The Ministry of Unification has published the North's social and economic indicators about 'North Main statistical indicators' every years. However, "North Main Statistical Indicators" does not reflect the status and the level of North Korean infrastructure. The purpose of this study is to survey maintenance status and level of North Korean infrastructure, and to propose a regional assessment results.

We examined temporal and spatial structure of trends in precipitation-based and temperaturebased extreme indices simulated by the Regional Model Program of Global/Regional Integrated Model System (GRIMs-RMP). The extreme indices were selected to consider the frequency, intensity, and persistence of extreme events. During the Last 30 years from 1979 to 2008, the model reasonably have simulated the temporal and spatial pattern of the trend. Although overestimation of minimum temperature and underestimation of maximum temperature occured, the regional climate model captured observed direction and magnitude well in the indices based on temperature. The indices related to rainfall tended to be overestimated over East Asia except for Korea and Japan. However, the trend showd agreement with observation. the results allow us to be optimistic about the RCM ability in the simulation of important extreme event of precipitation and surface temperature in East Asia. This type of study can also provide meaningful climate statistics and insight into climate change impact study.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different sowing times (May 25, June 10, June 25, July 10, and July 25) on growth and yield of four proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) cultivars (Hwanggeumkijang, Manghongchal, Ibaekchal, and Hwangsilchal) at a cultivation area in Iksan, Jeonbuk Province. Heading and ripening times were delayed, with later sowing times in all cultivars, and the periods for heading and ripening were shortened. For sowing from May 25 to July 25, the growth stage was shorter by 40 days in Manghongchal, 38 days in Hwanggeumkijang, 36 days in Hwangsilchal, and 30 days in Ibaekchal. The culm length, ear length, ear width, and culm diameter differed significantly between the cultivars and sowing times. In particular, the culm and ear lengths were considerably reduced when the sowing time was delayed. The grain yield (kg/10a) of Hwanggeumkijang and Ibaekchal was 312 and 359 kg, respectively, for sowing on June 10; and that of Manhongchal and Hwangsilchal was 286 and 404 kg, respectively, for sowing on June 25. Thus, the optimum sowing time was June 25 for Hwanggeumkijang and Ibaekchal, and June 10 for Manhongchal and Hwangsilchal.

The effects of weather variations on winter hulless barley were analyzed using data obtained from winter crop situation test at Iksan from 1985 to 2015. The wintering stage in the 16 years from 2000 to 2015 has become colder and shorter than that in the previous 15 years from 1985 to 1999. This has resulted in an early sequence of regrowth date, heading date, and ripening date. Heading date of hulless barley was mostly influenced by regrowth date and period of stem elongation. Futher, the regrowth date and period of stem elongation were strongly negatively correlated with the average air temperature in February and the maximum air temperature in March, respectively. The number of spikes per m2 and 1000-grain weight of Saechalssal cultivated from 2003 to 2015 showed strong positive correlations with yield. In early heading years, yield increased with extended ripening period and with increased 1000-grain weight. There was a strong negative correlation between 1000-grain weight and the average temperature during the ripening period. In the 15 years from 1985 to 1999, warm winters contributed to yield increase with increase in the number of spikes per m2 and a long ripening period. In contrast, in the recent 16 years from 2000 to 2015, the large variability in air temperature during the wintering stage, the decreasing number of spikes per m2 and the steadily increasing air temperature and decreasing precipitation during the ripening stage have caused high temperature stress and yield loss in late heading years.

지방자치제도는 지역 간 경쟁구도를 견인하였고, 각 지역은 강력한 지역아이덴티티 구축 및 강화를 위한 차별화 전략을 필 요로 하게 되었다. 지역의 차별화란 지역고유의 역사, 자연, 산업, 생활, 문화, 가치 등의 요소를 통해 형성되는 특성화 이미 지 구축전략으로 이해할 수 있다. 이러한 맥락으로 지역의 특성화 이미지를 활용한 문화관광상품은 지역을 이해하는 연상 이미지 형성의 역할을 담당할 뿐 아니라, 관광활동 중 체득된 체험요소들을 기억하게 도와주는 회상자원이 될 수 있다는 점에 주목하였다. 이에 따라 지역 고유성을 대표하는 관광자원의 특성화 이미지 발굴 및 이를 활용한 문화관광상품 개발을 위한 연구를 진행하여, 독창적이고 지속가능한 지역아이덴티티 강화 전략의 하나로 제시하고자 한다. 연구의 공간적 범위로는 지역문화의 정체성을 핵심평가지표로 제시하고 있는 국제슬로시티의 기준을 통과하고 재지정에 성공한 전주한옥마을을 선정하였다. 선행연구 및 현장조사를 통하여 관광목적지에서 유통되는 대부분의 상품들이 그 독창 성과 차별성을 나타내지 못하는 현실을 반영하였으며, 특히 전주한옥마을의 지역아이덴티티 강화는 물론 오랜 시간 축척되 어온 도시브랜드 전략의 일관성을 담아내고자 노력하였다. 전주한옥마을의 문화적 정체성과 연결되는 대표자원을 선정하 고, 특성화 이미지 요소 발굴을 통한 디자인 전략을 도출하였으며, 이를 활용하여 실제 판매유통이 가능하도록 다양한 문화 관광상품 예시를 제안하였다는 점에서 연구의 의의와 차별성을 확인할 수 있다.

