내란죄의 보호법익은 국가의 존립과 헌법질서, 국가의 내적 안전 등이다. 보호의 정도는 추상적 위험범이며, 국헌문란 목적이 필요한 진정목적범이다. 본죄의 주체는 제한이 없으나 상당히 조직화된 다수인이다. 내란죄와 관련된 범죄인정과 처벌은 미수와 내란준비행위(예비·음모·선동·선전)의 불법성과 가벌성이다. 음모란 2인 이상의 자가 통모·합의하는 것이다. 음모는 아직 물적 준비행위에도 이르지 못한 단계이다. 예비는 유형적 준비행위 즉 물적 준비행위임의 단계로 보는 것이 다수설이며, 음모는 예비행위에 선행하는 범죄단계라 하는 것이 대법원의 입장(86도437 판결)이다. 내란음모죄와 내란선동죄에서 음모와 선동의 시간적 순서와 관련해서 먼저 음모단계 이후 음모를 행한 주체가 선동으로 나아갈 수 있으나 음모를 행하지 않은 경우 선동으로 나아갈 수는 없다고 본다. 따라서 내란선동죄의 범행의 주체는 이미 최소한 범행의 음모단계가 확정된 자라 할 수 있다. 내란선동죄를 인정하고 내란음모죄를 부정한 본 판례는 문제가 있다고 생각한다. 우리 형법에 다른 대부분의 범죄와 달리 내란 예비·음모·선동 등의 처벌규정을 두고 있는 이유는 국가의 존립과 관련된 중대한 범죄인만큼 실행 착수 전의 내란 준비 행위를 예비·음모·선동·선전 단계부터 적극적으로 처벌할 필요와 국가의 존립과 안전을 침해·위태롭게 하는 행위로부터 국가와 국민을 보호하려는 적극적 입법취지를 나타낸 것이라 해석된다. 다른 범죄의 예비·음모·선동·선전의 행위 보다 처벌의 범위를 좁게 해석해서 처벌을 어렵게 하려는 것이 아니라, 형법의 일반론적 해석과 동일한 해석기준에 따라 내란죄의 준비단계행위에 대한 불법성과 가벌성을 세분하여 인정함으로써 적극적으로 처벌의 당위성을 밝힌 규정으로 볼 수 있다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze average kimchi intake, general characteristics, frequency of daily meal intake, intakes of vegetables and fruits, and nutrient intakes in four serving size groups based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010~2012. The results showed an average amount of kimchi intake in subjects of 115.6 g, ranging from 0 g to 605.94 g. For daily meal intake except snacking according to kimchi serving size, all daily meal intakes increased significantly with increasing kimchi serving size (p<0.0001), and tendency of kimchi intake increased with more eating-out. As kimchi serving size increased, total intakes of vegetables and salted vegetables increased significantly (p<0.0001). However, unsalted vegetables intake did not show significant difference. Intake of fruits also increased with increasing kimchi serving size. As the serving size of kimchi increased, intakes of energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat, sodium, and potassium increased significantly (p<0.0001). For intake of sodium, intakes of all groups exceeded 2,000 mg, which is the recommended level for Koreans. Moreover, the fourth serving size group consumed three times (6,546.35 mg) more sodium than the recommended level.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology to prioritize sidewalk construction on rural national highways. METHODS : In order to determine an appropriate prioritization for sidewalk construction, we developed a specific methodology. The proposed methodology includes three main steps: 1) Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods, 2) Subjective evaluation of relevant road agencies for the candidate sidewalks along rural national highways, and 3) Field study conduction. Each step has four phases. The primary feature of this methodology is the addition of expert consultation and survey data, as well as a field study. In addition, the method could guarantee flexibility in selection for evaluation criteria. As a result, the proposed methodology could be used as a general procedure for application to other roadway classifications when considering sidewalk construction. RESULTS: In order to demonstrate the reasonableness of the proposed methodology, a case study was performed for exactly 100 candidate sites for sidewalk construction on rural national highways. All required evaluation scores were properly produced for each candidate site. By doing so, decision-makers can determine the priority for sidewalk construction at these sites by reviewing quantitatively and qualitatively considered data. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the case study can be applied to a long-term fundamental plan for sidewalk construction on rural national highways. Furthermore, this methodology could be employed to prioritize a small-scale SOC project(e. g. bicycle or pedestrian roads).

