A secondary survey was conducted of 503 customers, to investigate eating out behaviours at five fast food restaurants of Youido apartment compound in Seoul, in April of 1988. The results are summarized as follows: The majority, 84% of customers, were aged 14 to 30, consisting of junior and senior high school children, college students and company employees. In contrast to the previous survey of 1986, in which no elderly customers were found, a small number of elderly customers were observed in this study. The reasons given by customers for patronizing fast food restaurants were the following, from most to least frequent: 'convenient', 'allows for companionship', 'the pleasant place to eat', 'dining equipment and tableware are hygienic', 'to be able to stay as long as I want', and 'foods rapidly served'. Only 24.2% of the customers purchased the fast foods for a full meal, 38.3% purchased the foods for snacking, and others purchased ice cream only or drink only. The majority of the customers ate the purchased foods at the fast food restaurants. However, a limited number of female customers preferred to take the packed fast foods to their homes. Taste preference was a major factor in food selection from available menu items, among the younger customers; whereas customers over 30 years old were concerned with nutritive balance. Fried chicken, pizza, rolled rice with laver, ice cream, and juice were high on the list of liked foods; in contrast, lower preference was for fish burger, doughnut, spaghetti, Chajang noodles and chili beans. The survey discovered that the preference for fried chicken, pizza, and salad had increased compared to the previous survey of 1986. Preference by food nationality was highest for Korean food, then Western food, Chinese food, and Japanese food, in that order. Customers offered suggestions for better fast food service, such as lowering the price; greater variety in the menu; developing fast foods from the traditional Korean foods; and increasing the proportion of vegetables and fruits on the fast food menu. The customers, in particular, emphasized a need for the development of Korean traditional beverage of malt drink and persimmon punch, as well as mungbean pan cakes and sweet- spicy rice noodles (docbokki), as fast foods.

A consumer survey(2, 251 residents) on marketed kimchi products in Seoul and near Seoul Area were investigated for marketablity and quality improvement of kimchi. The results obtained as follow. 1. The proportion of subjects who has bought the marketed kimchi products was 24%, some factors(ages, type of housing, family system, income) were investigated. 2. The major motivation season and favorite kinds of kimchi for purchasing the products were investigated. And Subjects bought the needed amount for 1 day at hygienic store. 3. Subjects prefered the taste of kimchi which is medium level in sour, sweet, salty and hot. The most urgent improvement for the marketed kimchi is the sanitation. If marketed kimchi were improved over the aspects, the proportion of subjects who would buy the products was 54%.

34 packaged meal (Dosirak) manufacturing establishments were assessed in terms of working environment, production and transportation practices. Questionnaires and facility check-lists were developed. Most establishments were small in business, and production personnel as well as production facilities were insufficient compared with production capacity of establishments. Mean production capacity for packaged meals in terms of optimum and maximum levels were 6,500 and 15,166 meals in large sized establishments; 2,662 and 8,301 in medium; and 2,112, and 4,733 in small respectively. Those figures indicate potentially hazardous practices in production especially in small and medium sized establishments. Most meals were produced to order. Transportation facility and kitchen space were assessed as insufficient.

To determine dining out behaviours of fast foods at five different fast food restaurants of Youido apartment compound in Seoul, a survey was conducted of 460 customers ranging in age from 7 to 29 year, from October 1 to 5th, 1986. Findings are summarized follows: The reasons the customers the fast food restaurants by the highest percentage were the following in the order: 'the atmosphere in which fast food is eaten is enjoyable for the companionship', 'convenient to dining', 'the surroundings and dining equipment are pleasant and hygienic', and 'to be able to stay as long as I want'. The majority of the customers visited the fast food restaurants with their friends between 1pm and 5pm. The fast foods purchased by the customers were mostly for snack rather than a full meal. Preference was a major factor in food selection from available meun items. Ice cream, Kentucky fried chicken, rolled rice with laver I rice cake stew, fried Mandoo were ranged high on the list of liked foods, in contrast, lower preference was for noodle soup, small red bean porridge, pinenut porridge, and persimmon punch.

