현 사회는 빠른 속도로 발전하는 네트워크 기술로 인하여 지역 간, 나라 간의 경계가 모호해져 가고 있다. 글로벌 사회로 빠르게 변모하고 있는 시점에서 대한민국의 수도 서울의 정체성 확립이 어느 때보다 중요하다. 또한 서울 방문 외국 관광 객이 2,000만 명 시대를 대비하여 도시 브랜드 정체성을 강화할 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 시민들의 자긍심 고취와 타 도시 대비 경쟁력 제고를 위한 브랜딩 과정의 공감과 확산에 도움이 주고자 한다. 이를 위해 TCCS분석인 Trend, City, Competitor, Stakehoder 4가지로 나누어 분석하고 이를 통해 서울시의 키워드를 도출하고 그에 따른 브랜드 정체성을 제 시하고자 한다. 그 결과, 키워드는 ‘공존하는’, ‘열정적인’, ‘트랜디한’, ‘배려있는’, ‘여유있는’으로 도출되었으며 이로 인해 서울시는 서로 다른 요소들이 공존하며, 열정적인 시민과 트랜디한 문화를 경험할 수 있는 배려와 여유가 있는 도시, 공존 의 철학으로 열정적이면서도 여유와 배려가 있는 트랜디한 도시, 열정적이며 트랜디한 문화를 이끌어가면서도 공존의 정심 으로 배려와 여유를 놓지 않는 어울림의 도시로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 토대는 나타난 서울시의 정체성은 다양한 디자인 분야의 컨셉을 도출하거나 시민 참여를 유도하는 이벤트를 개최할 때 유용한 자료로 활용되었으면 한다.

This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between planted plants and immigration plants by monitoring the wildflower garden constructed at Seoul Samgaksan Elementary School. The results of this study are as follows: First, plants planted in the garden 32 taxa, except for weakened only 1 taxa (Clematis patens), the remaining plants maintained or increased their populations. Among maintained Plants, that did not volume growth were 6 taxa and volume growth on the spot were 5 taxa. 15 taxa were spread around the planting area and 5 taxa spread sporadically to unpredictable areas other than the planting area. Although most of the planted plants show good growth, no special management is required, but Lonicera japonica needs the density management that cuts off the stem in the early spring and 5 sporadically spreading taxa, the planting intent of garden is attenuated, so remove the root when new leaves come out in spring. Second, the total number of plants transferred after 2 years of wildflower garden constructed were 83 taxa total, which is 2.6 times that of planted plants. The seed disseminule form was analyzed as 52% barochory, 27% anemochory&hydrochory, 16% autochory and 5% zoochory. Also about 43% of the transferred plants were estimated to been imported from soil seed bank. Third, we classified immigration plants into largely native plants and naturalized plants. The native plants were transferred to more than naturalized plants: 65 native plants, 1 cultivated plants and 17 (22%) naturalized plants. The results of the monitoring of the rooftop garden ‘Choroktteul’ in Seoul City Hall showed that there were differences in the type and number of the immigration plants depending on the distance and quality of the surrounding greenery. Fourth, the management method of immigration plants is divided into three categories: elimination, transplantation, and utilization. The 39 taxa were selected for the elimination: Invasive alien plants among naturalized plants, fast spreading plants, plants that expand sideways with rhizomes, and plants that interfere with the growth of planted plants: grow to over 1 meter in height and climbing plant. The elimination period should be dry, clear, windy day, remove the root without any residue. The transplanted plants are 18 taxa, tree, plants not suitable for habitat, and in elementary school textbooks. It is a group of 26 taxa which are used in the garden: for landscape that plants have ornamental values (flowers, leaves, and autumn colors etc.) but do not attenuate the intent of the garden, and for groundcover that plants have low plant height and fast spread. It is also possible to prevent immigration plants when you are mulching or planting plants densely populated areas when making a garden.

