This research investigated the feasibility of rice husk as a biosorbent for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The carboxyl groups were chemically bound to the surface of the rice husk by graft polymerization of acrylic acid using potassium peroxydisulphate as a redox initiator. The Pb sorption capacity and FT-IR spectra confirmed the presence of carboxyl groups on the structural units of the acrylic acid-grafted rice husk (RH-g-AA). The sorption selectivity of the RH-g-AA for cations under competition with each other was high in the following order: Pb > Cu > Cd ≥ Fe > Mn > Zn > Ni > Mg > K > Cr > Ca. Sorption equilibrium of Pb on RH-g-AA was better described by the Fruendlich isotherm model than the Langmuir isotherm model. The sorption energy obtained from D-R model was 13.13 kJ/mol indicating an ion-exchange process as the primary sorption mechanism. Sorption kinetic data fitted with the pseudosecond- order kinetic model and indicated that both external and intraparticle diffusion took part in sorption processes. The RH-g-AA sorbent could be regenerated for more than 5 times by the washing process with 0.1 M HCl without a serious lowering the sorption capacity.

Enzymatic biodiesel using lipase Novozyme-435 instead of using chemical catalyst was studied in this paper for cost reduction, increase of production efficiency and environment friendly product in this paper. In this paper the standard of biodiesel quality was met by using enzyme. The optimal reaction condition of methanol/waste oil molar ratio was 3, which 1 mol of methanol was injected at initial reaction. Then, each of 1 mol of methanol was injected at 4 hours of interval. Other reaction condition was like as follows : Reaction temperature, reaction time, agitation speed and amount of lipase were 55oC, 24 hours, 400 rpm, and 6wt%, respectively.

This study was carried out to find out the optimum method of preparation of indigo standard solution and its stability, and to investigate the indigo contents in Niram, blue dye extract, from a total of 7 indigo plants and 34 breeding lines of Persicaria tinctoria H. Gross. Proper solvent for indigo standard was dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and appropriate concentration was 1 mg of indigo in 10 mL of DMSO. Absorbance value of UV/Vis Spectrophotometer at 620 nm of standard solution was changed decreasingly 12 hours after the preparation of standard solution irrespective of the storage conditions such as temperature and light. Average value of absorbance of 8-fold diluted standard solutions prepared daily during 16 days was 0.210±0.005, indicating the powder of indigo compound was stable chemically. Calibration curve was made for quantitative analysis of indigo of 7 Niram samples, and indigo contents ranged from 0.69% to 18.76% showing relatively larger variation. Across all 34 breeding lines, the range of indigo content was from 7.9 mg to 56.4 mg per 100 g of fresh leaves, averaging 25.2 mg of indigo content and showing a 47.7% coefficient of variation.

본 연구에서는 폴리에틸렌아디페이트와 폴리메틸메타크릴레이트로 구성된 고분자 마이크로입자에 닥나무 뿌리 추출물을 함유시켜 닥나무 뿌리 추출물의 안정도와 상용성을 성공적으로 향상시켰다. 마이크로입자를 구성하는 고분자의 비율에 따라 마이크로입자에 함유된 닥나무 뿌리 추출물의 장기안정도에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 폴리에틸렌아디페이트 마이크로입자의 물리적 강도를 높여주기 위하여 폴리메틸메타크릴레이트를 도입 하였으며, 이는 마이크로입자에 안정화시킨 닥나무 뿌리 추출물의 안정도에는 큰 영향이 없었다. 광학현미경, 편광현미경, 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 고분자 마이크로입자의 물리적 안정도를 관찰하였고, in vitro 실험을 통하여 고분자 마이크로입자로 안정화된 닥나무 뿌리 추출물의 미백 효과도 잘 유지되고 있음을 확인하였다.

경피흡수 증진의 수단으로 나노에멀젼의 화장품 응용이 관심의 대상이 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 저에너지 유화법으로 제조된 나노에멀젼 구성 원료들의 조성을 달리하여 안정성을 확인해 보고자 하였다. 시간 경과에 따른 나노에멀젼의 입자 크기 측정을 통한 안정성 실험 결과, 폴리올을 수상에 첨가한 경우 에탄올상 첨가에 비해 안정성이 크게 증가하였다. 에탄올상의 수상에 대한 첨가속도는 입자 크기나 안정성에 큰 영향이 없었다. 오일의 종류에 따라서도 안정성에는 영향이 없었으나 초기에 형성되는 입자 크기는 오일의 분자량과 polarity에 상관관계를 보이는 것으로 생각되었다. 폴리올의 종류에 따른 안정성과 초기 입자 크기는 1,2 헥산디올을 제외하고는 유사한 경향을 보였다. 오일과 계면활성제 농도 변화는 제조된 나노에멀젼의 초기 입자 크기에는 영향을 주었으나 시간 경과에 따른 변화는 없었다. 에탄올의 농도 변화는 초기 입자 크기와 안정성에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 관찰되었다.