본문은 서울을 중심으로 한 주요교통로를 따라 솔칠혹파리의 피해선단지를 조사한 것이다. (1) 서울지방의 술잎혹파리 피해는 광주, 양수, 서파, 봉천, 고촌 등 동북방으로 널리 전파되어 있다. (2) 솔잎혹파리의 전파를 조장하는 인자로는 성충기의 향이 가장 관계가 깊은 것으로 관찰되었다. (3) 솔잎혹파리 피해선단지의 유충기생봉 솔잎혹파리 좀벌의 기생율은 서파의 를 제외하고는 매우 높았다.

한국어교육 기관별 교육 목표에 맞는 교재 개발의 흐름에 맞 춰 서울과학기술대학교 한국어 과정에서도 초급 1, 2의 교재를 개발하 여 사용하고 있다. 이에 1년여간 사용해 온 초급 교재에 대한 학습자 와 교사의 사용 만족도와 교재의 장·단점을 설문 조사와 인터뷰를 통 해 살펴보았다. 이를 통해 문법의 체계적이며 단계적인 연습 및 활동 이 제시되었으며, 실제적으로 사용할 수 있는 어휘 및 표현이 제시되 어 학습자의 만족도가 높았음을 알 수 있었다. 다만 번역이 없어 혼자 학습하기에는 어려움이 있었다는 점이 가장 큰 단점이었다. 본 연구에서 교재 개발 과정과 중점을 두고 개발한 부분을 살펴봄으 로써 향후 중급 교재 개발 시 번역 수록이 절대적으로 필요함을 확인 할 수 있었다.

본 논문은 2022학년도 교양 음악 과목의 현황 및 성격을 파악하기 위하여 서울 소재 12개 대 학교를 선정하여 개설 현황과 강의개요의 내용을 분석하였다. 개설 현황 분석에 있어서는 개설 과목의 수와 주제를 분석했으며, 특히 자료가 일반인에게 공개되어 있는 10개 대학의 경우에는 2008학년도 자료와 비교하여 시대적 추이를 가늠하고자 했다. 개설 과목이 현저히 증가한 대학의 경우에는 교양교육을 전담하는 기관 또는 주체가 뚜렷함을 보여 주었으며, 개설 과목의 성격 역시 담당 기관 및 주체의 운영 방식과 직접적인 연관이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 교양 음악 과목의 주제 를 분석한 결과, 서양음악이 거의 절반을 차지하는 반면, 한국음악, 대중음악, 융복합의 순서로 그 나머지를 구성하며 세계음악은 미미한 것으로 나타났다. 슐러의 ‘독립적 음악 능력’에 기초하여 과목의 성격을 분류한 결과는 현재 이론적인 측면이 76%를 차지함으로써 연주와 창조의 측면이 부족한 것으로 분석되었다. 한편, 강의 개요의 내용을 요르겐슨의 다섯 가지 음악 교육철학에 기 초하여 질적연구 소프트웨어 엔비보로 코딩 분석하였다. 이때, 강의의 성격 및 강의개요서 서술방 식에 따라 분석 결과가 상이하게 나타날 수 있으며, 실질적인 강의의 내용과 동일하지 않을 수 있 음을 한계로 밝힌다. 연구의 결과, 지식과 가치, 특히 음악적 지식과 가치를 가장 중요하게 다루 고 있으며, 다음으로 실기 능력의 전수, 개인의 경험과 표현의 증대, 사회적 기여, 다양한 문화의 유지의 순서로 중요하게 여기는 것으로 나타났다.