학교 주변 자투리땅에 각종 농작물을 심어 농사도 체험하고 생산된 농작물을 학교 급식에 활용하는 스쿨팜이 인기를 끌고 있다. 스쿨팜을 운영하는 학교는 지속적으로 증가하는 추세로 정규수업·특별활동 등을 통해 교육이 이뤄지고 있으며 스쿨팜을 활용한 수업의 교육적 효과 는 ‘매우 효과적이다’ 67%, ‘효과적이다’ 32%로, 교육효과에 대해 매우 높은 것으로 나타났다. 직접 심고 수확하는 과정을 통해 자연을 배 우고 학생들의 정서함양에 도움을 주면서 친구에 대한 적대감이나 공격성이 줄어든다든지 패스트푸드에 익숙한 학생들이 안 먹던 채소를 먹게 되었다는 긍정적인 효과를 낳고 있다. 이렇게 새로운 교육의 장으로 주목받고 있는 학교의 스쿨팜 운영현황을 서울시농업기술센터가 지원하고 있는‘스쿨팜’기반으로 조사하였다. 2012년부터 2017년 현재까지 서울시 농업기슬센터의 스쿨팜 운영지원사업 참여 초등학교는 216개교(전체 602개의 35%), 중학교는 30개 교(388개의 7%),고등학교는 15개교(전체 326개의 4%)로 나타났으며 상급학교로 올라감에 따라 스쿨팜 조성 비율이 현저히 줄어듦을 알 수 있다. 23개 자치구별로 살펴보면, 전체 교육기관대비 스쿨팜 참여비율이 높게 난 지역은 강서구 74%, 노원구 71%, 송파구 67% 순이며, 종로 구는 24%로 최저를 나타내 지역별로 최대 3배의 차이 나는 등 큰 편차를 보이고 있다. 스쿨팜 공간에 대한 유형으로는 농지형, 화분(상자)형, 혼합형으로 구분되는데, 스쿨팜 조성비율이 높은 3개구인 강서구, 노원구, 송파구는 각각 농지형, 화분형, 농지형이 많은 것으로 조사되었다. 타지역구 대비 녹지 비율이 높은 강남구, 송파구, 서초구의 스쿨팜 조성 비율은 각기 56%, 67%, 40%였으며, 녹지비율이 낮은 광진구의 경 우 35%로 나타났다. 상기 결과를 종합해 보면, 각 지역별 혹은 초·중·고별로 스쿨팜 조성의 편차가 있는 것으로 나타났으며 이는 지역별 혹은 초·중·고별 특성을 반영하고 있는 것으로 판단되는 바, 각각 상황에 맞춘 스쿨팜 조성 지원사업이 이루어진다면 더 많은 학생들이 스쿨팜의 혜택을 볼 수 기회 가 있을 것이다. 본 연구를 통해 알 수 있듯이 상급학교로 진학하면서 스쿨팜을 접할 기회가 줄어들고 있다. 자치구별 그리고 학교 (초·중·고)별로 스쿨팜 조성 비율 편차가 존재하는 원인을 근본적으로 파악해서 각 자치구별 맞춤형 지원이 이루어진다면 서울시 전체적으로 스쿨팜이 더 활성화 되는 계기가 될 것으로 판단된다.

