This study was designed to develop a scale to measure primary school English teachers’ professionalism based on affective factors. The Swailes' (2003) scale was used to best reflect the local context where teachers in primary schools teach English to young learners. Three surveys were sent to a total of 1,008 primary school English teachers. Three different focus groups were used to refine the survey items in the modification process from the first to the third survey. The data were analyzed using exploratory factor and confirmatory factor analysis. These results showed the validity of fifteen items for investigating primary English teachers’ professionalism: four items related to 'professional commitment', three related to 'professional autonomy', three items related to professional belief in public service, three items to profession as referent, and two items to professional regulation. It is hoped that the scale items developed in this study can be used to identify the standard of professionalism of primary English teachers and provide policy makers or school decision makers with data that can be used to enhance professionalism within the community of primary English teachers.

학교 교육과정의 자율화가 확대됨에 따라 단위학교를 중심으로 교사의 교육과정 역량을 강화하기 위한 방안을 탐색하는 연구는 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 이에 본 연구에서는 단위 학교의 교육과정 편성 운영 자율성 확대에 부응하기 위해 요청되는 교사의 전문성, 자율성, 책무성 확대 방안을 교사의 교육과정 역량 측면에서 찾고자 하였다. 미래 학교의 교사는 구체적인 학교 상황에서 교육과정을 어떻게 해석하고 적용할 것인지를 탐색하고 개발하는 역할을 수행하도록 기대된다. 본 연구에서는 문헌분석, 국내외 사례연구, 설문조사 등을 통해 과학 교사의 학교 교육과정 편성 운영 역량의 발휘 실태를 진단하였다. 과학교사들은 교육과정 운영에서의 실질적 자율성 부족, 인프라 미비, 학생성취도로 책무성을 묻는 체제, 숙고를 위한 시간의 부족, 교육과정에 대한 주체성 인식 부족 등이 교사의 자율적 학교 교육과정 편성 운영의 장애요인이라고 지적하였다. 본 연구의 결론 부분에서는 과학교사를 비롯한 현장 교사의 교육과정 역량 발휘의 장애요인에 대한 해결 방안으로 실질적 자율화의 확대, 현장 교사의 교육정책 결정 참여 활성화, 학교평가에서 정성적 요소 강화, 교사의 직급 및 승진 경로의 다양화를 통한 교육과정 역량 강화, 교사의 학습공동체 참여 활성화 등을 제안하였다.

It's long been noted that a serious discrepancy exists between elementary school English classes and middle school English classes. This study explores the differences in the teacher talks of elementary and middle school classrooms. To this end, three elementary school English classes and three middle school English classes are tape-recorded, and their teacher utterances are analyzed according to forms of utterances, functions of utterances and language types. The result shows that elementary school English teachers use significantly more command forms and feedback than middle school English teachers while they use significantly more non-class related utterances more than elementary school teachers. They utter class-related managerial and disciplinary categories significantly more than middle school English teachers while they do miscellaneous categories significantly more than elementary school teachers. In terms of languages teachers use in the classroom, elementary school teachers speaks English significantly more than middle school English teachers. Elementary school teachers tend to use plain Korean to individual students while using formal Korean to the whole class. Middle school teachers tend to use formal Korean irrespective of whole group, small group and individual students.

The present study investigates affective factors which affect primary English teachers' professionalism. For the analysis of the study, quantitative data was obtained from 576 primary school English teachers who responded to a questionnaire. Qualitative data was also collected from three different focus group interviews and ten individual interviews. A quantitative data analysis shows that collective teacher-efficacy is the best predictor of primary school English teachers' professionalism among the three factors of self-efficacy, organization-based self-esteem, and collective self-efficacy. This result is consistent with interview data which shows that more positive than negative comments are observed in regards to collective teacher-efficacy. Pedagogical implications have been discussed.

In order to evaluate the quality of indoor air due to the remodeling and newly-built in S City, 60 schools wereinvestigated in formaldehyde (HCHO) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs). One school exceeded thenational standard of formaldehyde 100µg/m³ at 1st measurement. Thirty-eight schools showed higher level ofTVOCs over 400µg/m³ at 1st measurement. Twelve schools showed higher level of TVOCs over 400µg/m³ at2nd measurement. This result derived from TVOCs which originated from the building materials and finishingmaterials. To prevent the pollution of indoor air quality at schools caused by formaldehyde and TVOCs, therecommendation of environmentally-friendly building materials, the diminishment of emission by bakeout process,the efficient combination of natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation, and antibacterial effect of chemicalcontrol measures as photo-catalysts should be given positive investigation.

