This study explores whether the use of exergames increases users' physical and exercise effects (i.e., perceived health, physical satisfaction, and perceived exercise effect). This study further explores how the perceived physical and exercise effects influences users' future intention to use. Utilizing both online and offline surveys, the results indicated that frequency of using exergames increased users' perceived health, physical satisfaction, and perceived exercise effect. The results also indicated that perceived exercise effects had a positive effect on users' future intention to use. The implication for future study are discussed..

목 적: 정상인이 선호하는 칼라필터렌즈가 안구의 추적운동과 읽기능력에 영향을 미치는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 정상시력과 색각이상이 발견되지 않는 20대 23명을 대상으로 크로마젠 렌즈의 칼라 8가지 중에서 선호하는 칼라와 선호하는 않는 칼라를 선택하게 한 후 칼라필터렌즈 착용을 통하여 안구 추적운동과 관련된 주시횟수, 안구운동역행과 읽기능력과 관련된 독서 이해력을 검사하였다. 결 과: 선호하는 칼라는 파란색이 전체 26.1%를 차지하였으며, 선호하는 칼라를 이용한 주시횟수는 평균 23.7±23.65회(p<0.01, t=-4.69) 증가하였으며, 안구운동의 역행은 평균 7.9±6.1회(p<0.01, t=-6.17) 증 가함을 보였으며 통계학적 유의성이 있었다. 독서이해력은 평균 8.2±14.3%(p=0.01, t=-2.77) 향상을 보였 다. 주시횟수에 대한 나안 상태와 선호하는 칼라필터렌즈 사이의 피어슨 상관관계(r=0.87, p<0.01)는 높게 나타났고, 역행에 대한 상관관계는 높은 양의 상관관계(r=0.96, p=0.00)를 나타냈다. 그러나 독서이해력은 약한 양의 상관성을 가졌다(r=0.20, p=0.01). 결 론: 선호하는 칼라필터렌즈 안경을 착용하고 독서했을 때, 주시횟수와 증가와 안구운동의 역행이 증가 가 나타났으며, 이로 인하여 독서 이해력이 증진되었다고 추정할 수 있다.

In low to moderate seismic regions, there are limited earthquake ground motion data recorded from past earthquakes. In this regard, th e Gyeongju earthquake (M=5.8)occurred on September 12, 2016 produces valuable information on ground motions. Ground motions w ere recorded at various recording stations located widely in Korean peninsula. Without actual recoded ground motions, it is impossible t o make a ground motion prediction model. In this study, a point source model is constructed to accurately simulate ground motions rec orded at different stations located on different soil conditions during the Gyeongju earthquake. Using the model, ground motions are ge nerated at all grid locations of Korean peninsula. Each grid size has 0.1°(latitude)x0.1°(longitude). Then a contour hazard map is constr ucted using the peak ground acceleration of the simulated ground motions

덕트에 설치되는 오리피스는 압력과 유량 제어용으로 많이 활용되고 있다. 선박의 거주 구역에 통풍 덕트는 환기와 배기를 위해 설치되며 및 선박의 설계 및 건조 후 검사는 공기 유속과 유량 그리고 소음 기준에 대해 수행된다. 이 연구에서는 선박의 선실 별 유량분배에 중요한 요소인 T-분지관을 대상 으로 오리피스를 적용한 경우 난류운동에너지 분포를 고찰하였다.