음식물류폐기물은 배출, 수거 및 처리단계에서 여러 문제점을 내포하고 있다. 배출 및 수거 단계에서는 보관용기 주변에서 발생되는 악취 및 해충 등 위생상의 문제점, 처리 단계에서는 음식폐기물 재활용 산물의 낮은 품질로 인한 유통상의 문제점 등을 들 수 있다. 또한 서울연구원에서 실시한 설문조사에 따르면, 가정 생활폐기물을 배출하는 데 있어서 가장 어려움을 느끼는 것이 음식폐기물의 배출(50.7%)이라고 응답하였고 주방용오물분쇄기(이하 디스포저) 사용이 허용된다면 사용할 의사가 있다는 응답이 매우 높았다(82.8%). 이에 따라 서울시에서는 디스포저 도입의 타당성을 평가하기 위하여 2009년과 2010년 및 2015년에 배수전처리, 정화조병합, 고액분리 등 총 3가지의 전처리시스템에 대한 시범사업을 실시하였다. 모니터링 항목에는 음식폐기물발생원단위, 디스포저 오수 발생량 및 오염부하량, 디스포저 사용 전후 오수의 성상 변화, 및 주민설문조사 등이 포함되었다. 시범사업의 모니터링 결과, 음식물류폐기물 발생원단위는 0.12~0.15kg/cap･dayfh 측정되었는데, 이는 환경부 통계 자료의 30~50% 수준이었다. 주방오수발생량원단위는 29.9L/cap･day, 분쇄오수발생량원단위는 4.1L/cap･day로 측정되었으며, 이는 일본의 국토교통성에서 제시한 자료(30L/cap･day, 5L/cap･day)와 거의 일치하였다. 디스포저 사용 후 배수전처리시설과 정화조병합처리시설 및 고형물회수시설 후단에서 측정된 각각의 BOD는 20.9, 67.8 및 129.0mg/L, SS는 63.7, 47.5 및 63.0mg/L, n-Hexane 추출물질은 18.8, 27.5 및 54.0mg/L를 나타내었다. 시범사업을 통해 전처리시설을 설치하고 디스포저를 사용하는 경우에 공공하수도에 미치는 영향이 매우 적은 것으로 확인되었고, 사용 주민을 대상으로 한 설문조사에서도 현재 법으로 금지되어 있는 디스포저 사용이 허용될 경우 90% 이상의 주민이 사용할 의향이 있다고 조사되었다.

With the increasing trend of popularity of websites and social networking sites, it is quite evident that companies need to take cautionary measures in protecting the reputations with respect to company and brands. In this process, every company should indulge in enhancing their company and brand image through websites and social networking sites that fortify the bonding nature among them. The always-on nature of websites and social networking sites has contributed to their phenomenal marketing power and altered the balance of power between consumers and firms. Websites and social networks are used by hundreds of millions of people to communicate about a huge range of topics, including personal interests, activities, social events and even public issues. The paper explores a case study of the Ritz- Carlton hotel for their marketing strategy and organizational use of their website and social media in communicating with their customers. Even for the normal luxury traveler who would not have previously used the Internet to research a hotel or make a reservation, ritzcarlton.com is making it possible for them to do so in a sense of the luxury and typical Ritz-Carlton style. It seems to be a staple of the company for years to come.

Asthma deaths in Seoul peaked on the third, fifth, and second days after the PM concentration exceeded the daily average concentration standard. We classified the synoptic meteorological conditions, based on the days involving such cases, into three categories. Type 1 included the meteorological condition likely to cause high air pollution concentrations in the leeward region, the dominant wind direction of which is the northwest. Type 2 included the meteorological condition likely to cause high air pollution concentrations due to the weak wind velocity under stable atmospheric conditions. Type 3 was when the passage low atmospheric pressure and the expansion of high atmospheric pressure occurred at the rear, indicating a meteorological condition likely to cause high air pollution, in certain regions. Type 1 occurred 11 times, with high concentrations of over 100㎍/m³ being observed in the southeastern part of Seoul. Type 2 occurred 24 times, often accompanied by a PM concentration of 100~400 ㎍/m³. Type 3 occurred 11 times, and was accompanied by several days of yellow dust that accounted for the highest concentrations.

Average concentration of PM in Seoul metropolitan area satisfied the Korean air quality standard in 2010. Furthermore, concentration of PM in all boroughs across Seoul met the air environment standard in 2012. PM10 concentration was relatively higher in center of Seoul in comparison to the rest, while PM2.5 concentration showed exactly the contrary result. We analyzed the effect that PM emissions from vehicles would have on PM concentrations across Seoul. The results showed that average annual PM concentration recently decreased in Seoul although the number of vehicles registered annually continued its upward trend. By contrast, average fine dust concentrations in Seoul showed a decline which suggested that correlation between annual average PM concentrations and number of registered vehicles remained low. However, year-on-year vehicle registration rate recently showed a declining tendency in the same way as the trend of changes in average PM concentrations. Particularly, the upward trend in annual average PM concentrations in 2002 and 2007 was consistent with the increase in vehicle registration rate, suggesting that vehicle registration rate was closely associated with changes in PM concentrations.

