Background : Codonopsis lanceolata is a perennial plant of Campanulaceae with characteristic flavor and aroma and this plant has saponin, flavonoid, and inulin, which are reported to have physiological activity and antioxidant activity. In contrast, breeding or study of C. lanceolata varieties had not been done for a long time. Genetic polymorphism and phylogenetic relationship analysis of the plants by region of the crops can help the collection of genetic backgroud data for variety development. Methods and Results : In this study, we collected 26 C. lanceolata lines (95 individual plants) from 26 regions in Korea. We genotyped the collected lines using SSR markers developed in the previous study and analyzed the population structure based on the results. Population structures were analyzed using model-based STRUCTURE software (version 2.3.4) using the following parameters: Number of clusters (K) set = 1 to 12; Number of Iterations = 5; Length of Burning Period = 100,000; Number of MCMC (Markov Chain Monte Carlo) Reps after Burnin = 100,000. As a result, Of the 26 collections, were genetically grouped into 6 or 7 groups. Conclusion : The 26 C. lanceolata collections (95 individual plants) were genetically grouped but not grouped by collected regions. These results suggest that C. lanceolata has diverse genetic backgrounds and this data could be used as a basis for genetic polymorphism analysis of Codonopsis species.

Background : For cultivation of varieties of ginseng, the pure line selection method, which is to select the best among those cultivated in farms for pedigree breeding, replicated yield trials and regional adaptation trials before registering as a new variety, is widely used. Although there are 25 registered varieties of ginseng in Korea, the quality of ginseng is declining together with the amount of harvest being decreased by 15 - 20% due to the heat injuries and diseases from the warming & abnormal climate. Thus, the needs for development of disaster-resistant varieties with better chances of surviving through high temperature, salts and disease are increasing. Therefore, this study is to cultivate disaster-resistant varieties among those selected for their disaster tolerance and salt tolerance through regional adaptation trials. Methods and Results : As a result of examining the growth characteristics of the selected 2 - 5 year old varieties used in the study, among the 5-year old crops, Goryeo 4 and Eumseong 5 showed superior growth in both above and below aerial parts, and among the 4-year old crops, Eumseong 11 and Cheonryang showed superior growth while the growth in the below aerial parts were satisfactory in the order of Cheonryang > Eumseong 10 > Eumseong 11 > Eumseong 9. Among the 3-year old crops, the most superior growth in both above and below aerial parts was observed in Eumseong 14 with the weight of the below aerial part, root diameter and taproot length at 13.8 g, 11.8 ㎝ and 6.2 ㎝ respectively. Among the 2-year old crops, Eumseong 10 showed the most superior growth in both above and below aerial parts. Conclusion : Based on the above results, Goryeo 4 and Eumseong 5 among the 5-year old crops, Eumseong 11 among the 4-year old crops, Eumseong 14 among the 3-year old crops and Eumseon 10 among the 2-year old crops showed the most superior growth among the selected varieties. The growth characteristics of both above and below aerial parts in each year will continuously be monitored.

Background : For the GAP standard cultivation, weed occurrence pattern was investigated by planting density and mulching method of Bupleurum falcatum L. Methods and Results : Vinyl and rice straw were used for mulching. The planting density were 10, 20, and 30 cm, and the spacing between plants were 5 ㎝. The amount of weed emergence were examined twice at the end of July and at the end of September. The degree of importance was based on the Braun-Branquet’s dominance value distinction criterion. As a result, the kind of total weeds emerged during the cultivation of Bupleurum falcatum L. were identified as 20 species in 10 families. Amount of weed’s occurrence were the highest in rice straw covering after 10 × 5 ㎝ sowing, and it were lowest in vinyl mulching after 30 × 5 ㎝ sowing. The frequency of weed emergence was highest with 10 species of 8 families in rice straw mulching treatment. On the other hand, the treatment with the least emergence frequency of weeds was 30 × 5 ㎝ sowing after vinyl mulching, and weeds of 7 species of 6 families appeared. In the second survey in September, weeds of 15 species in 9 families were identified in the test field. The amount of weed’s occurrence were the highest in rice straw mulching after 10 × 5 ㎝ sowing, and it were the least in the case of vinyl mulching after 30 × 5 ㎝ sowing. The frequency of emergence of weeds was highest in rice straw mulching after 20 × 5 ㎝ sowing, and the kind of weeds were 11 species of 8 families. The treatment of the lowest emergence frequency of weeds was 30 × 5 ㎝ sowing after vinyl mulching. Three kinds of weeds occurred. Conclusion : From the above results, it is expected that we can suppress the weed occurrence at the planting density of 30 × 5 ㎝ after vinyl mulching at the sowing of Bupleurum falcatum L.

