 다섯 가지 설계원칙 중 ‘활동의 지원’이 가장 높은 물리적 환경 적합도를, ‘영역성 강화’도 보통이상의 적합도를 나타내었으나, ‘감시강화’, ‘유지관리’, ‘접근통제’에서는 보통이하로 나타나 공원의 범죄예방을 위해서는 이러한 측면을 강화한 재정비가 필요한 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 분석을 바탕으로 향후 기존의 공원을 재정비할 경우 범죄예방을 위해서는 특히 다음과 같은 환경설계가 고려되어야 할 것으로 판단된다(National Police Agency, 2005; Seoul Metropolitan Government, 2009). 첫째, 관목의 경우 1-1.5m, 교목일 경우 지하고 1.8m 이상의 수목을 식재하여 시야확보를 통한 자연적 감시가 이루어지도록 해야한다. 둘째, 공원 내에 CCTV를 설치하여 기계적 감시를 강화하고, 경고문 부착, 관리사무실 설치 등 범죄자를 미리 차단시키는 접근 통제가 이루어져야 한다. 셋째, 공원 경계에 설치하는 담장은 자연적 감시를 위해 투시형으로 설치하며, 주출입구가 아닌 곳으로의 접근을 통제하기 위해 높이는 1.5m-1.8m로 제한한다. 또한, 경계부분에 생울타리를 식재 할 경우 자연감시와 접근통제를 위해 수고를 1-1.5m로 제한한다. 넷째, 공원 안내판은 주출입구의 잘 보이는 곳에 설치하며, 이용준수사항, 공원이용시간, 금지사항 등의 내용을 기재해야 한다. 다섯째, 공원 내 · 외부의 환경 정리를 철저히 하여 항시 깨끗한 상태를 유지하고, 공원 주변을 주차금지구역으로 지정하여 차량으로 인한 내부 감시 차단을 방지하며, 건물, 시설물, 수목 등으로 인한 사각지대가 발생하지 않도록 지속적으로 관리해야 한다. 여섯째, 공원 내의 시설물에 대한 유지관리를 철저히 하며, 훼손된 시설물에 대해서는 빠른 시일 내에 보수 및 교체가 이루어져야 한다. 본 연구에서는 조사대상지를 대구광역시 달서구에 위치한 어린이공원 4곳으로 한정하였기 때문에 모든 도시공원에 적용할 수 있는 결과를 도출하기 위해서는 보다 다양한 유형의 공원을 대상으로 한 연구가 필요하다. 특히, 범죄에 취약한 계층인 어린이, 여성 및 노년층 중심으로 CPTED 체크리스트를 바탕으로한 설문조사 및 이들의 행태에 따른 현장조사가 강화된다면 범죄예방 환경설계에 유용한 결과가 도출될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 또한, 도시공원의 개별적인 물리적 환경과 범죄불안감과의 직접적인 관계를 파악할 필요가 있는데, 물리적 환경에 따른 이용자들의 이용 행태가 어떠한 유형의 범죄에 대한 불안감을 유도하는지 파악한다면 보다 구체적인 범죄예방 설계방향이 제시될 수 있을 것으로 판단한다.

In recent years, the research of 3D mapping technique in urban environments obtained by mobile robots equipped with multiple sensors for recognizing the robot’s surroundings is being studied actively. However, the map generated by simple integration of multiple sensors data only gives spatial information to robots. To get a semantic knowledge to help an autonomous mobile robot from the map, the robot has to convert low-level map representations to higher-level ones containing semantic knowledge of a scene. Given a 3D point cloud of an urban scene, this research proposes a method to recognize the objects effectively using 3D graph model for autonomous mobile robots. The proposed method is decomposed into three steps: sequential range data acquisition, normal vector estimation and incremental graph-based segmentation. This method guarantees the both real-time performance and accuracy of recognizing the objects in real urban environments. Also, it can provide plentiful data for classifying the objects. To evaluate a performance of proposed method, computation time and recognition rate of objects are analyzed. Experimental results show that the proposed method has efficiently in understanding the semantic knowledge of an urban environment.

