PURPOSES : Under the capacity conditions with balanced approach flows, roundabouts give less delay than existing signalized intersections; however, flows over 450 vehicles/hour/lane with unbalanced approach flow conditions, roundabouts efficiency drops due to the short time difference between the critical gap and the follow-up headway. The purpose of this study is developing a roundabout Signal Metering operation method by considering approach lanes degree of saturation. METHODS : A four-way-approach with one-lane roundabout is selected to compare the Signal Metering performance for the case of 16 different unbalanced flow conditions. Based on these traffic conditions, the performance is evaluated for 64 different cases of Signal Metering combinations by using SIDRA software. A degree of saturation(V/C ratio) sum for two adjoined approaches is used for the performance index of choosing Metered Approach and Controlling Approach. RESULTS : When the V/C ratio sum is 0.29~0.81 and Metered Approach flow is less than Controlling Approach flow, the average delay saving per vehicle is about 7 seconds; however, after this rage the delay saving decreases gradually until the V/C ratio sum reaches around 1.0. The range of V/C ratio sum 0.93~1.09 provides average delay saving per vehicle about 3 seconds. In case of V/C ratio sum is grater than 1.0 and the flows of Metered Approach is grater than Controlling Approach, the average delay per vehicle increases 3~11 times respectively. CONCLUSIONS : As expected, the Signal Metering provides substantial improvements in delay saving for the case of V/C ratio sum is 0.3~1.0 under the traffic flow conditions of Metered Approach is less than Controlling Approach.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology to estimate level of service of arterial including Exclusive Median Bus Lanes. METHODS : On 6 Exclusive Median Bus Lanes routes in Seoul, bus travel time and number of bus-stop per km were investigated. Also whether or not passing lane exists at bus-stop was checked. Based on the data from sites, bus travel time was estimated according to length of segment, number of bus-stop per km and whether or not passing lane exists at bus-stop. RESULTS : A bus travel time table was developed according to length of segment, number of bus-stop per km and whether or not passing lane exists at bus-stop. After bus travel speed and passenger car travel speed is estimated based on each travel time table and length of segment, two speeds are combined with weighted average speed using traffic volume of each lane group. Then weighted average speed is a measure of effectiveness of arterial including Exclusive Median Bus Lanes. CONCLUSIONS : It can be concluded that the proposed methodology can estimate level of service of arterial including Exclusive Median Bus Lanes considering the operation characteristics of Exclusive Median Bus Lanes.

The purpose of this study was to process extraction and separation for polyglucose porpyran from pophyra yezoensis as high yield. The acidic porphyran solution was extracted with 0.1∼1N of α,β-dichloromaleic acid or α-chloromaleic acid of 2% solution as organic acid instead of inorganic acid at 60℃ and then porphyran was collection of high yield to acidic solution and it was neutralization treated with 0.1N of d-Ca(OH)2 solution and the mixture was conversion to porphyran salt form and treated with a shell powder of ouster and then added of ethanol as precipitator. It recovery porphyran contained of violet purple laver coloring matter was obtained as a crystalline and used for the next step without future purification to prepare of porphyran laver jam. so, The resulting porphyran and porphyran jam was characterized by it component and physical properties.