목 적: 본 연구는 초등학생을 대상으로 현성굴절검사와 조절마비굴절검사 결과를 비교하고 저학년과 고학년의 차이를 알아보고자 한다. 방 법: 근시인 저학년(1.2.3학년) 91명 182안, 고학년(4.5.6학년) 58명 116안 총298안을 대상으로 조절마비제와 미드린피를 점안 전과 후에 자동굴절검사기와 검영기로 굴절검사를 시행하였다. 결 과: 조절마비 전과 후에 구면굴절력은 각각 ?1.23±0.80D와 ?1.08±0.83D로 조절마비굴절검사의 근시도가 0.16±0.24D (t=-2.182 p

We investigated the distribution of asbestos in Seoul for 16 school buildings built before and after 1990, includingkindergartens, elementary schools, middle schools and high schools. The risk assessment standards of AHERA,HSE and ASTM were reviewed and a comparative analysis of assessment standards was conducted in schoolbuildings. For the risk assessment of 16 schools, 170 samples were selected, each of which was assessed usingstandards of AHERA, HSE and ASTM. The school buildings included the ACM (asbestos containing materials)ranged 3-4% of chrysotile and 1-3% of amosite in classroom ceilings and has 7-8% chrysotile in partitions of studenttoilets. The airborne concentrations of fiber materials were ranged with 0.002-0.022 fiber/cc in school buildingsby PCM. In this study, a simplified rating scale was used three categories of Good, Damaged and SignificantlyDamaged. In the result of comparative analysis for the risk assessment criteria, it was found that 113 samples, 132samples and 82 samples were classified as Good when assessed by AHERA, HSE and ASTM, respectively; and46 samples, 29 samples and 53 samples as Damaged, respectively; and 12 samples, 8 samples and 34 samples asSignificantly Damaged, respectively. From the distribution of asbestos and the comparative analysis for the riskassessment criteria, the management plan and new risk assessment were made based on the Korea backgroundshould be established to control asbestos exposure to students from damaged ACM and will be revealed that theassessment for the current condition and potential for disturbance on asbestos in school buildings.

목적 : 학령기 아동의 우울과 인지왜곡이 학교에서의 기능적인 수행능력에 미치는 영향을 파악하고 장애아동과 일반아동간의 우울, 인지왜곡, 학교에서의 기능적 수행능력의 차이를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 초등학교 2학년에서 6학년까지, 경기지역에서 아동발달센터를 이용하는 장애아동과 지역아동센터를 이용하는 일반아동 102명을 대상으로 한국형 소아 우울 척도(Children’s Depression Inventory; CDI), 아동용 부정적 인지 오류 질문지(Children’s Negative Cognitive Error Questionnaire; CNCEQ), 학교에서의 기능적 과제 수행능력 평가(School Function Assessment; SFA)를 측정하였다. 그 중 90부를 SPSS 18.0을 이용하여 기술통계, 빈도분석, 독립표본 t 검정, 단계적 다중 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결과 : 장애아동은 일반아동에 비해 우울 정도가 높고, 부정적 인지왜곡이 심하며, 학교에서의 기능적 과제수행능력이 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 학교에서의 기능적 과제수행능력에 영향을 미치는 변수로는 부정적 인지오류의 하위영역인 학업성취 영역이 확인되었고, 설명력은 25.2% 이었다. 결론 : 학령기 아동을 치료하는 작업치료사는 아동기 우울과 인지적 왜곡에 대한 이해를 높이고, 아동의 부정적 반응에 적절한 대처를 할 수 있도록 심리학적 지식과 기술을 치료에 응용할 필요가 있다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of 10-week dietary education on elementary students in an after-school program in Seoul. Participants were 20 1-2 grade students and 283-6 grade students, and the dietary program consisted of dietary education and activities focused on children’s levels of understanding. The results were as follows: Total participant’s food habit scores and nutrition knowledge significantly increased (p<0.05) after dietary education. Food habit and nutrition knowledge scores of lower grade participants (grade) increased desirably (p<0.05). Meanwhile higher grade participants’ (grade) food habit scores also changed (p<0.05), but their nutrition knowledge scores were changed. Boy’s food habit scores significantly changed (p<0.05), whereas girl’s food habit scores did not change significantly. Further, female participants’ nutrition knowledge scores did not changesignificantly after education. Participants’ obesity knowledge scores significantly changed after the education (p<0.05), but their attitudes on obesity increased insignificantly. Lower grade participants’ attitudes on obesity significantly and desirably changed (p<0.05), whereas higher grade participants’ attitudes on obesity changed insignificantly. Girl’s knowledge and attitudes on obesity significantly and desirably changed (p<0.05-0.01). This study revealed the correlation between food habit scores and attitudes on obesity (p<0.01), demonstrating that participants with high food habit scores have advisable attitudes on obesity. The result of this study shows that lower grade participants’ food habit scores, nutrition knowledge, and attitudes on obesity changed desirably after dietary education. Therefore, this study promote the development of adequate nutrition education and materials focused on lower grade students and the need for systematic and continuous dietary education programs based on elementary school.