Yongsan ward is located at central place connecting south and north ecology axis of seoul. Various environment-friendly Yongsan development could pose positive effects on NPS(non pollutant source) pollutant reductions and water quality improvement at Han-rive because BOD, T-N, and T-P NPS discharges took 90% of total pollutant from this area. In this study, direct runoff and NPS pollutant loads were evaluated before and after development using spatio-tamporal change in CN(curve number) and EMC(event mean concentration) data. It was found that direct runoff value is 23,584,724 m3, and BOD, T-N and T-P loads are 104,456 kg/year, 111,483 kg/year and 7,500 kg/year under pre-development condition, respectively. Annual runoff, BOD, T-N and T-P reducing rate were 12.9%, 33.3%, 35.6% and 40.7% under integrated post-development condition, respectively. Based on the results obtained in this study, environment-friendly urban development could be achieved at Yongsan area.

A map of complex environment can be generated using a robot carrying sensors. However, representation of environments directly using the integration of sensor data tells only spatial existence. In order to execute high-level applications, robots need semantic knowledge of the environments. This research investigates the design of a system for recognizing objects in 3D point clouds of urban environments. The proposed system is decomposed into five steps: sequential LIDAR scan, point classification, ground detection and elimination, segmentation, and object classification. This method could classify the various objects in urban environment, such as cars, trees, buildings, posts, etc. The simple methods minimizing time-consuming process are developed to guarantee real-time performance and to perform data classification on-the-fly as data is being acquired. To evaluate performance of the proposed methods, computation time and recognition rate are analyzed. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has efficiency in fast understanding the semantic knowledge of a dynamic urban environment.

This study conducted a basic experiment to build vibration power generation system that has no limit of location to install, has consistent generation all the time regardless of weather changes, and forecast power supply. The vibration power generation system applies vibration energy occurring from cars driving on the bridge to infrastructure facilities by using Faraday's law and changing into electric energy. As a basic experiment study to build the vibration power generation system infra, this study suggested a non-powered self-generator and analyzed a relationship with electromotive force of vibration energy and the vibration generator through analysis of dynamic characteristics of the vibration generator and the interior experiment in order to lead and verify the formula generating electromotive force.

In this study, thermal environment improvements throughout public design improvement project on the urban street space were compared and evaluated. Thermo-Render 3.0, 3D-CAD based thermal environment simulation program, had been used for thermal environment improvement evaluations. Followings are the results. First, clayey blocks which have low heat transfer rate and cool island effect by trees and roof gardens brought cooling effects for buildings and surface of streets. Seconds, MRT values showed low levels because of low radiant mulching materials. Thirds, roof gardens contributed to reduce heat island effect since HIP levels were affected by decreasing heat storage effect of buildings from roof gardens. As a result, reducing heat storage effect throughout selecting and arranging proper materials which would not increase heat island potentials should be performed to improve heat island effects.

To preserve atmospheric environment of urban areas, it needs to create urban space considering air pollution sources and natural and geographical properties such as wind circulation. According to this study could examine climate and environmental characteristics of Daegu and accordingly suggest a climate map in urban environment and an “advice map” in urban planning. The urban area(area paved with asphalt and concrete) of Daegu has increased by more than five times since 1960. In addition, the analysis of thermal environment through satellite data shows that the surface temperature between a place paved with artificial structures and a farmland shows 10∼20℃ difference during the daytime in the summer. Regarding the parks inhibiting the heat island of a city have the small area of trees, and the road paved with concrete is wide so that they hardly serve as the source of heat absorption. As Apsan is located to the south of Daegu and Palgonsan to the north and Daegu has east high west low type, mountain wind from mountains in the south and north passes a city and delivers heat and air pollutions at night. In the west of Daegue, there is the poorest environment and industrial facilities and environmental basic facilities are mostly located, so large residential complexes that are being built around the industrial facilities as if they set up a folding screen and therefore the poor environment is increasingly worse.