본 연구에서는 금강유역에 대한 지역홍수빈도분석을 실시하고 재현기간에 따른 홍수량을 추정하는 관계식을 제안하였다. 유역 내 유량자료의 수문학적 독립성과 동질성에 대한 검증을 위하여 Lag-1 자기상관성 분석, 동질성 검정, 이상치 검정, 불일치척도 검정을 수행하였다. 검정 결과, 금 강유역의 대상 관측소들은 시간에 대하여 독립적이고 동질적 모집단에 속하며 이상치는 없었다. 일반 극치 분포(GEV), 3변수 대수정규 분포(LN- Ⅲ), 피어슨-III 분포(P-Ⅲ), 일반 로지스틱 분포(GLO), 일반 파레토 분포(GPA) 등 5개의 3변수 확률분포함수에 대한 L-모멘트비도와 평균가중거 리(AWD), 그리고 ZDIST 적합도 산정 결과, GLO 분포함수가 금강유역의 최적 확률분포형으로 선정되었다. GLO 분포를 바탕으로 지역홍수빈도를 추정하는 회귀모형을 제안하였고, 강경 관측소의 관측 유량을 이용하여 회귀모형의 적용성을 검증하였다.

This study was aimed to grow organic forage as a prime requirement for organic Hanwoo cattle production over a period of 3 years (2012~2015) in Gyeongbuk region, Korea through mixed cropping of winter fodder barley with legume and application of fermented cattle manure. The effect of barley-legume mixed cropping and application of different levels of fermented cattle manure was studied on forage productivity of whole-crop barley (WCB) and evaluation of feeding capacity of Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) per unit area. The collected data was analyzed using SAS 9.3 software. Barley-legume mixed cropping increased (P< 0.05) yields of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) as compared to those of sole WCB as monoculture. Similarly, acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents and relative feed value (RFV) were also higher (P<0.05) in barley-legume mixed sowing forage compared with those of sole WCB as monoculture. In case of manure application, yields of DM, CP and TDN were also found (P<0.05) highest in 100~150 ㎏ N/㏊. However, varying cattle manure levels did not influence (P>0.05) CP and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents. In response to increasing nitrogen application level, ADF content increased (P<0.05) but TDN content and RFV decreased (P<0.05). The Barley-legume mixed sowing and increasing application levels of fermented cattle manure also significantly enhanced (P<0.05) feeding capacity of organic Hanwoo (head/ha) having 450 kg body weight with 400 g of daily gain. Findings of present study indicated that barley-legume biculture not only cut nitrogen application level of fermented cattle manure by over 50 kg per ha but also increased their feed value and productivity of forage as compared to WCB monoculture. This would be contribution to the diversity of forage resources as well as production of organic animal product by creating low cost and high quality organic forage.