Background : Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is a representative medicinal plants and it has been used in traditional medicine because the plant have many effective component such as saponins. To obtain a wild-cultivated ginseng (WCG) which is similar to wild ginseng (WG), this method usually performed in a mountain using seeds or seedlings of cultivated ginseng (CG) and WG. WCG is very expensive because it is difficult to cultivate. However, systematic cultivation method have not been developed compared to their high added value. Furthermore, very high price of WCG caused the problem that Panax notoginseng or Panax quinquefolium are sold as WCG in Korean market. This is concerned as a serious problem to consumers. In this study, we analyzed the agronomic and growth characteristics of the WCG cultivated in Korea. Methods and Results : We examined the WCG that was collected and sold by regional groups at the Korean market. The root age, growth conditions, and quality level of the cultivated WCG were confirmed. WCG samples were collected from five areas in Korea (Bucheon, Cheongju, Hoengseong, Judeok and Ulsan). The main root diameter, root shape index, rhizome length, and root weight showed high level of variation and they did not form annual rings. Conclusion : Agronomic and growth characteristics of WCG showed high variations according to cultivating regions.

Background : This study was conducted to examine the suitability of the blue/white vinyl for ginseng cultivation greenhouses in different regions in an effort to develop a stable ginseng cultivation technology and contribute to popularizing ginseng greenhouse farming. Methods and Results : For comparison purposes, ginseng plants were cultivated in the traditional shading and greenhouse shading facilities. The average temperature in the greenhouse shading facilities during the period of May through October was 20.5℃ in Namwon, 21.4℃ in Jinan, and 23.3℃ in Iksan, with Iksan recording a 1.9–2.8℃ higher average temperature, presumably due to its location in a plain area with low elevation. The average temperatures in the traditional shading facilities ranged between 22.9℃ and 25.7℃, 2.4–2.6℃ higher compared with the greenhouse shading facilities. As for the incidence of disease and pest, as low as 0.1–0.3% of the plants grown under greenhouse shading were infected with Colletotrichum dematium, Alternaria panax, and Rhizoctonia solani, whereas much higher incidences were noted in the control plants, with 3.3–11.3%, 4.7–17.0%, 0.1–0.5%, and 3.0–5.7% infected with Colletotrichum dematium, Alternaria panax, Rhizoctonia solani, and Phytophthora cactorum, respectively, throughout the regions. Heat injury occurred only in Iksan (0.3%) in the case of greenhouse-shaded plants, whereas the control plants suffered from much severer heat injury: 3.5% in Namwon, 10% in Jinan, and as high as 35.3% in Iksan. As for the roots, Namwon outperformed other regions in root length (29.7 ㎝), taproot length (8.7 ㎝), and taproot diameter (25.3 ㎜), and also the root fresh weight (53.4 g), followed by Jinan (48.7 g) and Iksan (40.4 g). In yield as well, the greenhouse in Namwon outperformed other regions with 1,297㎏/10a, followed by Jinan (1,183 ㎏) and Iksan (932 ㎏). The effect of greenhouse blue-white vinyl shading on yield by region was analyzed to increase of 177% in Namwon, 209% in Jinan, and 173% in Iksan with respect to their respective traditional shading facilities. Conclusion : The suitability of the blue/white vinyl shading in ginseng cultivation greenhouses was tested experimentally in three different regions. As a result, greenhouse-shaded ginseng plants were found to be much less affected by heat injury compared with traditionally shaded ginseng plants, resulting in much higher yields in all regions. This allows the conclusion that greenhouse ginseng cultivation can contribute to more stable ginseng yield and popularization of ginseng cultivation.