This study analyzed characteristics of ozone (O3) formation regimes in Busan over a period of recent five years (2015~2019) and compared the findings with those obtained in Seoul. We employed four observed variations: early morning commuting-hour (i.e., 06:00-09:00 LST) nitrogen dioxide (NO2), peak-hour (i.e., 12:00-16:00 LST) O3, 8-hour average O3 (MDA8 O3), and △O3 (=O3_max- O3_min) in Busan and Seoul. In addition, the NO2-O3 relation was assessed to interpret which of NOx-limited or volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited was dominant. In Busan, the annual mean O3 concentration was relatively higher than in Seoul, whereas there were fewer high-concentration days. The Pearson correlation coefficients (R) between Early morning-hour NO2 and the Peak-hour O3 was positive (but close to zero) in Busan and negative in Seoul. Likewise, the R between the Early morning-hour NO2 and the △O3 showed a relatively considerable positive correlation (R=+0.4~0.5) in Busan, while a weak positive correlation (R=+0.1~0.2) in Seoul. From this result, it can be inferred that the O3 formation regime in Busan was intrepreted to be nearly neutral or relatively closer to the NOx-limited regime than Seoul, while Seoul to the VOC-limited regime. The study findings imply that O3 control strategies should be applied differently in Busan and Seoul. The results here were inferred from surface NO2 and O3 observations, and the varification studies based on in-situ VOCs measurements would be needed.

In this study, impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on PM2.5 mass and its five chemical components (NH4 +, NO3 -, SO4 2-, OC, EC) in Busan was evaluated, and compared with that of Seoul. The study period over the recent three years was sub-divided into two periods: Pre-COVID (2018~2019) and COVID (2020) periods, and the differences in observed annual and monthly variations between the two periods were explored here. The results indicated that annual mean PM2.5 mass concentrations decreased during the COVID period by 16% in Seoul and 29% in Busan, and the satellite-observed annual average of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the Korean Peninsula also decreased by approximately more than 10% compared with that of the Pre-COVID period. All of the five chemical components decreased but no particular changes were found in their fractions occupied during the COVID period. However, over the Lock-down period (2020-March), the sulfate fraction decreased in Seoul, mostly reflecting the recent Chinese trends of aerosol characteristics, whereas the nitrate fraction considerably decreased in Busan, which was attributable to the local emission changes and their variabilities in Busan. Other meteorological characteristics such as higher frequencies of easterly winds in the Busan area during the COVID period were also discussed in comparison with those in the Seoul area.

This study aims to review the differences in urban regeneration independently implemented by the government (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport, MOLIT) and Seoul based on related laws and ordinances, and to draw out the implications of Korean urban regeneration’s directions. The results are as follows. First, Seoul has constantly responded to the revision of the Urban Regeneration Act by adjusting and specifying the contents of ordinances, and especially, there have been efforts to enhance regional characteristics suitably for the circumstances of Seoul. Second, in the urban regeneration of Seoul, the budgets including the matching ratio of national and local subsidies shall be changed according to the standards of the MOLIT in changing designating places after the selection of the urban regeneration by the ministry, and this procedure and these implementation methods cause confusion to Seoul and local governments. Third, there were differences in the results of comparing the budgets and support methods of the “Gaggum Housing Project” of Seoul and “New Deal Housing Repair Project” of the MOLIT, which caused conflicts due to the differences in the project implementation and support standards, and the arbitrary interpretation of the guidelines. Although the urban regeneration greatly contributed to the revelation and conservation of regional characteristics, it might be necessary to establish systems that can enhance citizens’ awareness and compensate the efficient contents needed for each region in the future.

Today’s cities require deeper understanding of the thermal environment and PM10 as their management becomes more critical. Based on these circumstances, this study investigated the Granger causality between the thermal environment and PM10 of the 25 districts of Seoul, the most populous and urbanized city in Korea. The results of the Granger causality test on the thermal environment and PM10 were classified into 12 types. Except for type 12, the temperature and urban island heat intensity of the other 11 types operated as a Granger-cause to each other in both directions. Temperature operates as a Granger-cause of urban island heat intensity in type 12. The PM10 level and urban pollution island intensity operated as a Granger-cause to each other in all districts. For types 1 and 2, thermal environment operated as a Granger-cause to PM10 in one direction, and type 3–type 12 confirmed that thermal environment and PM10 operated as a Granger-cause in both directions. Findings reveal the intricate c