본 연구에서는 알팔파를 이용하여 사일리지 제조시 L. plantarum KCC-10 및 KCC-19를 접종하여 사일리지의 사료가치, 품질 및 미생물상의 변화를 조사하였다. 알팔파 사일리지 제조시 조단백질, ADF, NDF, TDN 함량 그리고 in vitro 건물소화율은 무접종구와 비슷하였다. L. plantarum KCC-10 및 KCC-19 접종구는 무접종구에 비해 알팔파 사일리지의 pH는 감소 되었으나 (p>0.05), 젖산함량은 L. plantarum KCC-10 및 KCC-19 접종구에서 증가하였다(p<0.05). 그러나 초산 및 낙산 함량은 젖산균 접종구에서는 증가하였으나 통계적인 차이는 보이지 않았다 (p>0.05). 알팔파 사일리지 젖산균 단독 처리구의 젖산균 수는 무접종구에 비해 현저하게 증가하였다 (p<0.05). 이상의 결과를 요약해 보면 알팔파 사일리지 제조시 L. plantarum KCC-10 및 KCC-19 접종에 의해 사일리지의 젖산함량과 젖산균수가 증가되었다.

This paper presents a novel educational model of subjects of electric, electronic and control for marine engineer in accordance with STCW 2010 amendments. In accordance with STCW 2010, contents of such courses in marine engineering operations of undergraduate programs in maritime university should be updated correspondingly to new features. In order to propose the model, this paper analyses and reviews subjects on electric, electronic and control in STCW convention compared to STCW 1995. Also, in this paper, subjects of electric, electronic and control in marine engineering operations in Korea and other countries are analyzed and a new educational model is proposed. in theoretical perspective and practical perspective.

In order to evaluate the pollution of heavy metals in offshore surface sediments around shipyards in Korea, surface sediment samples were collected at eleven stations around four major shipyards located in the southeastern coast of Korea in summer 2010 and nine kinds of heavy metals such as copper(Cu), zinc(Zn), cadmium(Cd), lead(Pb), chrome(Cr), arsenic(As), mercury(Hg), iron(Fe) and aluminum(Al) in sediments were analyzed. The concentrations of Cu at all sampling stations were in the range of 47.10 ~ 414.96 mg/kg and exceeded TEL(Threshold Effects Level) 20.6 mg-Cu/kg of Korean marine environmental standards for offshore sediments and ERL(Effect Range-Low) 34.0 mg-Cu/kg . The concentrations of Cu at seven stations around four shipyards were 65.18 ~ 414.96 mg/kg and exceeded PEL(Probable Effects Level) 64.4 mg-Cu/kg of Korean marine environmental standards for offshore sediments. The concentration of Cu at one station around B-shipyard was 414.96 mg/kg and exceeded ERM(Effect Range-Median) 270.0 mg-Cu/kg . The concentrations of Zn at all stations were in the range of 135.09 ~ 388.79 mg/kg which exceeded ERL 150.0 mg-Zn/kg . The concentrations of Zn at seven stations around four shipyards were 157.57 ~ 388.79 mg/kg and exceeded PEL 157.0 mg-Zn/kg . The concentration of Zn at one station around B-shipyard was 388.79 mg/kg and was approaching ERM 410.0 mg-Zn/kg . The concentrations of Cd at all stations were in the range of 0.11 ~ 0.54 mg/kg and were below TEL 0.75 mg-Cd/kg and ERL 1.2 mg-Cd/kg . The concentrations of Pb at all stations were in the range of 18.04 ~ 105.62 mg/kg . The concentrations of Pb at two stations around B-shipyard were 73.87 ~ 105.62 mg/kg which exceeded TEL 44.0 mg-Pb/kg and ERL 46.7 mg-Pb/kg , and were below PEL 119.0 mg-Pb/kg and ERM 218.0 mg-Pb/kg . The concentrations of Cr at all stations were in the range of 51.26 ~ 85.39 mg/kg. The concentration of Cr at one station around B-shipyard was 85.39 mg/kg and exceeded ERL 81.0 mg-Cr/kg . The concentrations of As at all stations were in the range of 8.70 ~ 22.15 mg/kg which exceeded ERL 8.2 mg-As/kg and were below ERM 70.0 mg-As/kg . The concentrations of As at eight stations around A-shipyard, B-shipyard and D-shipyard were 14.93 ~ 22.15 mg/kg which exceeded TEL 14.5 mg-As/kg and were below PEL 75.5 mg-As/kg . The concentrations of Hg at all stations were in the range of 0.02 ~ 0.35 mg/kg. The concentrations of Hg at three stations around A-shipyard were 0.11 ~ 0.13 mg/kg which were almost equal to TEL 0.11 mg-Hg/kg . Those at two stations around B-shipyard were 0.27 ~ 0.35 mg/kg which exceeded TEL 0.11 mg-Hg/kg and ERL 0.15 mg-Hg/kg, and were below PEL 0.62 mg-Hg/kg and ERM 0.71 mg-Hg/kg. The concentrations of Fe and Al at all stations were in the range of 2.90 ~ 3.66 % and 3.12 ~ 6.80 %, respectively. These results imply that heavy metals such as copper, zinc, lead, arsenic and mercury were likely to be transferred to marine environment from shipyards, especially from B-shipyard.

The insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) is involved in the regulating effects and the biological activities of the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). Recently, It has been reported that the IGFBP2 gene polymorphism was associated growth and skeletal development in chicken. This study was designed to investigate the association of the C1032T SNP of IGFBP2 gene with growth and egg production traits in Korean native chicken (KNC) population as well as other chicken breeds. A total of 225 chickens from the three breeds (Rhode Island Red, Cornish, Leghorn) and 245 chickens from the six strains of Korean native chickens including Black, Gray, Ogol, Red, White, and Yellow, were genotyped by PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism) and analyzed the association between their genotypes and economic traits by SAS program. The results showed that the SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) was significantly associated with multiple traits, including body weight of 150 days (p<0.001 and p<0.05) in the Rhode Island Red and the KNC (White) and egg production number (p<0.05) in the KNC (Black) breed. These results suggest that IGFBP2 C1032T SNP could be used as a DNA marker for the improvement of economic traits in Korean native chicken breeding.

The symbiotic star V1016 Cygni, a detached binary system consisting of a hot white dwarf and a mass-losing Mira variable, shows very broad emission features at around 6825 °A and 7082 °A, which are Raman scattered Ovi  1032, 1038 by atomic hydrogen. In the high resolution spectrum of V1016 Cyg obtained with the Bohyunsan Optical Echelle Spectrograph these broad features exhibit double peak profiles with the red peak stronger than the blue counterpart. However, their profiles differ in such a way that the blue peak of the 7082 feature is relatively weaker than the 6825 counterpart when the two Raman features are normalized to exhibit an equal red peak strength in the Doppler factor space. Assuming that an accretion flow around the white dwarf is responsible for the double peak profiles, we attribute this disparity in the profiles to the local variation of the flux ratio of Ovi  1032, 1038 in the accretion flow. A Monte Carlo technique is adopted to provide emissivity maps showing the local emissivity of Ovi 1032 and Ovi 1038 in the vicinity of the white dwarf. We also present a map indicating the differing flux ratios of Ovi  1032 and 1038. Our result shows that the flux ratio reaches its maximum of 2 in the emission region responsible for the central trough of the Raman feature and that the flux ratio in the inner red emission region is almost 1. The blue emission region and the outer red emission region exhibit an intermediate ratio around 1.5. We conclude that the disparity in the profiles of the two Raman Ovi features strongly implies accretion flow around the white dwarf, which is azimuthally asymmetric.