TPR(체온, 심박수, 호흡수) 및 혈액 검사는 인간뿐만 아니라 동물의 건강상태와 질병 진단에 폭넓게 이용되고 있고, 말에서는 건강상태와 운동능력의 평가에 중요한 분야이다. 국내에 가장 많은 사육두수를 점유하고 있는 한라마(제주산마)에 대한 운동저항성에 대한 조사보고가 없었 다. 본 연구에서는 한라마의 운동 시간에 따른 TPR과 혈액검사를 통하여 운동저항성을 평가하 고자 실시하였다. 시험축은 한라대학교(제주)에서 관리 중인 한라마 5두를 이용하였으며, 각각 운동방법(평보, 속보)와 시간(5분, 10분, 20분)에 따른 TPR과 혈액화학치를 분석하였다. 혈액화 학치는 근육 운동과 관련성이 높은 Creatine kinase(CK), Ca ionaized, Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Potassium, Lactic acid, Cortisol 및 Aldosterone을 분석하였다. 각각 결과는 mean±SD 로 나타냈으며, 통계처리는 t-test를 이용하였고 p<0.05 수준에서 유의성 검정을 하였다. 평보 지속시간(5분, 10분, 20분)에 따른 체온과 심박수는 각각 37.2 – 37.8℃ 및 45.3 – 52.0회/분 로 차이가 없었다. 하지만 호흡수는 운동전이 평균 28.8회/분에서 운동시작 후 33.8회/분 로 유의하 게 증가하였으나(p<0.05), 운동시간 경과에 따른 차이는 없었다(평균 32.5 – 33.8회/분). 속보 운 동시 체온은 운동전이 37.6℃으나 운동시작 후 평균 38.1℃이상, 심박수도 운동전 44.5회/분에서 10분 운동 후 49.3회/분, 호흡수도 운동전 31.0회/분에서 10분 운동 후 38.3회/분으로 유의하게 상승하였다(p<0.05). 한편 혈액화학치는 운동 강도와 지속시간에 따라 으로 CK 302.25 – 372.50, Ca ionaized 1.37 – 1.46, Calcium 12.05 – 12.22, Phosphorus 2.30-2.48, Sodium 100.84 – 137.25, Potassium 3.58 – 4.55, Lactic acid 0.70 – 1.06, Cortisol 6.67 – 7.88 및 Aldosterone 0.68 – 2.05 수준으로 차이가 없었다. 향후 다양한 운동강도에 따른 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

승용말 주요 생산 국가와 협회에서 약 90% 정도가 인공수정으로 망아지를 생산하고 있고, 인공수정에 이용되는 정액은 냉장정액이 90%, 동결정액은 10% 정도 활용되고 있다. 본 연구에 서는 국내 승용말 인공수정 저변 확대에 필요한 씨수말 냉장 정액의 장기보존성 향상을 위하여 냉장 보존용 희석제와 희석 후 보관 형태가 정자의 생존성 및 운동성에 미치는 효과에 대하여 조사하였다. 한국마사회 장수목장에서 관리 중인 씨수말 2두를 이용하였으며, 정액의 희석에는 INRA-96(IMV, France) 및 EZ-mixin(ARS, USA) 희석제를 각각 이용하였고, 냉장(4℃) 상태에 서 96시간까지 보관하면서 정자의 생존율과 운동성을 분석하였다. 보관 형태는 aerobic 및 anaerobic 상태로 하였다. 정자의 운동성은 CASA 시스템을 이용하여 분석하였다. 각각 결과는 mean±SD로 나타냈으며, 통계처리는 t-test를 이용하였고 p<0.05 수준에서 유의성 검정을 하였 다. 승용말 정액 채취 직후 생존율과 운동성은 각각 평균 65.5% - 73.8% 및 40.8% 및 47.8% 였 다. 실험 목적에 따라 INRA96 및 EX-mixin 그리고 aerobic 및 anaerobic 상태로 24, 48, 72 및 96시간 동안 보존 하였다. EZ-mixin 희석제의 aerobic 및 anerobic 상태에서 보존 시간 경과에 따라 생존율은 42.3% - 4.0%, 운동성은 50.4% - 16.0%로 낮아졌다. INRA96희석제에서 보존에 서 생존율은 aerobic 54,3% - 49.9% 및 anaerobic 58.7% - 47.5%로 낮아지는 경향이었으나 유의 차는 없었다(p<0.05). 한편 운동성은 aerobic 34.5% - 37.4% 및 anaerobic 36.6% - 31.9%로 차이 가 없었다. 따라서 각각 희석제에 따른 혐기 및 호기성 상태로의 보존은 생존율과 운동성에도 영향이 없었으나, 희석제의 조성에 따른 생존율과 운동성은 유의한 차이가 인정되었다.

장님마디톡토기는 토양생태계에서 오염물질의 독성영향을 평가하기 위한 국제 공인 표준시험종으로 제안되고 있다. 토양생태계 먹이사슬에서 중요한 역할을 수행하는 톡토기의 특성에 따라 다양한 연구가 시도되고 있으며, 더 민감한 독성영향 종말점이 제시되고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 대표적인 토양오염물질인 중금속의 생태독성영 향을 평가하기 위하여 장님마다톡토기의 도약능을 이용하였다. 장님마디톡토기는 표준시험법에 따라 중금속 오염토 양에 만성노출되었으며, 이후 생존개체를 수집하여 도약능 평가를 수행하였다. 톡토기의 도약은 일시적인 화학스트레 스를 이용하여 유도되었으며, 이를 회피하기 위한 운동능을 컴퓨터 프로그램을 통해 기록하여 평가하였다. 중금속 오염토양에 노출된 개체는 도약을 통한 회피 경로가 단순화되었으며, 도약 횟수와 길이가 중금속 농도에 따라 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였다. 이는 중금속 오염토양에서 톡토기의 회피능력이 감소할 수 있음을 의미하며, 생태독성을 평가하기 위한 종말점이 될 수 있을 것이라 판단된다.

Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) is used in traditional herbal medicine in many Asian countries for the treatment of several diseases such as diabetes, eczema, night blindness, psoriasis, and rheumatism. Especially, most reports concerning the biological activities of bitter melon have focused on its effects on diabetes and hyperglycemia. Also, bitter melon is regarded as a longevity food, suggesting that it has several beneficial effects on anti-aging and the maintenance of a healthy state. Thus, we investigated whether bitter melon could increase the capacity of exercise in this study. Interestingly, bitter melon fruit extract activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is important for regulating glucose homeostasis, mitochondrial content and exercise capacity. In addition, bitter melon extract increased the expression of enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation such as mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3), carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1b (CPT1b), and pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 4 (PDK4). Moreover, exercise tolerance was much more enhanced in bitter melon treated animals compared to the non-treated control group. These results suggest that bitter melon is a promising candidate for the development of functional foods beneficial for physical strength and the enhancement of exercise capacity.

Although cryopreservation of sperm is routinely used for clinical requirement, it has some problems, such as high generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cold-shock. To reduce the detrimental damage in sperm, anti-oxidants were added to cryoprotectant for sperm. Curcumin is one of anti-oxidants, which are added in cryoprotectants. However, recent studies have demonstrated that curcumin decreases sperm viability and motility. This study was performed to identify the effect of curcumin on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-exposed bovine sperm, which were cryopreserved-thawed. In H2O2-exposed bovine sperm, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significantly reduced by treatment with curcumin in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Among tested concentrations of curcumin (1 to 50 μM), 30 and 50 μM curcumin showed anti-oxidant effect on H2O2-induced ROS generation. On the other hand, combination of 30 or 50 μM curcumin with anti-oxidant H2O2 increased the percentage of apoptotic sperm compared to only H2O2 treatment. Sperm viability was also decreased in the combination of 30 or 50 μM curcumin with H2O2 as judged by FDA/PI staining. H2O2–induced decrease in sperm progressive motility was recovered by treatment with 1 μM curcumin. These results show that high concentration of curcumin has anti-oxidant effect, but it has also cytotoxic effect on bovine sperm. Sperm viability and motility might be more affected by cytotoxic signals of curcumin compared to antioxidant signals.

For evaluating the boar semen quality, sperm motility is an important parameter because the movement of sperm indicates active metabolism, membrane integrity and fertilizing capacity. Phospholipase C zeta (PLCz) is important enzyme in spermatogenesis, but the effect has not been confirmed in pigs yet. Therefore, this study was aimed to analyze their association with sperm motility and kinematic characteristics. DNA samples from 124 Duroc pigs with records of sperm motility and kinematic characteristics [total motile spermatozoa (MOT), curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight-line velocity (VSL), the ratio between VSL and VCL (LIN), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH)] were subjected. A SNP in non-coding region of PLCz g.158 A > C was associated with MOT (p < 0.05), VCL (p < 0.01), LIN (p < 0.01) and ALH (p < 0.05) in Duroc population. Therefore, we suggest that the intron region of the porcine PLCz gene may be used as a molecular marker for Duroc boar semen quality, although its functional effect was not defined yet. Whether the association is due to the candidate gene or not require further verification. Thus, it will be of interest to continue association studies in the regions surrounding those genes.

For evaluating the boar semen quality, sperm motility (MOT) is an important parameter because the movement of spermatozoa indicates active metabolism, membrane integrity and fertilizing capacity. Estrogen receptors 2(ESR2) is involved in estrogen related apoptosis in cell cycle spermatogenesis, but their functions have not been confirmed in pig until now. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze their association with sperm motility and kinematic characteristics. DNA samples from 105 Duroc pigs with records of semen motility and kinematic characteristics [Total motile spermatozoa (MOT), Curvilinear velocity(VCL), Straight-line velocity(VSL), the ratio between VSL and VCL(LIN), Amplitude of Lateral Head displacement(ALH)] were analyzed. A SNP in coding region of ESR2 g.35547A > G in exon 5 was associated with MOT (p < 0.05) in Duroc population. Therefore, we suggest that the porcine ESR2 gene may be used as a molecular marker for Duroc boar semen quality, although its functional effects were not defined yet. These results might shed new light on the roles of ESR2 in spermatogenesis as candidate gene for boar fertility, but still the lack of association across populations should be considered.