호남평야지(미사질양토)에서 무논점파재배시 입모향상을 위한 적정 논굳힘 일수를 알아보고자 호품벼를 공시하여 논굳힘일수을 로타리후 1, 2, 3, 4일(로타리후 담수 1일)로 처리하였으며, 파종 후 물관리 방법을 알아보고자 파종 후 물관리는무담수, 간헐담수(파종후 2, 4, 6일)로 처리하였고 그리고 제초제 적정 처리시기를 알아보고자 제초제 처리시기를 파종 후10, 12, 14, 16로 하여 입모수 및 초기생육을 조사하였다.무논점파재배시 논굳힘 일수에 따른 입모수는 2, 3일 논굳힘에서 m2당 117, 114개로 많았으나 1일 및 4일 논굳힘에서는 m2당 88개 및 83개로 적었으며, 초장 및 근장은 논굳힘 3일 까지는 논굳힘 일수가 증가할수록 길었으나 논굳힘 4일에서는 짧아졌다.무논점파 재배시 파종후 간헐담수에 따른 입모수는 파종후2일 및 4일에서는 m2당 117개 및 113개였으나 파종후 6일에서는 92개, 무담수 처리에서는 84개로 적었으며, 파종후 간헐 담수에 따른 파종후 13일 초장은 파종후 2일 및 4일 간헐담수 처리에서는 각각 3.3 및 2.5cm였고 파종후 6일 및 무담수시에는 1.7cm 및 1.0cm로 파종후 파종 후 간헐담수 시기가 늦어짐에 따라 초장이 짧아졌으며 근장 역시 같은 경향이었다.무논점파 재배시 파종후 담수 및 제초제 처리시 파종후 10일에서는 초장은 2.0cm였으나 파종후 12일에서는 3.2cm, 14일 및 16일에서는 각각 4.5 및 7.7cm로 길어졌으며 근장 역시 같은 경향이었으며, 무논점파 재배시 파종후 담수 및 제초제 처리에 따른 잡초발생정도는 파종후 12일 까지는 발생하지않았으나 파종후 14일부터 약간 발생하였다.이상의 결과로 보아 호남평야지(미사질양토)에서 무논점파재배시 적정 논굳힘 일수는 토양 상태, 입모수 및 초기생육을고려하여 볼 때 로타리 후 3일(담수 1일, 낙수 2일), 파종 후물관리 방법은 파종 후 2일에 1일 간 간헐담수 처리가 그리고적정 제초제 처리시기는 초기생육을 고려하여 볼 때 파종 후12일이 알맞은 것으로 판단되었다.

목 적: 운무법에서 실린더 굴절력 및 축 오류가 존재하는 경우 크로스실린더를 사용하지 않고 피검자가 인식하는 방사선 시표의 진한선 이동에 입각하여 추가적인 교정방법을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: -1.25D~-1.5D의 정난시가 존재하는 34명의 대상자를 기준으로 원래의 실린더 굴절력 및 축에서 얼마의 오류가 발생하였는지를 평가하였다. 검사를 위한 전제조건은 교정 실린더 축은 의도적으로 5° 오류를, 실린더 굴절력은 원래 교정 값에서 의도적으로 -0.5D 혹은 -0.75D 감소 및 증가시켰다. 첫 번째 검사는 운무상태에서 실린더 축을 먼저 교정하고, 실린더 굴절력을 교정하였고, 두 번째 검사는 운무상태에서 실린더 굴절력을 먼저 교정하고, 실린더 축을 교정하였다. 실린더 굴절력 오류 및 축 오류를 비교하였다. 결 과: 실린더 굴절력 오류 및 축 오류는 각각 절댓값 0.25D 및 1° 보다 작았다. 결 론: 운무법을 통한 난시교정에서 15° 간격의 방사선 시표에서 추가적인 방법으로써 다음과 같이 제시될 수 있다. ① 인식된 진한 선 이동값이 45° 보다 작은 경우 실린더 굴절력을 증가시켜 처음에 인식한 진한선 방향에서 진한 선을 45° 정도 떨어지게 이동시킨다. 그 후에 모든 선 방향들이 균일하게 진할 때까지 진한선 이동방향과 반대 방향으로 실린더 축을 이동시켜 교정한다. ② 인식된 진한선 이동값이 45°인 경우 모든 선 방향들이 균일하게 진할 때까지 진한선 이동방향과 반대방향으로 실린더 축을 이동시켜 교정한다. ③인식된 진한 선 이동값이 45° 보다 큰 경우 실린더 굴절력을 감소시켜 처음에 인식한 진한선 방향에서 진한 선을 45° 정도 떨어지게 이동시킨다. 그 후에 모든 선 방향들이 균일하게 진할 때까지 진한선 이동방향과 반대방향으로 실린더 축을 이동시켜 교정한다.