Rhyparini is one of the tribes of well-known termitophilous scarabs included in Aphodiinae Leach, 1815. Several species of the tribe are known to live in association with termites, with both organisms occurring together in relatively large numbers. In extant numbers of this tribe, the larvae live inside termite nests. The tribe Rhyparini can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: clypeus usually bidentate though sometime feebly so, inflexed edge medially obtusely angulate; frons and vertex with tufts of setae or longitudinal tubercles; pronotum with six longitudinal costae equally spaced in at least posterior half of disc, lateral pronotal edge at least feebly bilobed in anterior half; elytra costae, costae varying on height, number and spacing, elytral apices frequently bulbous, epipleura narrow; posterior prosternal process hastate; antenna 9th segmented, club 3th segmented, segments of club short and compact. The tribe includes 77 species of 12 genera worldwide, and Pittino (2006) published a key to world genera in the subfamily Rhyparinae (tribe Rhyparini). In total, nine species of two genera in the tribe Rhyparini have been recorded in the Palaearctic region up to date: Rhyparus Westwood with eight species and Sybacodes Fairmaire one species, In Japan three species are known, China with one and Taiwan five. However, up to date, any has not been reported in Korea. In the present study we report on the tribe Rhyparini from Korea for the first time, based on Rhyparus azumaiazumai Nakane, 1956. Diagnosis and illustrations of detailed diagnostic characters, including male genitalia are provided.

본 증례는 복강경 담낭절제술 후 10년이 경과되어 발생한 총담관 결석의 예로, 결석 내 포함된 외과용 클립이 담관결석의 원인이 되었을 것으로 추정된다. 내시경으로 제거한 총 담관결석 내에 외과용 클립이 발견되어 수술시 사용한 외과용 클립이 총담관 내로 이동하여 총담관 내 결석의 핵으로 작용했을 가능성을 뒷받침한다. 담낭 절제술 후 발생한 우상 복부 통증으로 내원한 환자에서 외과용 클립에 의한 총담관 결석은 진단에 있어 고려해야 할 부분으로 생각된다. 진단은 단순복부촬영에서 우상복부에 금속성 물질이 관찰된다면 의심할 수 있겠으나, 내시경적 담췌관조영술에서 총담관 내에 음영결손과 결석 내부에 금속성 물질이 관찰될 때 가능하다. 치료는 일반적인 총담관 결석의 치료와 동일하며, 내시경을 이용한 유두괄약근 절개술 후 바스켓 및 풍선 카테터를 이용한 결석 제거가 유용하다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship the quality of life, osteoarthritis and osteoporosis in the Republic of Korea. This study was utilized raw data from the 2010 KCHS. In total, 229,229 individuals participated in the 2010 survey. The final analysis was identified 22,545 individuals who had been diagnosed by a doctor with arthritis or osteoporosis. To identify the relationship between the quality of life - related after treated or treating of arthritis, osteoporosis, A multiple linear regression analysis was performed. Treating group for osteoarthritis of their quality of life has statistically been less than after treated group(B=-.068, p<.001). Treating group for osteoporosis of their quality of life has statistically been less than after treated group(B=-.083, p<.001). Non-treatment group who was diagnosed by doctor, but no treated subject for osteoarthritis of their quality of life has statistically been less than after treated group(B=-.075, p<.001). Non-treatment group that was diagnosed by doctor, but no treated subject for osteoporosis of their quality of life has statistically been less than after treated group(B=-.045, p<.001). Non-treatment group who was diagnosed by doctor, but no treated subject for osteoporosis and arthritis of their quality of life has statistically been less than after treated group(B=-.0121, p<.001). as a result of those data, we understand that the decision maker for treatment has been chosen by quality of life, including pain, mobility activity and so on.