본 연구는 우리나라의 대표적인 해항도시이며, 우리나라의 해양수도 및 동북아 관문항을 지향하는 부산광역시와 인천광역시의 해양환경 관리실태를 비교 분석하고 이의 제고방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 본 연구는 해양환경지표로서 수온(C), 염분(‰), 수소이온농도(PH), 용존산소(DO: mg/l), 화학적 산소요구량(COD: mg/l), 용존무기질소(DIN: mg/l), 총질소(T-N: mg/l), 용존무기인(DIP: mg/l), 총인(T-P: mgp/ml), 규산규소(Sio2-Si), 부유물질(mg/l), 클로로필(Chi-a: μg/l) 등의 총 12개 지표들을 사용하였다. 연구의 결과, 부산광역시와 인천광역시의 경우 2000년도부터 2003년도까지는 해양환경상태가 악화되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 부산광역시 및 인천광역시의 해양환경상태를 악화시키고 있는 해양환경지표는 총질소, 용존무기인, 총인 등으로 나타났고, 이들 해양환경지표들은 해가 갈수록 악화되고 있는 것으로 분석되었다.

In this study the AWS was installed in three areas to analyze creation and characteristics of local wind circulation through observation. According to the result, in night time when mountain wind is well developed showed temperature in A area located in Dalbigol valley and B area adjacent with the valley was lower than C area located in the lowland of the center of city by 1.5∼4℃. The wind speed was also shown two times stronger than C area. In addition, in terms of wind direction, A and B areas showed east wind consistently according to topographic shapes of Dalbigol valley with high altitude and residential sites of lowland with low altitude. Although the C area didn’t show big changes in wind direction due to the effects of city structures, east wind is often seen so mountain wind from Dalbigol valley is found to have an effect at least. Through the analysis of temperature, wind speed, and wind direction, nigh time showed relatively cold mountain wind blew following Dalbigol valley, throughout residential sites and to the center of city with lowland. During the daytime, the temperature in the city with lowland and residential sites is constantly higher than A area located in Dalbigol valley, and strong wind speed following Dalbigol valley, and three areas have 200∼300° of main wind direction, so west valley wind throughout the city with lowland and following Dalbigol is clearly formed.

The present study explores time and spatial thermal environment for Daegu, which is a city built on a basin area, according to varying land cover conditions of the earth's surface by analyzing data derived from meteorological observation and satellite images. The study has classified land use by utilizing MODIS satellite images and analyzed land surface temperature. Also, by using data acquired from automatic weather system, the study has evaluated the effects of atmospheric heating caused by city pavements by analyzing the sensible heat flux between the city's land surface and the atmosphere.The results are as follows. 1) Classification of land use in the Daegu area shows 46.64% of urban and built-up area, 1.39% of watersides, 35.19% of forest, 11.43% of crops, and 5.37% grasslands. 2) During the weekdays throughout the year, the land surface temperature was high for Dalseogu, Bukgu, and Seogu regions where industrial complexes could be found. Comparatively, lower temperature could be observed in the woodlands. 3) While the land surface temperature displayed the effects of pushing air upwards during the weekdays in urban areas, the reverse was true for forest regions. During the night, the temperature did not exert any significant influence on air movement.