발레의 핵심을 가장 잘 가르칠 수 있는 교수방법은 무엇인가? 모든 발레교육자들이 알고 싶 어하는 대답일 것이다. 예술로서 발레는 기술적 측면과 정신적 측면이 조화를 이루어야 하는데, 기술의 지도방법에 대한 합의는 어느 정도 이루어진 상태이다. 반면, 정신을 교육시키는 방법에 대한 이해는 매우 부족하다. 본 연구는 발레정신의 구성요소에 대한 1차 연구를 바탕으로 발레 의 교육내용으로서 발레정신을 가르치기 위한 교수방법 중 간접교수방법에 초점을 맞춘다. 이에 따라 본 연구의 목적은 발레정신 지도에서의 간접교수방법의 유형 및 교육적 효과를 살펴보고 그 역할이 무엇인지 이해하는 것이다. 간접교수방법이란 교수행동(교수자의 열정, 사랑, 유머, 말투, 표정, 태도 등)과 간접전달(개인의 사상과 삶이 일치되도록 하려는 교육방법)을 사용하는 교수방법을 의미한다. 질적 연구방법론을 활용하여 문헌분석, 예비조사, 심층면담, 비참여관찰, 개방형 설문지, 전문가회의를 통해 자료를 수집하였으며, 수집된 자료는 Spradley(1980)의 문화연 구 분석방법, 개별코딩분석을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구의 진실성을 확보하기 위해서 삼각검증 법, 참여자브리핑, 구성원간체크를 실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 발레정신을 지도 하는데 사용되는 간접교수방법은 체험권유, 음악감지, 성찰자극, 환경조성, 인성전이의 유형으로 분류된다. 둘째, 발레교육에서 간접교수방법의 사용은 신체와 움직임에 대한 이해 향상 및 학습 내용의 내면화를 통해 학습자에게 자기성찰의 기회를 제공할 뿐만 아니라 인성을 함양시키는 교육적 효과를 지닌다. 셋째, 교수자의 간접교수행동은 전인교육을 실현할 수 있는 잠재적 교육 과정으로서의 역할을 한다. 예술교육으로서 발레교육을 실행할 때에는 발레정신이 강조될 수밖 에 없다는 점을 감안한다면, 본 연구의 결과는 발레교육자가 간접교수방법을 효과적으로 발휘할 수 있도록 교육받아야 한다는 점을 알려준다.

The present study was conducted to compare on embryo survival rates by blastomere isolation methods, and establish the optimal PCR procedure for perform the sexing of bovine blastocysts produced by IVF. IVF embryos used in the study was used the Bisected or Sliced methods for blastomere isolation, and the survival rates of blastocyst with rapid way of sexing PCR was assessed. In the present study for survival rates in blastocyst was the total cleavage rate was 75% and a blastocyst development among cleaved embryos was 40%. Survival rate of embryos treated with intact, bisected or sliced method was 100, 63.3 or 81.3%, respectively. Therefore, survival rate of embryos treated with sliced method was higher compared to that of embryos treated with bisected method. The sexing rate of female or male was not significantly different between S4BFBR primer and BSY + BSP primer (1.75 : 1 vs. 1.43 : 1), respectively. Because of the PCR amplification using the S4BFBR primer was simpler method than multiplex PCR amplification method. Furthermore, the accuracy of sexing rate and reduction of PCR work time between 2-step and 3-step of PCR methods was 98.0% / 1.5 hr and 97.0% / 3.5 hr, respectively. Based on these results, it can be suggested that the sliced and PCR methods we developed was very effective method to reduce time consuming and procedure of PCR amplification for sexing with the increase of survival rate on the blastocyst.

Spermatogenesis is initiated from spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) that has an ability of self-renewal and unipotency to generate differentiating germ cells. The objective of this study is to develop the simple method for derivation of SSCs using non-sorting of both spermatogonia and feeder cells. Simply uncapsulated mouse testes were treated with enzymes followed by surgical mincing, and single cells were cultured in stempro-34TM cell culture media at 37℃. After 5 days of culture, aciniform of SSC colony was observed, and showed a strong alkaline phosphatase activity. Molecular characterization of mouse SSCs showed that most of the mouse SSC markers such as integrin α6 and β1, CD9 and Stra8. In addition, pluripotency embryonic stem cell (ESC) marker Oct4 were expressed, however Sox2 expression was lowered. Interestingly, expression of SSC markers such as Vasa, Dazl and PLZF were stronger than mouse ESC (mESC). This data suggest that generated mouse SSCs (mSSCs) in this study has at least similar biomarkers expression to mESC and mSSCs derived from other study. Immunocytochemistry using whole mSSC colony also confirmed that mSSCs generated from this study expressed SSC specific biomarkers such as c-kit, Thy1, Vasa and Dazl. In conclusion, mSSCs from 5 days old mouse testes were successfully established without sorting of spermatogonia, and this cells expressed both mESC and SSC specific biomarkers. This simple derivation method for mSSCs may facilitate the study of spermatogenesis.