클린하우스 정책이 제주지역에 도입된 이래 정책효과의 유효성 여부를 판단해야할 필요성이 점증 하여 왔다. 평가의 필요성에 대한 주요 이유는 정책허점의 면밀한 검토를 통해 보완점을 찾아봐야 한다는 것이다. 2004년도에 도입된 클린하우스의 주요 예상효과는 주변환경 청결성 제고, 행정비용 감소, 생활폐기물의 재활용률 제고였다. 도입된지 10여년이 지난 2015년 들어 제주지역에는 총 2,569개의 클린하우스가 설치·운영 되고 있다. 제주지역의 클린하우스정잭에 대한 성과를 평가 위해 우리는 두단계의 분석단계를 거쳤다. 먼저, 제주도민들을 대상으로 실시한 설문조사를 실시하였고 여기서 생성된 데이터를 바탕으로 다중로짓회귀분석을 실시하였다. 다음으로, 클린하우스 성과와 관련한 정량평가를 수행하였다. 제주지역 주민들을 대상으로 실시된 설문조사와 거기서 얻어진 데이터를 이용해서 얻어진 다중 로짓회귀분석 결과에 따르면 지역주민들의 클린하우스에 대한 만족도에 영향을 주는 주요 요인으로서 “클린하우스의 주변환경 청결 제고 기능”, “쓰레기 배출에 대한 성숙한 시민의식”, “불법투기에 대한 강력한 단속” 등인 것으로 분석되었다. 성과 분석에서는 클린하우스 도입이 재활용률과 지자체의 페기물 관리 행정의 재정 자립도를 제고시켰다는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

This study was conducted to investigate how PM10 concentration and Relative Humidity (RH) affected visibility in Jinju, Korea. A 9-yr dataset of 1 h averages for visibility, PM10, and RH data was analyzed to examine the correlation between these variables. On average, visibility decreased by 1.4 km for every 10 μg/㎥ increase in PM10 and by 2.1 km for every 10% increase in RH. In general, a negative correlation was observed between visibility and and PM10 concentration. However, under conditions of low PM10 concentration(< 15 μg/㎥) and visibility(< 2 km), there was a positive correlation between these two variables. In this case, RH levels were high (> 75%). A high correlation analysis between two variables need to be under control conditions with RH < 75%, PM10 15~100 μg/㎥, and visibility > 2 km.

Chemical properties of aerosols were investigated by analyzing the inorganic water-soluble content in PM2.5 collected in the downtown area of Jeju City in Jeju Island. Due to an increase in both the number of visiting tourists and the size of local population, the number of cars in this area is increasing, causing an increase in PM2.5. Eight PM2.5-bound major inorganic ions were analyzed during the summer and winter periods. The water-soluble inorganic component represents a significant fraction of PM2.5. In particular, secondary inorganic aerosols contribute 36.2% and 47.5% of PM2.5 mass in summer and winter, respectively. Nitrate concentrations increase for [NH4 +]/[SO4 2-]>1.5, and excess ammonium, which is necessary for ammonium nitrate formation, is linearly correlated with nitrate. These results are clearly observed during the winter because conditions are more conducive to the formation of ammonium nitrate. A significant negative correlation between Nitrogen Oxidation Ratio (NOR) and temperature was observed. The obtained results can be useful for a better understanding of the aerosol dynamics in the downtown area in Jeju City.