To analyze the cooling effect of urban green areas, we conducted micrometeorological measurements in these areas and their surroundings in Seoul, Korea. From the average hourly temperature measurements through each month for the last two years (March 2013 to February 2015), we found that the maximum temperature difference between urban and green areas was about 2.9℃ at 16:00 LST in summer, and the minimum was about 1.7℃ at 22:00 LST in winter. In summer, the temperature difference was the largest during the day, rather than at night, due mainly to shading by the tree canopy. The specific humidity difference between the two areas was about 1.5 g kg-1 in summer, and this decreased in the winter. The specific humidity difference between urban and green areas in summer is relatively large during the day, due to the higher evapotranspiration level of biologically active plants.

Urban agriculture, which can be defined as agriculture performed in a city, is suggested as an alternative solution to restore deserted community and expand green land in city area through cultivation activities. In Korea, ‘Urban Agriculture Promotion and Support Act’ was enforced from May 2012. In addition, in the same year, Seoul Metropolitan Government declared ‘the beginning of urban agriculture era,’ established municipal ordinance, and increased budget to actively support urban agriculture. As a result, urban agriculture practices have been increasing every year. Yet, the way of developing urban agriculture in a uniform way of expanding green land has led to difficulties of securing proper spaces. Accordingly, ‘roof top’ spaces have gained attention. This study analyzes rooftop garden, one of the spaces of carrying out urban agriculture, from the publicness perspective. The study selected a case study of a public rooftop garden in Mullae-dong, Yeongdeungpo-gu, investigated present conditions and usage features of the garden, and explored the conditions to be a ‘public’ roof top garden. Through theoretical analysis, both physical and non-physical indicators were derived for analysis framework; physical aspects- accessibility, locality, openness, comfortness, and non-physical aspects- subjectivity, cooperativeness, and a sense of community. The results of this study are as follows. First, openness and locality scores were the highest, and comfortness scored the lowest, in ensuring the publicness of Mullae roof top garden. Second, non-physical indicators had stronger effect than physical indicators on rooftop garden users’ awareness on publicness and building a garden community. In conclusion, in order to vitalize roof top garden, users should be engaged from the very first planning stage of building a garden, opening hours should not be limited, and more importance should be put on users to subjectively manage the operation of rooftop garden than merely creating a physical environment.

This study surveyed the human thermal responses according to the green space types. Three green space type (forest trail, residential area and central building district) were set the research sites in Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul. The physical thermal environment factors were measured while the human thermal responses were investigated. The air temperature and radiant temperature showed higher in central building area where sky view factor was 0.799 than in forest trail where sky view factor was 0.651. The skin temperatures increased according to green space type and rectal temperatures showed the highest value in central building area. The thermal sensation vote and thermal comfort showed the differences only between forest trail and central building area. These results will use as base line data on the green space type management plan for thermal environment amenity.

Extreme temperature has direct and indirect effects on Human Health, and usually influences negatively. This study analyzes the correlation between extreme temperature and excess mortality caused by cardiovascular disease in Seoul. Excess mortality correlates with daily maximum temperature, especially daily excess fatality over two standard deviations, has a strong positive correlation. On the other hand, daily minimum temperature is not significantly related with excess death. Recently, significance of the correlation coefficient of high temperature in August decreases because of the heat wave preparation.