Cluster-of-differentiation antigen 9 (CD9) gene expressed in the male germ line stem cells is crucial for sperm–egg fusion, and was therefore selected as a candidate gene to investigate Duroc boar semen motility and kinematic characteristics. This study was performed to investigatetheir association with semen motility and kinematic characteristics. DNA samples from 96 Duroc pigs with records of sperm motility and kinematic characteristics [Total motile spermatozoa (MOT, 82.27±5.58), Curvilinear velocity(VCL, 68.37±14.58), Straight-line velocity(VSL, 29.06±6.58), the ratio between VSL and VCL(LIN, 47.36±8.42), Amplitude of Lateral Head displacement(ALH, 2.88±0.70)] were used in present study. A single nucleotide polymorphism (g.358A>T) in intron 6 was associated with MOT, VCL, VAP and ALH in Duroc population (p<0.05). Therefore, we suggest that the porcine CD9 may be used as a molecular marker for Duroc boar semen quality, although its functional effect was not clear yet. These results will improve the understanding of the functions of the CD9 in spermatogenesis within the reproductive tracts, and will shed light on CD9 as a candidate gene in the selection of good sperm quality boars.

Taking the cognitive psychology approach, this study sought to investigate the aspect of Korean learners’ French text reading. Especially, it examined the readers’ eye movements (i.e., fixation and saccade) recorded by the eye-tracker. To this end, 14 Korean students of the French language at the language level of A2 and B1 or even higher, and three Frenches participated in the experiment. The results showed that when reading, the learners’ eyeballs did not follow the text but moved irregularly (i.e., ‘saccade’). The six major results were observed: (1) decoding a word in a syllable unit; (2) more fixation on grammatical words of Korean learners compared to French speakers; (3) reading repeatedly with numerous regressions; (4) irregularity of the duration of fixation; (5) numerous fixed points of long gaze duration; and (6) diversity of reading strategies. This suggest that readers pay a lot of attention when they process words, sentence structure, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to instruct Korean learners of French to reconcile spelling and phoneme as well as to reduce the learners’ anxiety towards French texts. Cette recherche, s’inscrivant dans le domaine de la psychologie cognitive, a pour objet de mieux connaître la lecture de textes français chez des lecteurs coréens. Nous avons étudié en particulier les mouvements oculaires (fixation et saccade) des lecteurs, enregistrés à l’aide de l’oculométrie. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené une expérimentation auprès de 14 coréens, étudiants du français, de niveau A2, B1, voire plus, et de 3 français. Le résultat nous a montré que la lecture ne se fait pas de façon linéaire, mais de manière saccadée. En outre, six phénomènes sont particulièrement observés chez les coréens: (1) décodage en syllabique d’un mot; (2) fixation attribuée plus fréquemment aux mots grammaticaux par rapport aux français; (3) lecture répétitive venant des saccades régressives; (4) irrégularité de la durée de fixation; (5) nombreuses fixations de longue durée; et (6) diversité des tactiques de lecture. Ces phénomènes montrent que les lecteurs ont attribué beaucoup d'attention aux traitements des mots, des structures de phrase, etc. Par conséquent, il est nécessaire d’enseigner la correspondance entre graphie et phonie et de supprimer une attitude craintive à l'égard des textes français, chez les apprenants coréens.

Background: The toe-spread-out (TSO) exercise has been introduced as a strengthening exercise for the abductor hallucis muscle in subjects with hallux valgus. Visual biofeedback using ultrasound imaging during exercise, may increase the ability to selectively contract the abductor hallucis muscle, compared with exercise alone. Objects: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ultrasound imaging visual feedback during the TSO exercise with respect to its influence on the angle of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (1st MPJ) and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the abductor hallucis muscle in subjects with hallux valgus. Methods: Twenty-five healthy young subjects with a mean average age of 22.5 years, and a standard deviation of 2.3 years, were recruited for this study. Hallux valgus was defined as an angles greater than 15° angle of 1st MPJ. Goniometric measurement was used to determine the angle of 1st MPJ. In addition, an ultrasound system was used to collect the CSA of the abductor hallucis muscle in each foot. The angle of the 1st MPJ and CSA of the abductor hallucis were measured in three positions; the resting position, during TSO exercise, and during TSO exercise in conjunction with real-time ultrasound imaging feedback. All data analyzed using a repeated analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction in order to compare the dependent variables in all three positions. Statistical level of significance was set up as p<.05. Results: The angle of the 1st MPJ was noted to be significantly reduced and the CSA of the abductor hallucis to be significantly greater during TSO exercise used in conjunction with ultrasound imaging visual feedback, compared to when the values were recorded during TSO exercise alone (p<.05). Conclusion: Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the application of ultrasound imaging visual feedback during TSO exercise is more effective in contracting selectively the abductor hallucis than the use of exercise alone.