This study analyzed the characteristics of high PM2.5 episodes that meets the concentration criteria of Emergency Reduction Measures Plan (ERMP) in Busan during the 2015-2020, and compared with those in Seoul. As a first step, the CAPSS-2017 emission data was employed to analyze the emission differences between Busan and Seoul, and pointed out that Busan emission included the dominance of ship emissions (37.7%) among total PM2.5 city emissions, whereas fugitive PM2,5 emission was the highest in Seoul. These emission characteristics are indicating that the controlling action plan should be uniquely applied to cope with ERMP in each region. We selected extremely high PM2.5 episode days that meet the criteria of ERMP levels. In Busan, Ulsan, and Gyeongnam region, 15, 16, and 8 days of extremely high PM2.5 cases were found, respectively, whereas Seoul showed approximately doubling of occurrences with 37 cases. However, the occurrences in summer season indicated big differences between two cities: the proportion of summer-season occurrence was 13-25% in Busan, whereas no single case have occurred in Seoul. This is suggesting the needs of comprehensive summer emission reduction plan with focusing on sulfur reduction to effectively cope with the ERMP levels in summer in the southeastern region, including Busan.

This study evaluates the quality of surface air temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation detection observed by 22 internet of thing (IoT)-based mini-weather stations in Seoul in 2020 summer. The automatic weather station (AWS) closest to each IoT-based station is used as reference. The IoT-based observations show surface air temperature and relative humidity are about 0.2-4.0°C higher and about -1--22% lower than the AWS observations, respectively. However, they exhibit temporal variability similar to the AWS observations on both diurnal and daily time scales, with daily correlations greater than 0.90 for temperature and 0.82 for relative humidity. Given these strong linear relationships, it show that temperature and relative humidity biases can be effectively corrected by applying a simple bias correction method. For IoT-based precipitation detection, we found that precipitation conductivity value (PCV) during precipitation events is well separated from that during non-precipitation events, providing a basis for distinguishing precipitation events from non-precipitation events. When the PCV threshold is set to 250 for precipitation detection, the highest critical success index and the bias score index close to one, suitable for operational precipitation detection, are obtained. These results demonstrate that IoT-based mini-weather stations can successfully measure surface air temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation detection with appropriate bias corrections.

이 연구는 2010년 이래 서울시교육청이 줄곧 추진해 온 ‘서울 혁신 교육’ 정책 중 교원 관련 정책의 특징을 분석한 것이다. 정책 문제와 해결책에 관한 ‘합리적 접근’의 관점을 벗어나 정책에 관한 담론적 분석을 시도하였다. 연구 문제는 다음과 같다. ‘서울 혁신 교육’ 교원 정책은 무엇을 문제로 보았는가? ‘서울 혁신 교육’ 교원 정책이 표명한 정책 목표는 무엇이었는가? ‘서울 혁신 교육’ 교원 정책의 정책 수단은 무엇인가? ‘서울 혁신 교육’ 교원 정책의 특징은 무엇인가? 이상의 연구 문제를 다루기 위한 연구 방법으로는 ‘문서 분석’ 방법을 사용하였다. 서울시교육감의 주요 연설문과 서울시교육청의 주요업무계획 문서를 주로 분석하였다. 연구 결과, ‘서울 혁신 교육’은 학생의 성장을 위한 교육 활동에 교사들이 전념할 수 없는 여러 조건을 교원 정책의 문제로 보았으며, 표명된 정책 목표는 ‘학교 자율 운영 체제의 구축’이었다. 교원 정책의 수단은 매우 다양했으나 구체성의 수준은 대체로 낮았다. ‘서울 혁신 교육’ 교원 정책의 특징으로는 다음 두 가지를 제시할 수 있다. 첫째, 정책 목표가 추상적으로 제시되었고, 교원의 내적 동기와 관련된 목표 진술이 부재하다. 둘째, 교원에 관한 정책 담론은 모순적이다. 교원을 혁신 주체로, 그러나 치유 대상으로 보는 대립적 관점은 정책의 소극성으로 연결된다. 향후 ‘서울 혁신 교육’의 교원 정책이 정책적 소극성을 벗기 위해서는 교원인사정책, 교원연수정책의 가능성과 한계에 대한 진단에 기반하여, 국가 수준의 정책으로 꾸준히 요구할 것과 시･도교육청 차원에서 추진할 수 있는 개혁 방안을 구분하여 지속적으로 추진해 나갈 필요가 있다. 아울러 교원 임용 단계의 혁신과 교원의 순환 근무 기간을 연장하는 방안을 모색할 필요가 있다.