부산지역 의료종사자를 대상으로 병원감염관리 인식을 분석한 본 연구의 결론은, 먼저, 개인위생, 장비위 생, 청소 및 환경 관리의 인지도와 수행도는 학력이 낮을수록 척도가 높았다. 또한 개인손씻기의 경우 인지 도는 1차, 2차, 기타의료기관의 종사자들이, 수행도는 의료인 집단이 높은 수치를 나타냈으며, 유의수준 .00 1에서 통계적인 차이를 나타냈다. 병원 내 위생관리 역시 의료인이 높은 인지도와 수행도를 나타냈으며, 통계적인 차이를 보였다. 전체적으로 인지도에 비해 수행도가 낮아 감염관리에 대한 개인의 적극적인 수행 과 이를 위한 현실성 있는 개선방안의 마련이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study is to introduce the village project for conservation and improvement of rural tourism village. So, in this study, the current rural tourism village and storytelling planning are examined and the village project presented in village planning is also examined. And this study propose the storytelling implementation of the village project through the case study related with the Susanri in Jeju. The results are summarized as follows. Firstly, it is important that each village projects are storytelling for tourism resource and improve rural tourism village. Secondly, it is necessary to define story range, action planning, and management agency of village projects. Thirdly, it is desirable that the village projects should be carried out as reviving the local community. Comparing to the storytelling tourism plan, there are few rural tourism plans so far, so, it is difficult to applicate the system of the village project, but, continuous studies in this line can help the rural tourism plan to ensure practicality.

For a practical mobile robot team such as carrying out a search and rescue mission in a disaster area, the localization have to be guaranteed even in an environment where the network infrastructure is destroyed or a global positioning system (GPS) is unavailable. The proposed architecture supports localizing robots seamlessly by finding their relative locations while moving from a global outdoor environment to a local indoor position. The proposed schemes use a cooperative positioning system (CPS) based on the two-way ranging (TWR) technique. In the proposed TWR-based CPS, each non-localized mobile robot act as tag, and finds its position using bilateral range measurements of all localized mobile robots. The localized mobile robots act as anchors, and support the localization of mobile robots in the GPS-shadow region such as an indoor environment. As a tag localizes its position with anchors, the position error of the anchor propagates to the tag, and the position error of the tag accumulates the position errors of the anchor. To minimize the effect of error propagation, this paper suggests the new scheme of full-mesh based CPS for improving the position accuracy. The proposed schemes assuring localization were validated through experiment results.

In this study, mass concentrations and chemical compositions of PM2.5, including water-soluble ions and elements were determined at the 1,100 m-highland of Mt. Hallasan in Jeju Island across four seasons from August 2013 to August 2014. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 was 12.5±8.41 /m3 with 45.8% of the contribution from eight water-soluble ionic species. Three ionic species (SO4 2-, NH4 +, and NO3 -) comprised 96.2% of the total concentration of ions contained in PM2.5 and were the dominant ions, accounting for 43.5% of the PM2.5 mass at Mt. Hallasan. On the basis of the mass concentration level, seasonal variation, enrichment factor, and relationship among elements, we can presume that Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Sr, Ba, Nd, and Dy originated mainly from crust or soil and that V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb were significantly enriched in PM2.5 owing to the effects of the anthropogenic emissions. These results and the local distribution of emission sources and topographic characteristics near this sampling site suggest that the compositions of PM2.5 collected at the 1100 m-highland of Mt. Hallasan were largely influenced by inflow from outside of Jeju Island.

소설 속에 등장하는 인물은 특정한 시공간이 지시하는 특정한 상황 속에 존재 한다. 흔히 소설의 3요소 중 하나인 배경이라고 하는 것이 그것이다. 이 논문은 <최척전>의 전반부에 해당하는 임진왜란 기간 동안 작품 속의 인물들이 존재 한 작중 배경, 즉 몇 년, 몇 월, 며칠에 어떤 장소에 있었는가를 작품 속 증거를 찾아내어 고증하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 인물이 존재하는 시간과 장소 곧 특정 한 상황이 전제되면 그때 그 곳에 있었던 인물과 사건은 그때 그 곳의 상황과 관련하여 좀 더 구체적인 모습으로 드러나리라고 기대한다. 연구방법으로 따지 면 문학지리학의 맥을 잇고 있고 소설배경론에도 속한다. 이러한 시각으로 <최척전>을 보면 <최척전>의 첫들머리에서 최척이 정상사 에게 공부를 하러 가는 시기는 1592년 5월경이고, 옥영이 남원 정상사 집에 오는 시간은 1592년 8월경이다. 두 사람이 만나는 시점은 1593년 1월 말경이다. 최척이 변사정 의병부대에 종군하는 시점은 1593년 2월경이고, 두 사람이 다 시 만나는 시점은 1593년 10월 말이다. 옥영의 억지혼사의 뒷배경에는 제2차 진주성 전투 후 남원 남쪽까지 쳐들어왔다 물러간 일본군의 약탈이 있었다. 정 유재란 시기에 구례 피아골 연곡사로 피난을 간 최척 일가는 불과 하루 이틀 사 이로 엇갈리면서 동아시아 세 나라로 흩어지고 있다. 이렇게 따져놓고 보면 <최척전>에 등장하는 시간과 공간, 즉 인물들이 존재 하고 있던 정확한 날짜와 장소를 거의 재구할 수 있다. 이를 통해 작품 속 인물 들의 형상이나 주제의식 등에 대한 좀 더 진전된 형태의 해석으로 나아갈 수 있 는 길이 열릴 수 있을 것이라 기대한다.