알로에 겔이 분산된 W/O 에멀젼을 감압 건조하는 방법으로 분산상의 수분을 제거하여 알로에 겔 마이크로캡슐을 제조하였다. 마이크로캡슐은 미네랄오일로 세척하고 재현탁시켜 유화제를 제거한 후에도 안정적인 현탁액으로 유지되었으며, 내부가 균일하게 채워진 직경 6.6 μm 이하인 구형 입자로 구성되어 있었다. 미네랄오일에 재현탁된 마이크로캡슐은 분율이 41% 이상에서 급격하게 점도가 증가하였고, 300 Pa 이상의 항복응력을 가진 전단유동화 특성을 나타내었으나, 틱소트로피는 뚜렷하게 관찰되지 않는 유변학적인 특성을 보였다. 오일에 현탁된 알로에 겔 마이크로캡슐의 분율이 높을수록 반고체의 특성이 증가하고 105 ℃에서 15 min 동안 가열하여도 에멀젼의 안정성이 유지됨을 경시적으로 관찰하였다. 따라서 알로에 겔 마이크로캡슐 현탁 크림을 기본 제형으로 다양한 종류의 알로에 겔 화장품의 개발이 가능할 것으로 예상된다.

To investigate the usability of the bitterns produced during salt manufacture, the characteristics of soybean curdscoagulated with bitterns like solar salt bitterns (SSB), dehydrated salt bitterns (DSB), concentrated sea water (CSW) and bitterns produced during the storage of solar salt (BSS) were measured. The Mg contents of all the bitterns were the same, but the Na content of the BSS was 1.0-2.0 times as high as that of the other bitterns. The yield of the soybean curds did not differ with the addition of coagulants, except for the CSW. However, the soybean curds were acquired in large quantities by the DSB and CSW. The mg and Na contents of the soybean curds that were made with the bitterns were higher than those of MgCl2. The heavy metals were below 3 ppm in the curds, especially those produced by the CSW, but Pb was not detected. Among the mechanical characteristics of the soybean curds, their adhesiveness was not affected by the coagulants, but the mechanical hardness of the curds produced by the DSB and CSW was lower. The sensory evaluation showed that the curds that were produced by the bitterns were more highly preferred than those produced by MgCl2. In particular, the soybean curd that was made with the CSW was favored due to its soft texture. The results of this study, particularly the high yield of the curds that showed a soft texture, showed that the bitterns, especially the CSW, could be used safely and economically.

This study was carried out to select new pelleting binder and material for seeds from Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance and Alnus sibirica Fisch. ex Turcz. The optimum treatments of the various concentrations and species of priming agents to improve seed germination of both woody medicinal plants were also estimated. Germinability was increased when the seeds of Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance was soaked in -1.0 MPa of PEG6000 solution at 15℃ for 4 days significantly, the optimum treatment for improving germination of Alnus sibirica Fisch. ex Turcz was observed when the tested seeds was soaked in 100 mM of KCl at 15℃ for 4 days. The influence of physical and chemical properties of pelleting solid materials, the mixture of gypsum, diatomaceous earth, dalma ceramic and vermicuolite (6:1:1:1 ratio) were found as the best pelleting materials for Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance and Alnus sibirica Fisch. ex Turcz. seeds. To satisfy the requirements of absorption and compatibility for multi-layer seed pelleting, SGPA (Starch-grafted cross-linked polyacrylates) hydrogel was prepared using starch, acrylonitrile, ceric ammonium nitrate, nitric acid, methyl alcohol and potassium hydroxide. The resulting SGPA hydrogel showed high water absorption but not plant compatibility. It suggested that seed pelleting using pelleting materials and SGPA hydrogel (multi-layer coating) after priming agent treatment is to increase germinability and seedling growth and it can reduced irrigation labours and can also save seed.

In this study, the effects of the use of a starter on radish soaked at 4℃ for 28 days using two kinds of domestic sun-dried salt (white and gray salt) were determined. As a result, the moisture contents of the radish soaked with white and gray salt were 7.93 and 4.50%, respectively. The salinity levels were found to be equal (90%). No significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of the mineral contents of the salts therein (37812.41±1922.95 and 39755.13±1205.70 mg/100 g, respectively). However, iron and zinc contents of gray salt were higher than those of white salt while the calcium, potassium, and magnesium contents were lower than those of white salt. After the addition of the starter, the sugar content increased, the pH decreased, and the total acidity rapidly decreased compared with the non-starter group during fermentation. The total microorganism count of the two groups increased during the fermentation period of 28 days. From the initial fermentation for 7 days, the lactic acid bacteria in the non-starter group increased while those in the leuconostoc starter group steadily increased within the whole fermentation period. The Leuconostoc spp. in non-starter group increased, but that in the starter group decreased to pH 4.0 on day 14.