This study focused on comparing the meteorological conditions in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) on high-event days and non-event days in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). We utilized observed PM10 and meteorological variables at the surface as well as at the upper heights. The results showed that high-event days were consistently associated with lower wind speed, whereas wind direction showed no particular difference between high-event and non-event days with frequent westerlies and northwesterlies for both cases. During high-event days, the temperature was much warmer than the monthly normal values with a sharp increasing trend, and Relative Humidity (RH) was higher than the monthly normal, especially on high-event days in February. During high-event days in spring, a double inversion layer was present at surface and upper heights. This indicates that stability in the multi-layer is an important indicator of higher PM10 concentrations. Net radiation in spring and winter is also closely associated with higher PM10 concentrations. Strong net radiation resulted in large sensible heat, which in turn facilitated a deeper mixing height with diluted PM10 concentrations; in contrast, PM10 concentrations were higher when sensible heat in spring and winter was very low. We also confirmed that convective and friction velocity was higher on non-event days than on high-event days, and this was especially obvious in spring and winter. This indicated that thermal turbulence was dominant in spring, whereas in winter, mechanical turbulence was dominant over the SMA.

This study analyzed future projections on daily mean values and extremes for temperature and daily precipitation over Seoul metropolitan city using bias-corrected high-resolution multi-regional climate models. The factors of uncertainty for the future projection of climate variables were defined. In the time series analysis of future projections for regional climate models, the average daily temperature and the number of days of the hot day-hot night were predicted to have a stable trend in the RCP2.6 scenario, and showed a tendency to increase continuously in the RCP8.5 scenario. The daily mean precipitation and RX1day (annual daily maximum precipitation) had large annual variabilities in the models. In the estimation of the fraction of total variance, the daily mean temperature was dominated by the internal variability in the early 21st century and the most contributing to the scenario uncertainty in the late 21st century. The daily mean precipitation showed a remarkable contribution from the internal variability over the entire period. The number of days of the hot day-hot night showed a similar contribution pattern to that of the daily mean temperature. For the RX1day, the internal variability dominated over the entire period, and the scenario uncertainty had little contribution. This study will help establish more scientific climate change adaptation policies by providing the uncertainty information for future climate change projection.

The present study aims to investigate the effects of the intonations on the syntactic interpretation of the interrogatives with a wh-expression in the Daegu-North Gyeongsang Korean and the Seoul metropolitan Korean. To this end, it analyzes the syntactic and prosodic structures of the interrogatives with an embedded wh-clause or a yes/no-question with an indefinite pronoun. Two types of perception tests, one with unmodified intonations and the other with transplanted intonations, were carried out to analyze the respondents’ interpretations of the three types of the interrogatives. The results of the test with unmodified intonations were as follows. First, more than 90% of the respondents chose appropriate answers to the three types of the wh-interrogatives with no statistically significant differences. Second, the respondents’ reaction times demonstrated with statistically significant differences that the processing load of wh-questions with matrix scope was heavier than that of wh questions with narrow scope or yes-no questions with an indefinite pronoun. Third, embedding verbs of the question-selecting predicate class such as gunggeumhada ‘wonder’ led to longer reaction time than those of the proposition-selecting predicate class such as saenggakada ‘think’. In addition, the results of the perception test with transplanted prosodies revealed two decisive factors. First, the interrogative-endings -ka/na were more influential factors in the respondents’ syntactic interpretations of wh-questions than the other endings such as –ko/no or the prosodies were. Second, wh-questions with such embedding verbs as saenggakada ‘think’ were interpreted in close accordance with the transplanted prosodic structures, but not so much so in the case of wh-questions with such embedding verbs as gunggeumhada ‘wonder’ irrespective of the prosody transplants.