In this study, the concentration distribution of radon, we analyzed from 55 house, 37 government office, 54 schoolfrom June 2008-June 2011 in Chungnam area. From the result of surveying indoor radon degree of 146 facilities,the annual average geometric concentration of indoor radon was 69.4Bq/m³, 40.5Bq/m³, 51.4Bq/m³ in house,government office, school respectively. As for distribution of concentration based on seasons, the radonconcentration showed the highest concentration in winter in all facilities. According to the result of the analysisby dividing the construction year, into before 60s, 60-70s, 80-90s and 2000s, the radon concentration was lowerin all the newly constructed facilities. As for difference in radon concentration due to the presence or absence ofbasement, concentration of house, government office and schools having basement was 52.2Bq/m³, 44.5Bq/m³,36.4Bq/m³ that of having no basement was 75.2Bq/m³, 53.6Bq/m³, 67.4Bq/m³ respectively. Place having nobasement tend to show higher concentration.

본 연구는 학교생활부적응청소년을 위한 자아존중감 향상 중재방안의 하나로 레크리에이션활 동 프로그램을 적용하였다. 레크리에이션활동 프로그램이 학교생활부적응 청소년의 자아존중 감에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 2013년 7월 29일부터 8월 2일까지 4회 동안 G광역시 소 재 불교방송이 주관한 학교생활부적응 프로그램에 참가한 학생 110명을 대상으로 레크리에이 션활동 프로그램을 실시하였다. 본 연구목적과 설문지의 내용을 이해하고 레크리에이션활동 프로그램에 참여를 수락한 자, 끝 까지 성실하게 레크리에이션활동 프로그램에 참여한 110명을 대상으로 레크리에이션활동 프로 그램 실시 전, 후 설문조사를 하여(회수율100%). 불성실한 응답을 한 3명을 제외하고 총 107명 (97.3%)의 자료를 분석하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 12.0을 이용하여 대상자의 일반적 특성은 실수와 백분율로, 레크리에이션 활동 프로그램을 실시하기 전ㆍ후 대상자의 자아존중감 정도는 paired t-test, ANOVA를 활용 하였다. 연구도구는 학교생활부적응 청소년의 자아존중감 정도를 측정하기 위해 총 25문항으로 구성된 Coopersmith(1967)이 개발하고 박선애(1993)가 번역한 것을 중심으로 유네스코 청년원에서 발행한 전성민(1994)의 자아존중감 검사(Self-Esteem Invnmtory: SEI)지를 사용하였다. 각 문항에 대하여 자신의 행동이나 생각과 일치하는 정도에 따라 4점 Likert척도(‘전혀 아니다’,‘조금 아니다’,‘보통이다’,‘정말 그렇다’)로 평정하게 되어있다. 부정적인 문항은 역 환산점수로 환산하였으며 가능한 점수 범위는 최저 25점에서 최대 100점으 로 점수가 높을수록 자아존중감이 높은 것을 의미한다. 본 연구에서 이 도구의 Crobach's α값 은 .91이다. 본 연구결과 대상자의 레크리에이션활동프로그램 실시 전 자아존중감 평균점수는 남학생과 여학생의 경우 65.74±123.90점, 65.35±13.31점으로 유의하게 남학생이 여학생보다 자존감 이 높은 것으로 나타났다(t=50.629 p= .000). 초등학생, 중학생, 고등학생은 65.75±16.71점, 66.94± 12.66점, 63.20±11.19점으로 유의하지는 않았지만 고등학생이 조금 낮게 나타났다 (F=.849 p= .431). 레크리에이션활동 프로그램 실시 후 자아존중감 평균점수는 남학생과 여학생의 경우 73.80 ± 10.86점, 73.14±11.08점으로 유의하게 남학생이 여학생보다 자존감이 높은 것으로 나타났다 (t=67.897 p= .000). 초등학생, 중학생, 고등학생은 73.30±13.07점, 74.36±11.08점, 72.12± 9.43점으로 유의하지는 않았지만 고등학생이 조금 낮게 나타났고(F= .433 p= .650), 실험 전과 후의 점수분포는 동일한 것으로 나타났다. 레크리에이션활동 프로그램 실시 전과 후의 자아존중감 평균점수는 전 65.53±13.06점에서 후 73.45±10.93점으로 유의하게 증가하였다(t=26.92, p= .000). 따라서 향 후 학교생활부적응 청소년의 자아존중감 향상을 위한 중재 방법으로 다양한 레크리 에이션활동 프로그램을 적극적으로 개발하여 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