This study was conducted to elucidate the distribution of vascular plants and their value of Mt. Samyeong. The vascular plants that were collected 10 times from October 2013 to July 2015 consisted of a total of 538 taxa; 92 families, 308genera, 466 species, 3 subspecies, 62 varieties and 7 forms. The observed rare plant species as designated by Korea Forest Service were 24 taxa. Endemic species were 25 taxa. 28 taxa were recorded as naturalized plants and their naturalized rate and urban index were noted as 5.3% and 8.7%. Among the surveyed 538 taxa, edible, medicinal, pasturing, ornamental, timber, dye, fiber and industrial plants included 220 taxa, 195 taxa, 167 taxa, 65 taxa, 25 taxa, 8 taxa, 6 taxa and 3taxa, respectively.

Background:The present study was conducted to investigate the fatty acid content and habitat conditions of Glehnia littoralis in the Korean midwest region.Methods and Results:The emergence area of G. littoralis was 36.1 m from the coastline at an elevation of 4.2 m and slope of 4.3%. The soil of the habitat was sandy, the pH was 8.4, organic matter content was 0.4%, P2O5 content was 9.1 ㎎/㎏ and the content of K, Ca, Mg and Na were 0.09, 9.31, 0.43 and 0.23 cmol+/㎏, respectively. Other plants growing in this area with G. littoralis included 16 taxa. Plant with high coverage and frequency were Carex kobomugi, Elymus mollis, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, Lathyrus japonicus, Calystegia soldanella and Carex pumila. In the seeds of G. littoralis, the maximum fatty acid content was 65.5% oleic acid, 28.7% linoleic acid, 4.3% palmitic acid, 1.5% stearic acid, and 0.2% linolenic acid.Conclusions:In G. littoralis of Korean midwest, the scope of collection and cultivation for medicinal purposes was broad, because differences in associated vegetation, soil composition, and fatty acid content owing to habitat conditions was low.

The purpose of measuring a dam operated after design & construction is to properly operate reservoir and maintain dam structural safety by comparing the really measured data for the behavior of dam with the data for design & construction, the past mesured data and analyzing them. In this paper, the really measured data is analized for a dam facilitiy located near a seismic epicenter of earthquake that occurred on 12th, Nov. 2016 in Gyeong-ju and the results of safety inspection for a dam is shown by comparing the behavior of dam before and after occuring earthquake

In the Gangwon province, severe freezing damage to road tunnels are occurred due to freezing condition such as snowfall, cold waves and icing. As a result, serious damage occurs on the lining and road surface of the tunnel entrance and exit. Therefore, it is necessary to develop appropriate mitigation methods to protect damage to people and property by freezing. In this paper, we introduce that the trend of research for reducing the freezing damage and the required performance to be secured for the maintenance of road tunnels in cold region and the future research plans.

산악지역의 비탈면에서 발생되는 토석류에 의한 피해를 예측하기 위해 비탈면 평가를 통하여 취약지역을 선정하여 안전성 검토와 토석류 확산 시뮬레이션을 실시하고자 하였다. 그 결과, 일부 지역에서 토석류에 의한 도로 구조물 및 민가 피해가 발생될 것으로 예상됨에 따라 토석류 예방 및차단시설이 계획될 필요가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

During the research period, error analysis of the amount of daily precipitation was performed with data obtained from 2DVD, Parsivel, and AWS, and from the results, 79 days were selected as research days. According to the results of a synoptic meteorological analysis, these days were classified into ‘LP type, CF type, HE type, and TY type’. The dates showing the maximum daily precipitation amount and precipitation intensity were ‘HE type and CF type', which were found to be attributed to atmospheric instability causing strong ascending flow, and leading to strong precipitation events. Of the 79 days, most days were found to be of the LP type. On July 27, 2011 the daily precipitation amount in the Korean Peninsula reached over 80 mm (HE type). The leading edge of the Northern Pacific high pressure was located over the Korean Peninsula with unstable atmospheric conditions and inflow of air with high temperature and high humidity caused ascending flow, 120 mm/h with an average precipitation intensity of over 9.57 mm/h. Considering these characteristics, precipitation in these sample dates could be classified into the convective rain type. The results of a precipitation scale distribution analysis showed that most precipitation were between 0.4-5.0 mm, and ‘Rain’ size precipitation was observed in most areas. On July 9, 2011, the daily precipitation amount was recorded to be over 80 mm (CF type) at the rainy season front (Jangma front) spreading across the middle Korean Peninsular. Inflow of air with high temperature and high humidity created unstable atmospheric conditions under which strong ascending air currents formed and led to convective rain type precipitation.