The international standard of ISO/IEC 19774 H-Anim (Humanoid Animation) defines the hierarchical structure and modeling data of a human for the generation of human animation. A common character data format is necessary in order to share and exchange characters between different applications, including gaming applications. H-Anim can be used for this purpose, and is progressing towards further standardization of new functionalities. This paper describes the modeling and animation method of a game character based on H-Anim using a general graphics tool. It also describes an algorithm to convert from H-Anim WRL, the output file generated by the general graphics tool, to H-Anim X3D based on the H-Anim specification. In addition, an experiment is described that shows compatibility of the designed H-Anim character with a general X3D browser. General behavior animations applied directly to the H-Anim character are also included.

고형페기물 매립지에서 온실가스 배출량 산정은 기후변화에 대응 측면에서 매우 중요한 사항이다. 국내에서 메탄가스 배출량 산정은 주로 IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)가이드라인에 근거하여 매립지 표면에서 직접적으로 flux chamber를 이용하여 배출량을 측정하거나, 또는 FOD(First Order Decay)방법에 의존하여 왔다. 그러나 FOD방법은 매립특성을 반영한 매립가스발생속도상수(k)를 정확히 산정하는데 어려움이 존재하고, 또한 표면 발산량을 측정하는 방법은 매립지 표면에서 배출량이 다양하고 측정이 한정된 기간에만 국한된다는 문제점을 내재하고 있다. 대안으로 본 연구에서는 plume measurement의 한 방법으로 대기확산모델을 활용한 역모델링기법을 적용하는 것을 검토하였다. 역모델링에 의해서 매립지 메탄가스 배출량을 직접 계산하기 위한 방법론을 정리하고, 실제 대전매립지에서 측정한 메탄농도를 이용하여 역모델링기법을 적용한 매립지 메탄 배출량 산정하는 방법에 대하여 제시하였다. 역모델링 과정을 검증하기 위해서 임의의 배출량으로 모델링을 수행하여 모델 예측농도와 확산변수 를 계산하였으며, 역으로 예측농도와 확산변수 를 이용하여 배출량을 재산정 하였다. 재산정한 배출량이 임의의 배출량과 동일함을 확인함으로써 본 연구에서 제시하고 있는 역모델링 절차가 적절함을 검증하였다. 또한, 본 연구에서는 역모델링 기법을 적용하여 실제 대전매립지를 대상으로 메탄 배출량 산정하였다. 대전매립지를 대상으로 메탄배출량을 산정한 결과 29.65~36.68 g/㎡-day로 산정되었으며, 주요 메탄 배출지점은 매립지 내의 유사한 지점에서 일관되게 나타났다. 본 연구방법은 기존의 방법과 비교하면, 메탄농도의 측정방법이 간단하고 비용이 적게 소요되므로 지속적인 모니터링이 가능한 장점이 있으며, 불균일한 매립지 표면의 배출량을 비교적 간편하게 산출이 가능한 것으로 파악되었다. 한편, 본 연구는 제한된 실험에 의한 결과이므로 향후 실제 매립지 배출량을 직접 측정하거나, 또는 추적자 실험을 통해서 그 방법론을 추가로 검증할 필요가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

To meet the growing needs from a variety of stakeholders, the development of modern systems is getting more complex and thus, the systems failure in the actual operations can potentially become more serious. This is why several international or military standards on systems safety have been published. In spite of the importance of meeting those standards such as IEC 61508 and ISO 26262 in the systems development, the associated practical methods seem deficient since those standards do not provide them. The objective of this paper is to present a method to identify potential hazards in fulfilling the requirements of the safety standards. In particular, the approach taken here is based on applying the functional analysis that covers several levels of the system under development. Note, however, that in the most of the conventional methods for hazards identification, the analysis has been focused on the failure at or underneath the component level of the system. The hazards identification method in this paper would cover the level up to the system by utilizing the functions-oriented approach. The case study of the safety enhancement for locomotive cabs is also discussed.