The adequacy of urban air quality monitoring networks in the largest metropolitan city, Seoul was evaluated using multivariate analysis for SO2, NO2, CO, PM10, and O3. Through cluster analysis for 5 air pollutants concentrations, existing monitoring stations are seen to be clustered mostly by geographical locations of the eight zones in Seoul. And the stations included in the same cluster are redundantly monitoring air pollutants exhibiting similar atmospheric behavior, thus it can be seen that they are being operated inefficiently. Because monitoring stations groups representing redudancy were different depending on measurement items and several pollutants are being measured at the same time in each air monitoring station, it is seemed to be not easy to integrate or transmigrate stations. But it may be proposed as follows : the redundant stations can be integrated or transmigrated based on ozone of which measures are increasing in recent years and alternatively the remaining pollutants other than the pollutant exhibiting similar atmospheric behavior with nearby station’s can be measured. So it is considered to be able to operate air quality monitoring networks effectively and economically in order to improve air quality.

A statistical change-point analysis examined the existence of climate regime shift in the time series of the Asian dust frequency in Seoul during spring. As a result, the Asian dust frequency in Seoul during spring has sharply increased since 1993. To investigate the cause of the increasing Asian dust frequency in Seoul during spring, therefore the averages during the period of 1993 to 2011 and the differences in large-scale environment during the period of 1974 to 1992 were analyzed. According to the analysis results for 850 hPa, 500 hPa, and 200 hPa stream flows, northwesterly anomaly was formed from the Lake Baikal to the Korean Peninsula due to the intensification of anomalous anticyclonic circulation in Northern China. This northwesterly anomaly has become a major circulation that moves the sand particles from Northern China to Seoul.

Since prolonged exposure to elevated ozone (O3) concentrations is known to be harmful to human health, appropriate control strategies for ozone are needed for the non-attainment area such as Seoul, Korea. The goal of this research is to assess factors linked with the 1-hour ozone exceedance through a decision tree model. Since ozone is a secondary pollutant, lag times between ozone and explanatory variables for ozone formation are taken into account in the model to improve the accuracy of the simulation. Results show that while ozone concentrations of the previous day and NO2 concentrations in the morning are major drivers for ozone exceedances in the early afternoon, meteorology plays more important role for ozone exceedances in the late afternoon. Results also show that a selection of lag times between ozone and explanatory variables affect the accuracy of predicting 1-hour ozone exceedances. The result analyzed in this study can be used for developing control strategies of ozone in Seoul, Korea.

A comparison of ozone simulations in the seoul metropolitan region (SMR) using the community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) model with SAPRC99 and CB05 chemical mechanisms (i.e. EXP-SP99 and EXP-CB05) has been conducted during four seasons of 2012. The model results showed that the differences in average ozone concentrations between the EXP-SP99 and EXP-CB05 were found to be large in summer, but very small in the other seasons. This can be attributed that the SAPRC99 tends to produce more ozone than the CB05 in urban area like the SMR with low VOC/NOx ratio under high ozone conditions. Through quantitative comparison between two mechanisms for the summer, it was found that the average ozone concentrations from the EXP-SP99 were about 3 ppb higher than those from the EXP-CB05 and agreed well with the observations. Horizontal differences in ozone concentrations between SAPRC99 and CB05 showed that significant differences were found in southern part of the SMR and over the sea near the coast in summer.

In order to improve the prediction of the regional air quality modeling in the Seoul metropolitan area, a sensitivity analysis using two PBL and microphysics (MP) options of the WRF model was performed during four seasons. The results from four sets of the simulation experiments (EXPs) showed that meteorological variables (especially wind field) were highly sensitive to the choice of PBL options (YSU or MYJ) and no significant differences were found depending on MP options (WDM6 or Morrison) regardless of specific time periods, i.e. day and night, during four seasons. Consequently, the EXPs being composed of YSU PBL option were identified to produce better results for meteorological elements (especially wind field) regardless of seasons. On the other hand, the accuracy of all simulations for summer and winter was somewhat lower than those for spring and autumn and the effect according to physics options was highly volatile by geographical characteristics of the observation site.