Four requirements for the operating and supporting system for sustainable landscape management will be discussed through this paper. The requirements are based on multiple case studies on the structure and the process of development of three organizations that have been contributing to the sustainable rural landscape management in Japan since 1989. The first requirement is that the residents should recognize regional problems and voluntarily organize a group which can properly deal with the problems. Secondly, members of the organization should have a solid grasp of the goal of their activities (or founding principal of the organization) and share it among themselves. Founding principal should include the history of natural circulation system in the area, cultural features and a future plan in association with human resources. Thirdly, the administration of the organization should be separated from the founder, the residents. The administration, such as business promotion, becomes more effective when consigned to a separate entity, not to the residents. Lastly, the interaction among separate entities is crucial to promote diverse activities for the local landscape management. The administrators and experts need to cooperate to draw a precise conclusion regarding the way of interaction. These requirements drawn from the Japanese case studies should be localized to the Korean circumstances for further adoption.

Stability of labor market in rural areas was analyzed in this paper with categories of industrial group, employment scale, surviving period, and founder group. The stability of each classified labor market was compared with each other to figure out the stable business class and the unstable class in rural areas. The results of rural areas were compared with those of urban areas. The stability was analyzed with average and coefficient of variation (C.V.) of annual total employees’ change rates. It was revealed that labor market of ‘primary industry’, including agriculture, is unstable. Especially, labor market of ‘mid-size’ and ‘primary industry’ businesses founded as ‘incorporated company’ in rural areas is vulnerable. While labor market of ‘large-size’ is proved to be unstable, it is confirmed that ‘small-size’ or ‘mid-size’, and ‘over-ten-year survived’ businesses have positive contribution to the stable labor market in rural and urban areas. The results show that the stability of labor market is different in each category of business and in each region of rural or urban area. It is expected that the results can be utilized for the regional development policies, of labor and industry part.

This study aimed to determine the optimal harvesting time for covered barley to make grain silage, in Honam region of Korea. We harvested six varieties of barley every third day from 24 to 42 days after heading (DAH). The moisture content decreased from 62.4% at 24 DAH to 24% at 42 DAH. The moisture content at 36 DAH was 44.3%; however, moisture content at 39 and 42 DAH was lower than 40%. Yield of covered barley significantly increased from 24 to 42 DAH (p < 0.05). Yield at 36 DAH (557 kg/10a) was not significantly different from that at 39 and 42 DAH (p < 0.05). With respect to the feed value of barley grain silage, the amount of crude fiber and crude ash was different by harvesting time (p < 0.05). However, the amount of crude protein, crude fat, and total digestible nutrients (TDN) from 24 and 42 DAH was not significantly different. The pH of grain silage from 24 to 42 DAH was between 3.8 and 4.2 and it was stable until 36 DAH (p < 0.05). However, the pH of grain silage at 39 and 42 DAH was 5.2 and 5.8, respectively, which was higher than the pH of silage with good fermentation quality. The lactic acid content of barley grain silage from 24 to 42 DAH decreased from 5.5% to 0.5% (p < 0.05). The amount of lactic acid at 36 DAH was higher than that at 39 and 42 DAH (p < 0.05). With respect to moisture content, yield, feed value, and fermentation, the optimal harvesting time for grain silage of covered barley was 36 DAH. This could increase the use efficiency of harvesting machine for barley and reduce the harvesting time gap between whole barley silage and grain silage in Korea. Moreover, using barley grain silage for animal feed could reduce the import of corn.