The progress that becomes a basis for measuring the outcome of project is a core of project control. Follow-up corrective actions are determined depending on the degree of their differences. The methods of measuring the project progress have been developed though a variety of research and many were verified through the cases. Among such methods, this study selected Start/Finish method and Fixed Formula method. In order to check the limitations of the progress utilized in the two methods, the study compared their progresses to the progress of Percentage Complete method and analyzed the differences shown in their actual applications. Through this, it suggested the forms and scale of the projects appropriate to the application of Fixed Formula method. As for the research progress method, the study first generated a number of virtual project schedules for the establishment of an analysis model. These project schedules were varied in a way that they had different project periods and the number of different activities. The study also generated numerous project schedules for difference test. After establishing a virtual schedule plan by the scale of projects, it measured their progresses by period, analyzed the differences and repeated this procedure to obtain the results.

According to ISO 26262 (the international standard on functional safety for automotive industry), the functional safety should be considered during the whole automotive systems life cycle from the design phase throughout the production phase. In order to satisfy the standard, the automotive and related industry needs to take appropriate actions while carrying out a variety of development activities. This paper presents an approach to coping with the standard. Analyzing the standard indicates that the safety issues of the automotive systems should be handled with a system's view whereas the conventional approach to solving the issues has been practiced with focus on the component's level. The aforementioned system's view implies that the functional safety shall be incorporated in the system design from both the system's life-cycle view and the hierarchical view for the structure. In light of this, the systems engineering framework can be quite appropriate in the functional safety development and thus has been taken in this paper as a problem solving approach. Of various design issues, the analysis and verification of the safety requirements for functional safety is a key study subject of the paper. Note, in particular, that the conventional FMEA (failure mode effects analysis) and FTA (fault tree analysis) methods seem to be partly relying on the insufficient experience and knowledge of the engineers. To improve this, a systematic method is studied here and the result is applied in the design of an ABS braking system as a case study.

This study was to determine the reliability and validity of manual measurements of patellar height to standard radiographic measurements in 30 knees of 15 subjects. Patellar height was measured using manual and radiographic methods. The manual measurements were performed by two examiners using digital vernier calipers with the subject sitting and the knees in 30° of flexion. The radiographic measurements were performed in the same position. The reliability of the manual measurements was assessed by means of intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC(3,1)], and the validity was investigated using the Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient and an independent t-test. The intra- and inter-rater reliabilities of the manual measurement of patellar height were excellent (ICC=.86 and .88 respectively). The validity of patellar height measured manually compared to the radiographic method was good (Pearson’s r=.69). In conclusion, the manual method is an objective, qualitative measurement of patella height.

The aim of this study was to compare the electromyographic (EMG) activity levels of the scapular upward rotators [upper trapezius (UT), lower trapezius (LT), and serratus anterior (SA)] and other scapular muscles [posterior deltoid (PD), levator scapulae (LS), and infraspinatus (IS)] during isometric lower trapezius exercises. Twenty males with no medical history of shoulder pain or upper extremity disorders were recruited for this study. EMG activity was recorded from the UT, LT, SA, PD, LS, and IS while subjects performed three different exercises: Prone arm lift (PAL), Backward rocking diagonal arm lift (BRDAL), Modified Prone Cobra (MPC). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine any significant differences among the three exercises. A lower relative activation of UT, LT, and SA was seen with the MPC than with the other exercises (p<.05). The relatively lower activation of the UT identified, the MPC exercise as the preferred choice for preferential strengthening the LT (p<.05). However, a higher activation in the PD, LS, and IS occurred with the MPC than with the other exercises (p>.05). The recruitment pattern of synergist varied depending on the exercise posture. These findings suggest that exercise posture is an important factor in the selection of strengthening exercise for weak muscle.