This study aims to compare the English vocabulary used in Korean high school English textbooks with the one in the College Scholastic Ability Tests (afterwards CSAT) administered in the years of 2009-2013 by using a concordance program, NLPTools, and to make a list of vocabulary used only in CSAT. The findings are as follows: First, when compared with Coxhead's (2000) Academic Word List, the 'Basic Words List' shows a conformity rate of 98.78%. Second, in terms of TTR (Type Token Ratio), there is no noticeable difference among the English textbooks. Third, in the respect of TTR, CSATs show higher figures, which means that CSATs' vocabulary is more difficult than that in the English textbooks and that for CSATs, annually each test has shown a gradual increase in the number of valid types. (This shows that more valid types to be learned are needed for the preparation of CSAT. Also the degree of difficulty in CSAT is getting higher.) Lastly, the higher level of the 208 words which occur only in CSATs illustrates that the gap between the vocabulary level of textbooks and that of CSAT needs to be reduced for normalization of public education.

This study explored the effectiveness and second language (L2) writers' perceptions of process-oriented writing, using portfolio-basedinstruction in a secondary English class at general school settings. The participants were 110 high school students enrolled in a private independent school in Gyeonggi. They learned to produce a four-paragraph-English-essay based on the process-oriented writing methodology, keeping a portfolio note for the entire semester. The instructor was a bilingual teacher of English whose native language is Korean. The 17 weeks' records written in the portfolio note were analyzed to portray whether the approaches enhanced overall performance and understandings about essay-writing. Findings revealed that the participants were satisfied with this approach and improved their writing skills using portfolio-based- instruction. For the sake of implementing the new assessment appropriately at public school settings, further studies are suggested to develop how to enhance classroom environment in order to increase the degree of learner-satisfaction in the essay-writing classes.

This study suggests effectiveness of G-Learning (teaching and learning methodology utilizing interactions derived from game play) English afterschool class, which had been implemented for 3 months to 496 elementary school students in 5th grade at 31 elementary schools spread in the whole regions of Gyeonggi province. To achieve the goals of this study, two hypotheses were set in this study: 1) after conducting G-Learning English class, students' achievement in English study will increase, and 2) after conducting G-Learning English class, students' interest and confidence to English study will increase. Pre and post proficiency tests were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the G-Learning English class. A survey was also carried out with the participants of the class. The results showed that the students' achievement in reading was increased from 24.7 to 36.4 and vocabulary increased from 21.1 to 33.5 with statistical significance. The increase of the test score in three proficiency groups was as follow: high group was 9 points, middle group was 25 points, and low group was 38 points. Moreover, as for the affective factors toward English study, students' interest improved from 3.28 to 3.54 and confidence improved from 3.17 and all the aforementioned results showed statistical significance.