확률강우량은 수공구조물 설계와 도시방재를 위한 기준 등으로 활용되고 있어, 확률강우량의 산정은 매우 중요하다. 특히 소방방재청에서는 확 률강우량으로 우리나라 시·군 단위로 지역방재성능목표를 설정하고 이에 대한 방재성능평가 및 방재성능목표 달성을 위한 개발계획 수립 시 활용 하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 현재 시·군 단위로 설정되어 있는 목표 강우량을 구(區) 단위로 산정하고자 기상청의 지상기상관측지점(SSS, Surface Synoptic Stations)과 방재기상관측지점(AWS, Automatic Weather Stations)의 강우자료를 활용하여 지점빈도해석 및 지수홍수법을 이용한 지역빈도해석을 통해 지속시간 1시간, 2시간, 3시간 목표강우량을 산정하였다. 이는 서울지역의 지자체별 방재성능 평가 및 방재관련 업무에 참고 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단되며, 향후 방재성능목표 설정에 크게 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

공공 서비스의 공공 앱을 통해 넓게 분산된 시민들에게 다양하고 풍부한 공공 서비스를 고르게 제공할 수 있고, 시민들은 시간과 장소에 구애받지 않고 공공 서비스를 이용할 수 있다는 점에서, 공공 앱을 주요한 공공 서비스 전달 수단으로 인식 하고, 공공 앱의 내용과 기능을 파악함으로써 모바일 정부에 대한 이해를 높이고 정책적 시사점을 제공한다. 현재 모바일에서 사용되고 있는 앱 45개를 토대로 서울시 공공 서비스 사례 분석을 통해 공공 서비스용 모바일 증강 현실 앱의 서비스 유형에는 4가지로 나눌 수 있으며, 정보, 커뮤니케이션, 엔터테인먼트, 안전으로 나눌 수 있었다. 안전한 스마 트 공공 서비스 환경 및 개인 정보 보호 등이 강화돼야 할 것이다. 이러한 공공서비스의 문제점을 제시하고 모바일 공공 서비스에 대한 인식과 만족도에 대한 가이드라인을 제시하고자 한다.

Flood disaster generates large amounts of flood wastes and it is rarely well-treated due to the heavy amount of wastes.Therefore the prediction of flood waste generation and making a plan for appropriate treatment have been required.Targeting for Seoul city, we investigated the history of flood disasters and the number of flooded buildings, and conductedregression analysis between the number of flooded buildings and rainfall data. As a result, daily average rainfall andmaximum daily rainfall showed better correlations with the number of flooded buildings than total rainfall data. As aresult of verification on the official unit of flood waste generation, 1.35ton/flooded building, it was reliable data for totalSeoul city, but not for regional units (gu). Finally, using regression equation and the official unit of flood waste generation,we suggested the method to predict flood waste generation by rainfall. For more reliable prediction, it is necessary toaccumulate more regional data about the number of flooded buildings, building types, and topographic conditions dueto a wide regional deviation.

Recently, sales attempting of emotion between the flower shop and cafe is increasing by their strategic partnership. The combination of them, however, is at an early stage. So it’s unsystematic and also related research is not entirely satisfactory. Thus, the research tried to contribute to flower cafe’s vitalization by analysing the image characteristics and preference factor of the flower cafe. The subjects of analysis are 6 flower cafe located in Gangnam-gu, Seoul. The research method is as in the following. General public group and professional group, each of them is 100 people, are the research object. They did a survey which is about their sense of the flower cafe, visual preference about display elements, the image characteristics of the cafe and a difference of awareness between the groups. Collected material was analyzed by SPSS statistics 18 program. The result of the research is that they preferred color of all display elements and didn’t prefer POP(Point of Purchase Advertising). Additionally, an average of ‘Modernistic-Traditional’, which is an adjective item of cafe image characteristic, is the highest while the average of ‘Graceful-Unpretentiously’ is the lowest. In the research, the most important variable in visual preference about display elements is display goods, and the most influence elements in image characteristic of cafe is scale feeling. Moreover, there are the difference between a gender about preference and image characteristics. Especially, the general public group has higher perception than the professional group under the statistical significance level. This research shows that the flower cafe makes user easily access to flower and plants, and there is high correlation between the visual preference and image of display and preference of cafe.