In recent years, the urban thermal environment has become worse, such as days on which the temperature goes above 30℃, sultry nights and heat stroke increase, due to the changes in terrestrial cover such as concrete and asphalt and increased anthropogenic heat emission accompanied by artificial structure. The land use type is an important determinant to near-surface air temperature. Due to these reasons we need to understand and improve the urban thermal environment. In this study, the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University- National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model(MM5) was applied to the metropolitan of Daegu area in order to investigate the influence of land cover changes and urban modifications increase of Albedo to the surface energy budget on the simulated near-surface air temperature and wind speed. The single urban category in existing 24-category U.S. Geological survey land cover classification used in MM5 was divided into 6 classes to account for heterogeneity of urban land cover. As a result of the numerical simulation intended for the metropolitan of Daegu assumed the increase of Albedo of roofs, buildings, or roads, the increase of Albedo (Cool scenario)can make decrease radiation effect of surface, so that it caused drops in ambient air temperature from 0.2 to 0.3 on the average during the daylight hours and smaller (or near-zero) decrease during the night. The Sensible heat flux and Wind velocity is decreased. Modeling studies suggest that increased surface albedo in urban area can reduce surface and air temperatures near the ground and affect related meteorological parameters such as winds, surface air temperature and sensible heat flux.

Numerical simulation is essential to indicate the flow of the atmosphere in the region with a complicated topography which consists of many mountains in the inland while it is neighboring the seashore. Such complicated topography produces land and sea breeze as the mesoscale phenomenon of meteorology which results from the effect of the sea and inland. In the mesoscale simulation examines, the change of the temperature in relation to the one of the sea surface for the boundary condition and, in the inland, the interaction between the atmosphere and land surface reflecting the characteristic of the land surface. This research developed and simulated PNULSM to reflect both the SST and vegetation effect as a bottom boundary for detailed meteorological numerical simulation in coastal urban area. The result from four experiments performed according to this protocol revealed the change of temperature field and wind field depending on each effect. Therefore, the lower level of establishment of bottom boundary suitable for the characteristic of the region is necessary to figure out the atmospheric flow more precisely, and if the characteristic of the surface is improved to more realistic conditions, it will facilitate the simulation of regional environment.

본 연구는 서울시내의 구시가지에 해당하는 도심부근 중구에 입지한 학교 학생들의 공간적 통학환경과 신시가지인 강남구에 입지한 학교 학생들의 그것을 비교 연구한 것이다. 연구를 위하여 중구의 초등학교와 중학교, 강남구의 초등학교와 중학교를 선정하여 학교주변의 유해환경을 조사하여 지도화하였고, 학생들의 통학거리, 방과 후의 사교육활동을 위한 이동거리를 설문으로 조사하여 분석하였다. 연구결과 도심부의 학교 주변에는 많은 비교육적 기능체들이 입지되어 있어서 학교주변의 정화가 필요했고, 학생들의 통학을 위한 이동거리는 긴 편이었다. 그러나 가장 중요한 것은 방과 후 사교육활동을 위한 이동거리의 차가 컸다. 강남지역 학교학생들은 도심지역 학교학생들보다 방과 후 사교육활동을 위한 이동거리가 거의 2배 이상이 되어서 빈부의 격차를 나타냈다. 이는 데일리 프리즘의 개념에서 장래의 격차를 고착화할 수 있다고 판단되었다.

This study has attempted to verify the methods of analyzing green space by selecting real space and by applying a new index to classify green space type according to the published results (Song, 1998). Most of studies that have been done so far had biased points of views by focusing on the utilizing aspects of green space, by quantifying the surface amount of green space, and by lacking the distinction between bare space and green covered space. Thus, this study tried to establish a new index for green space by taking the presence or absence of green covered space and the characteristics of human utilization into consideration. The new index that classified green space into three categories such as green space for existence, green space for utility, and green space for both existence and utility was applied for analyses in combination with the ratio of green space, the ratio of green covered surface, and the amount of green volume. And it was verified as an useful index to understand the environment of green space. The results showed that higher ratio of green space was not corresponding to higher ratio of green covered space for a given green space located at a primary school site. In addition, green space area and green covered area was not proportional with the amount of green volume. These results showed that green space panning should be combined with afforestation plan to secure more pleasant environment of green space. It was expected that these results would effectively contribute to the stereoscopic analysis in the environment of green space and the demand of requiring various green spaces in a limited land.