전남 나주시 장동리 지역의 화강암 풍화대를 피복하는 적갈색 점토-실트 퇴적물 단면(~2 m)에 대하여 광물학적 및 지화학적 특성 분석을 실시하였다. 퇴적물은 주로 석영(50%)과 점토광물(45%)로 구성되어 있으며, 소량의 K-장석, 침철석, 적철석, 깁사이트로 구성되어 있다. 점토광물은 일라이트(일 라이트, 일라이트-스멕타이트 혼합층), 질석(질석, 수산화-Al 질석), 고령석(캐올리나이트, 할로이사이 트) 계열의 점토광물로 구성되어 있다. 광물 및 화학조성의 수직 함량변화는 미미하며, 사장석과 녹니 석이 전반적으로 결핍되어 있으나 최상부에 소량 함유되어 있다. 점토광물의 주성분이 일라이트 계열 이므로 퇴적물의 기원물질은 주변 고령토질 화강암 풍화물이 아니라, 먼 기원지에서 유래한 풍성퇴적 물로 판단된다. 현생 황사의 광물조성과 비교하면, 퇴적 후의 심한 화학적 풍화작용으로 사장석과 K-장석이 거의 없어지고, 석영과 점토광물로 구성된 광물학적 특성을 갖게 되었다. 풍화과정에서 사장석 과 녹니석은 각각 고령토 광물과 질석으로 변질되었으며, 함철 유색광물의 풍화과정에서 침철석과 적 철석이 침전되어 퇴적물이 적갈색을 띠게 되었다. 이 지역의 적갈색 점토-실트는 한반도 타지역 풍성 퇴적물과 광물학적 및 지화학적 특성을 공유하므로 풍성퇴적물로 추정되지만, 이에 대해서는 퇴적물 연대측정이나 동위원소 분석 등의 추가 검증이 필요하다.

The purpose of the study was to investigate how the Cheongwon Organic Life Festival, a rural festival, affects the farmers of the local farms in Cheongju. Based on grounded theory, this study analyzed the objective using a qualitative research program, the Nvivo11 program. The data was collected through in depth interviews from 13 farmers who participated in the Cheongwon Organic Life Festival, and were also residents of Chungcheungbuk-do. The roles of the local festival expected by farmers, were the sale of local agricultural products, local public relations, regional revitalization, a sense of pride as a farmer, exchange of business ideas for sales of agricultural products, and a line of direct communication between farmers and consumers. The farmers who participated in the Cheongwon Organic Life Festival insisted that sales should rise. The results showed that the farmers who participated in the festival felt socially and psychologically stable while participating. The programs at the Cheongwon Organic Life Festival include a concert, hands on involvement, and agricultural sales, which have a direct influence on both sales and attracting visitors during the local festival. Farmers who participated in the Cheongwon Organic Life Festival asked for the improvement of the overall operation of the festival, including the problems with the admission tickets, parking, arrangement of facilities, festival venue, time, and etc. The suggested improvements for the Cheongwon Organic Life Festival focused on the quality certification system of agricultural products, as well as the organic farming of products, thereby to gain trust from the consumers.

In this study, the intra-seasonal fluctuation (ISF) of wintertime temperature change in East Asia was classified by a cluster analysis of complete linkage. A ISF of temperature change was defined as a difference of synthesized harmonics (1 to 36 harmonic) of daily temperature averaged for 30 years (1951~1980, 1981~2010). Eight clusters were gained from the ISF curves of 96 stations in East Asia. Regions of the cluster C, G and A1 seem to be affected by the Siberian High (SH) center, whereas the cluster A1, A2, D, B and F by the SH main pathways. Regions of the cluster E are apart from the SH main pathways and appear to be in the area of influence of other factors. Wintertime temperatures in Northwest China (clusters C, G) and Northeast China (cluster A1) were increased very largely. In most clusters, around late January there were less warming periods than the winter mean of the mean ISF of the clusters, before and after this time there were more warming periods than the winter mean.