2010년 11월 11-13일 한반도에 영향을 미쳤던 황사에 대해 WRF-Chem 모델을 이용하여 시뮬레이션 하였다. WRF-Chem 모델에서 미세먼지의 인위적 배출량은 RETRO 전구 배출량을 사용하였고, RADM2 화학 메커니즘과 MADE/SORGAM 에어로졸 스킴 및 GOCART 광물성 먼지 옵션을, 그리고 Fast-J 광해리 스킴을 선택하여 PM10 농도를 시뮬레이션 하였는데 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. WRF-Chem 모델 결과에 따른 PM10 농도의 공간적 분포와 연직 프로파일 분석결과 2010년 11월 11-13일에 우리나라에 영향을 미쳤던 황사는 강한 가을황사로 저기압의 발달로 인해 형성된 콤마구름 때문에 황사가 한랭전선 후면에서 갇혀 상공 2.5 km 이내에서 이동 및 유입됨을 알 수 있었다. 황사 발생 기간 동안 백령도와 서울의 기상청 관측 자료와 모델의 PM10 농도를 시계열로 분석한 결과 상관계수와 평균제곱근오차(RMSE)는 백령도의 경우 0.763과 192.73μg/m3, 서울의 경우 0.725와 149.68μg/m3로 나타났다. 미세먼지인 PM10과 PM2.5 농도의 공간적 분포는 유사하였고 PM2.5가 PM10의 약 50% 정도로 나타났으며 이는 기상청 UM-ADAM 모델 결과와도 유사하였다. PM10 농도와 경계층 높이, 동서 성분 바람장의 공간적 분포는 유사성을 지니고 있어 두 개의 변수를 이용하여 PM10의 농도를 예측하는 회귀 방정식을 구하고자 우리나라에 영향을 미쳤던 강한 가을 황사(2010년 11월 11-13일)와 봄 황사(2011년 3월 19-20일) 사례를 선정하였고, 통계 모델을 이용한 회귀식을 도출하였다.

국내 대형 조선소 주변해역의 중금속오염 현황을 밝히기 위하여 2010년 여름에 4개의 대형 조선소 주변 11개의 채수정점과 4개의 대조 정점에서 해수 시료를 채취하여 6종의 금속(Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd, Pb, Hg)을 분석하였다. 조선소별 주변해역 수중의 금속을 분석한 결과, (1) 구리(Cu)의 평균 농도는 0.817 ~ 1.638 ㎍/L로 해역환경기준(사람의 건강보호기준 20 ㎍/L, 해양생태계 보호 단기기준 3 ㎍/L)보다 낮았지만, 대조정점에 비하여 1.64 ~ 2.75배의 높은 값을 나타냈다. (2) 아연(Zn)의 평균 농도는 0.228 !~ 0.567 ㎍/L로 해역환경기준(사람의 건강보호기준 100 ㎍/L, 해양생태계 보호 단기기준 34 ㎍/L)보다 낮았지만, 대조정점에 비하여 1.62 ~ 5.91배의 높은 값을 나타냈다. (3) 철(Fe)의 평균 농도는 3.332 ~ 7.410 ㎍/L로 대조정점에 비하여 1.30 ~ 6.75배의 높은 값을 나타냈다. (4) 카드뮴(Cd)의 평균 농도는 0.013 ~ 0.028 ㎍/L로 해역환경기준(사람의 건강보호기준 10 ㎍/L, 해양생태계 보호 단기기준 19 ㎍/L)보다 낮았지만, 대조정점에 비해 1.18 ~ 2.33배의 높은 값을 나타냈다. (5) 납(Pb)의 평균 농도는 0.007 ~ 0.126 ㎍/L로 해역환경기준(사람의 건강보호기준 50 ㎍/L, 해양생태계 보호 단기기준 7.6 ㎍/L)보다 낮았다. (6) 수은(Hg)의 평균 농도는 0.002 ~ 0.004 ㎍/L로 해역환경기준(사람의 건강보호기준 0.5 ㎍/L, 해양생태계 보호 단기기준 1.8 ㎍/L)보다 낮았다. 비록 모든 중금속의 수중 농도가 해역환경기준보다 낮다고 할지라도, 선박 건조작업에 사용되는 구리, 아연, 철과 같은 중금속의 농도가 대조해역에 비해 조선소 주변해역에서 높다는 것은 조선소의 영향에 기인하는 것을 암시한다. 따라서 조선소로부터 각종 오염물질이 해양에 유입되지 않도록 통제하고 해양오염을 방지하는 국가적 차원의 해양환경관리가 필요하다.