우리나라 국도의 유지·관리를 맡고 있는 국토관리사무소는 유지·관리에 필요한 각 종 장비의 운영현황 을 한눈에 파악하고, 관리를 용이하게 하기 위해 장비별 운행이력을 기록한 “KAMIS”라고 불리는 전산 시스템 이용하고 있다. 도로관리자들은 이 시스템을 통해 장비의 규격, 고유번호, 업무별 사용일수, 실제 작업시간, 누적 장비운행시간 또는 운행 거리, 운전 경비 등이 기록된다. 그러나 도로관리자나 정책 입안자들에게 실질적으로 도로관리장비 운영과 밀접한 관련이 있는 핵심적인 정보를 활용하기에는 적당한 지표를 제공하고 있지 않다. 최근에 ‘KAMIS’ 자료를 활용하여 새로운 지표를 개발한 논문이 발표되었으며, 본 연구에서는 발표된 지표를 활용하여 통계적 방법을 활용한 장비의 적정 보유대수를 산정하는 방법론을 정립하고자 한다. 활용한 지표는 1) 업무 활용도를 이용한 지표와 2) 장비 운행거리를 이용한 지표로서, 업무 활용도를 이용한 지표의 경우 의사결정에 주로 사용되는 계층분석법(Analytical Hierarchy Process)을 통해 도로관리업무별 중요도를 반영하였고, 장비 운행거리를 이용한 지표의 경우 KAMIS의 운행이력자료를 통해 현재 도로관리장비 운영의 적정성을 반영하였다. 본 연구에서는 지표 간 객관적 비교를 용이하게 하기 위해 통계적 방법 중 표준정규분포화(정규화기법)을 수행하였으며, 이를 환산 (Z-score)하여 각 장비별 가중치를 반영한 적정 보유대수를 산정하는 방법론을 정립하였다. 분석결과, 5개 권역에 따라 적정 보유대수가 다르게 산출되었으며, 이는 그 지역의 기후조건과 이에 따 른 업무중요도에 따라 차이가 있는 것으로 파악되었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 지역별·업무 특성별 적정 장비 대수를 반영하여, 궁극적으로 도로관리장비 구매에 필요한 예산을 과학적이고 통계적으로 반영하여 예산 집행의 적정성과 향후 KAMIS의 운영 개선에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The global warming related to GHG (greenhouse gases) emissions from industries is a major issue globally. Furthermore, GHG emissions from the fishery industries also represent an important issue, as indicated by "The Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries" at the Cancun, Mexico, meeting in 1992 and by the Kyoto protocol in 2005. Korea pronounced itself to be a voluntary exclusion management country at the 16th IPCC at Cancun, Mexico, in 2010. However, few analyses of GHG emissions from Korean fisheries have been performed. Therefore, a quantitative analysis of GHG emissions from the major Korean fisheries is needed before guidelines for reducing GHG emissions from the fishing industry can be established. The aim of this study was to assess the present GHG emissions from the Korean Purse seine fishery using the LCA (life cycle assessment) method. The system boundary and allocation method were defined for the LCA analysis. The fuel consumption factor of the purse seine fishery was also calculated. The GHG emissions for the edible fish were evaluated by determining the weights of whole fish and gutted fish. Finally, the GHG emissions required to produce 1kg of whole fish and 1kg of edible fish were deduced. The results will help determine the GHG emissions from the fishery. They will also be helpful to stakeholders and the government in understanding the circumstances involved in GHG emissions from the fishing industry.

In this paper, firstly, acceleration-time histories were generated by varying strong motion duration in the frequency domain for application to a seismically isolated nuclear power structure, so as to examine the effects of strong motion duration on the behavior of the structure. Secondly, real recorded earthquakes were modified to match the target response spectrum based on the revised SRP 3.7.1(2007) and the modified time histories were applied to the analysis of a seismically isolated nuclear power structure. The obtained values of acceleration and displacement responses of the structure were, finally, compared with the values obtained in case of applying acceleration-time histories generated in the frequency domain to the structure.