Currently, researches are being actively conducted in assessing seismic performance of nuclear facilities in USA and Europe. In particular, applying this technique of assessing seismic performance to design of isolation systems in nuclear power plants is being performed and then ASCE 4 Draft (2013) is being revised accordingly in the United States. In order to satisfy the probabilistic performance objectives described by seismic responses with certain confidence levels (ASCE 43, 2005), the probability distributions of these responses have to be defined. What is the minimum number of input ground-motions to obtain the probability distribution precise enough to represent the unknown actual distribution? Theoretical basis, for how to determine the minimum number of input ground-motions for given a logarithmic standard deviation to approximate the unknown actual median of the log-normal distribution within a range of error at a certain level of confidence, is introduced by Huang et al. (2008). However, the relationship between the level of confidence and the range of error is not stated in the previous study. In this paper, based on careful reviews on the previous work, the relationship between the level of confidence and the range of error is logically and explicitly stated. Furthermore, this relationship is also applied to derive the minimum number of input ground-motions in order to approximate the unknown actual logarithmic standard deviation. Several recommendations are made for determining the minimum number of input ground-motions in probabilistic assessment on seismic performance of facilities in nuclear power plants.

It is important to select proper ground motions for obtaining accurate results from response history analyses. The purpose of this study is to propose an accurate and efficient method that does not require excessive computation for selecting and scaling ground motions to match target response spectrum mean and variance. The proposed method is conceptually simple and straightforward, and it does not use a simulation algorithm that requires a sophisticated subroutine program. In this method, the desired number of ground motions are sequentially scaled and selected from a ground motion library. The proposed method gives the best selection results using Sum of Square Error and has the smallest value(=0.14). Also, The accuracy and consistency of the proposed method are verified by comparing the selection results of the proposed method with those of existing methods.

이 연구에서는 3축 방향 지반운동이 작용하는 지반-구조물 상호작용계의 비선형 지진응답 해석을 수행한다. 비선형 거동이 예상되는 구조물과 지반의 근역은 비선형 유한요소에 의해 모형을 구성한다. 기하학적 형상과 재료 성질이 균일하고 선형 거동을 가정하는 원역지반은 무한 영역으로의 에너지 방사를 정확히 고려할 수 있는 3차원 perfectly matched discrete layer에 의해 수치 모형을 구성한다. 이와 같은 지반-구조물 상호작용계의 수치모형을 사용하여 3축 방향 지반운동이 작용하는 비선형 지진-구조물 상호작용계의 지진응답해석을 수행한다. 3축 방향 지반운동이 작용하는 경우에는 입력 지반운동의 특성에 따라 시스템의 응답이 우세하게 발현되는 방향이 존재하고 그 수준 또한 정밀한 지진응답해석을 통해 산정하여야 한다. 이 연구의 해석기법은 구조물과 지반의 재료 비선형 거동, 기초와 지반 경계면에서의 경계 비선형 거동 등 다양한 비선형 지반-구조물 상호작용 해석에 확장 적용할 수 있을 것이다.

이 연구에서는 3축 방향 지반운동이 작용하는 지반-구조물 상호작용계의 비선형 지진응답 해석을 수행한다. 비선형 거동 이 예상되는 구조물과 지반의 근역은 비선형 유한요소에 의해 모형을 구성한다. 기하학적 형상과 재료 성질이 균일하고 선 형 거동을 가정하는 원역지반은 무한 영역으로의 에너지 방사를 정확히 고려할 수 있는 3차원 perfectly matched discrete layer에 의해 수치 모형을 구성한다. 이와 같은 지반-구조물 상호작용계의 수치모형을 사용하여 3축 방향 지반운동이 작용 하는 비선형 지진-구조물 상호작용계의 지진응답해석을 수행한다. 3축 방향 지반운동이 작용하는 경우에는 입력 지반운동의 특성에 따라 시스템의 응답이 우세하게 발현되는 방향이 존재하고 그 수준 또한 정밀한 지진응답해석을 통해 산정하여야 한 다. 이 연구의 해석기법은 구조물과 지반의 재료 비선형 거동, 기초와 지반 경계면에서의 경계 비선형 거동 등 다양한 비선 형 지반-구조물 상호작용 해석에 확장 적용할 수 있을 것이다.