이 연구는 서울지역의 다문화학생이 밀집한 학교를 대상으로 다문화교육의 현실에 대한 교원들의 인식과 요구사항을 조사함으로써 개선방향을 탐색하기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위 해 2015년 기준으로 서울지역에서 다문화학생 비중이 높은 학교들을 선정하여 학교에 대한 문헌연구 및 학교교원에 대한 설문조사를 시행하였다. 연구결과 제안된 다문화밀집학교 개선을 위한 방향은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학교 특성을 반 영한 적극적 학교 비전의 제시가 필요하다. 둘째, 일반학생과 다문화학생 모두를 고려한 통 합교육적 관점에서 다문화학생 밀집학교의 지원을 시행해야 한다. 마지막으로 다문화학교 의 교육력을 제고하기 위해서는 학교 내외의 공동체적 접근이 필요하다. 구체적인 개선방 안으로는 첫째, 교육 및 생활지도 측면에서 일반학생보다 다문화학생에 대한 어려움이 더 큰 점을 고려할 때 다문화밀집학교에 대한 교육여건 개선이 필요하며, 둘째, 다문화학생 교 육의 어려움을 고려하여 교원들에 대한 지원을 대폭 강화해야 한다. 마지막으로 학교공동 체의 일원으로서 학부모 교육 및 지원을 강화해야 한다.

In this study, global climate change scenario by Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 2-Atmosphere and Ocean (HadGEM2-AO) is dynamically downscaled using four regional climate models (RCMs). All RCMs with 12.5-km and 50-km resolution are integrated for continuous 27 years (1979-2005). In general, RCMs with higher horizontal resolution more reasonably capture the spatial distribution of precipitation over South Korea compared to those with lower resolution. In particular, heavy precipitation regions related to complex mountain ranges are well simulated due to detailed topography in RCMs with higher resolution. Difference between RCMs with dissimilar resolutions is relatively robust in summer compared to other seasons. This could be associated with that higher resolution and detailed topography lead to more realistic simulation of heavy summer precipitation related to mesoscale phenomena.

This study was aimed to investigate the spatial distributions and temporal changes of disaster areas due to heavy snowfall at all cities and guns (country level) in Korea during 1979-2014. The number of days of damage caused by heavy snowfall has increased, and amounts of damage also increased. However, the number of casualties by the heavy snowfall damage has decreased in the deaths and missing. Although the damage by heavy snowfall was concentrated in Gangwon Yeongdong region during 1980s, the damage had extended to the eastern coast of Gyeongbuk region, Chungcheong region, and the western coast of Jeolla region in 1990s. In 2000s, the damage was largely concentrated in Gyeonggi region, Chungcheong region and the southern part of western coastal area while the damage in the surrounding regions of the Taebaek Mountains were dominant during the early 2010s. The spatial and temporal patterns of the damage caused by heavy snowfall have changed over the study period with the decadal variations.

Due to the rapid economic development of Korea, the bridge have been built by government over the several years. Additionally, there are too many mountain and river and the bridge have been built in rural area. But bridge designers weren't considering the bridge landscape. And bridge was a negative factor in regional landscape. Because of this, this study surveyed the landscape preferences of rural bridge landscapes according to different bridge types. The results were summarized as follows: And this research include conducting a study on visual preference according to the bridge's type and background. And, the landscape of arch bridge in the river 1 is landscape of the highest preference. The the landscape of girder bridge in the river 2 is landscape of the lowest preference. In the river 1 and 2 landscape, high preference is observed in the arch bridge and low preference is noted in the girder bridge. In the mountain 1 and 2 landscape, high preference is observed in the cable-stayed bridge and low preference is noted in the girder bridge. In conclusion, the visual preference of bridge landscape depend on the background and bridge shape, the study said. Therefore, when bridge designer design the bridge, designer have to choose proper bridge shape according to the background. This research was conducted only in bridge landscape of rural area but the visual preference of bridge landscape can be changed according to the various background. And further research is needed to analyze visual preference of bridge landscape according to the various background.