본 연구는 학교의 옥외공간 중 학생들의 휴식 및 활동량이 가장 많고, 높은 열과 낮은 열을 가지는 운동장 및 녹지공간을 대상으로 열적 쾌적성 지표 중 UTCI, PMV, WBGT를 이용하여 학생들이 느끼는 열적 쾌적성을 비교 ․ 분석하고자 하였다. 연구대상지는 인천광역시 학교시설(3개교)을 대상으로 하였으며, 조사기간은 2013년 7 ~ 8월까지 실시하였다. 측정항목으로 열적 쾌적성 지표의 경우 UTCI, PMV, WBGT를, 녹지구조는 녹피율과 녹지용적계수를 측정하였다. 학교별 녹지용적계수는 A학교(4.71㎥/㎡) > B학교(3.34㎥/㎡) > C학교(0.38㎥/㎡)의 순이었으며 학교별 열적 쾌적성 지표를 살펴보면, UTCI는 녹지공간 32.30~35.68℃, 운동장 40.66~42.94℃, PMV수치는 녹지공간 1.76~2.66이었으며 운동장은 모두 3으로 나타났다. WBGT는 녹지공간 26.15~31.38℃, 운동장 31.67~34.53℃이었다. 3개 지표 모두 녹지공간 대비 운동장에서 매우 불쾌적한 수준이었다. 열적 쾌적성 및 녹지와의 상관분석결과, 열적 쾌적성 지표인 UTCI, PMV, WBGT 모두 일사, 흑구온도와는 정의 상관관계를, 녹피율 및 녹지용적계수와는 부의 상관관계로 나타났다.

이 연구는 7차 교육과정부터 09 개정 교육과정까지 ‘한문Ⅰ’의 효와 관련된 단 원을 분석하였다. 그 결과 효와 관련된 ‘한문Ⅰ’에 나타난 소단원 구성의 전개 방 식은 교과서라는 특수성으로 인해 반복적, 획일적 배열에 따라 전개 되고 있으며, 특정한 전개 원리나 단계를 고려한 소단원 전개 체제가 뚜렷하게 나타나지 않았 으나 교과서라는 틀 속에서 내용의 구현방식이 다양화 되어야 한다. ‘효’라는 주제로 대단원을 구성할 경우, ‘효’를 소재 혹은 주제로 한 성어, 단문, 설화나 소설, 한시 등의 제재를 중심으로 주제 통합 단원을 시론적으로 구성하였다. 7차 교육과정부터 09 개정 교육과정 ‘한문Ⅰ’에 나타난 효와 관련된 내용을 분 석한 결과 첫째, 교과서 본문에 ‘백유의 눈물’이 총 8회로 가장 많이 실려 있어서 교과서 저자들이 선호하는 문장임을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 7차 교육과정과 07, 09 개정 교육과정에 의해 만들어진 ‘한문Ⅰ’ 속에 나 타난 효에 관한 단원과 비교해 볼 때, 내용과 분량이 줄어들고 있음을 알 수 있었 다. 하지만 인성교육을 강조하는 요즘의 추세에 오히려 효에 관한 내용과 분량을 늘리는 것이 바람직할 것 같다. 셋째, 효와 관련된 단원의 내용은 당위적인 내용보다는 일화, 설화, 척독 등 일 상생활과 밀접한 글을 통하여 효와 관련된 덕목을 자연스럽게 공감할 수 있는 글 감의 새로운 선정이 요구된다. 인성교육 주제 가운데 효와 관련된 단원 구성과 내용 선정은 한문 교실 수업 현장에서 방안을 제시하고 검증하며 문제점을 찾고 또 개선하는 후속 연구가 계 속 필요하다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of rapid weight reduction for short duration on serum enzyme and stress hormone in high school wrestlers. Subjects were composed of 7 student wrestlers whose wrestling careers were 3years over. Subjects were reduced 5% of their body weight by exercise, reducing food and sauna method for three days. On the basis of the results analyzed in this study and consideration of many pre studies related it, the result could be drawn as follows. First, Data analysis of 5% weight reduction on CPK, post level revealed more significant increase than pre level(p<.05). Second, Data analysis of 5% weight reduction on LDH, post level revealed more significant increase than pre level(p<.05). Data analysis of 5% weight reduction on Epinephrine, post level revealed more significant decrease than pre level(p<.05). Data analysis of 5% weight reduction on Norepinephrine, post level revealed more significant increase than pre level(p<.05). In conclusion, rapid weight reduction gives an effects on decreasing wrestlers' physical fitness suddenly during the match because of changing rapidly of serum enzyme and stress hormone in the body. I hope that more studies will be followed on serum enzyme and stress hormone in rapid weight reduction of weight class competition players in the future.