A literature review on the effects of high temperature and radiation on radiation shielding concrete in Spent Fuel Dry Storage is presented in this study with a focus on concrete degradation. The general threshold is 95℃ for preventing long-term degradation from high temperature, and it is suggested that the temperature gradient should be less than 60℃ to avoid crack generation in concrete structures. The amount of damage depends on the characteristics of the concrete mixture, and increases with the temperature and exposure time. The tensile strength of concrete is more susceptible than the compressive strength to degradation due to high temperature. Nuclear heating from radiation can be neglected under an incident energy flux density of 1010 MeV·cm-2·s-1. Neutron radiation of >1019 n·cm-2 or an integrated dose of gamma radiation exceeding 1010 rads can cause a reduction in the compressive and tensile strengths and the elastic moduli. When concrete is highly irradiated, changes in the mechanical properties are primarily caused by variation in water content resulting from high temperature, volume expansion, and crack generation. It is necessary to fully utilize previous research for effective technology development and licensing of a Korean dry storage system. This study can serve as important baseline data for developing domestic technology with regard to concrete casks of an SF (Spent Fuel) dry storage system.

Membranes techniques used to convert chemical energy into electrical energy from energy sources such as hydrogen, salt water, and water. Membrane materials have transport property of desire molecular and barrier property for satisfy to requirement of cell performance. Typically, PFSA polymer is used to fabricate membrane. Each material has different characteristics depending on the membrane formation conditions. Macroscopic characteristics are difficult to correlation with molecular motion, mobility, and transport within membrane matrices. NMR spectroscopy can analysis about these characteristics by observing the molecule level. In this study, NMR spectroscopy can provide fundamental information of PFSA ionomers and correlation with macroscopic characteristics.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of fermentation on physical properties of texturized vegetable protein (TVP) by using Bacillus subtilis. TVP was prepared by texturizing the mixture of isolated soy protein (50%), wheat gluten (40%) and corn starch (10%) with the use of twin-screw extruder at two different moisture contents (40% and 50%), 100 g min-1 feed rate, 200 rpm screw speed and 130°C die temperature. Then, TVPs were subjected to solid-state fermentation using B. subtilis at 37°C for 60 h. The texture (springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness and hardness), integrity index and color (lightness, redness and yellowness) of TVPs were determined before and after fermentation for 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 h, respectively. The springiness and cohesiveness did not change significantly after fermentation in all samples. However, chewiness and hardness decreased with increased fermentation time with the lowest values observed at 60 h after fermentation of TVPs (both 40% and 50% MC). Integrity index of fermented TVPs was significantly reduced while fermentation time was increased. Integrity index started to decrease significantly at 36 h after fermentation in TVP extruded with 40% MC. In another TVP (50% MC), the integrity decreased at 24 h after fermentation but it maintained higher integrity index than TVP (40% MC) throughout the whole fermentation period. The significant total color change was observed with increased fermentation time. During fermentation, lightness and yellowness decreased but redness increased significantly. This study pointed out that TVP fermented by B. subtilis still has good texture, and thus has the potential to become an attractive food for consumers who usually avoid fermented foods due to rotten appearance with no texture.

Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are receiving great attention because of their unusual material properties, such as high thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, and electrical resistance. However, high-throughput and highefficiency synthesis of BNNTs has been hindered due to the high boiling point of boron (~ 4000℃) and weak interaction between boron and nitrogen. Although, hydrogen-catalyzed plasma synthesis has shown potential for scalable synthesis of BNNTs, the direct use of H2 gas as a precursor material is not strongly recommended, as it is extremely flammable. In the present study, BNNTs have been synthesized using radio-frequency inductively coupled thermal plasma (RF-ITP) catalyzed by solid-state ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), a safe catalyst materials for BNNT synthesis. Similar to BNNTs synthesized from h-BN (hexagonal boron nitride) + H2, successful fabrication of BNNTs synthesized from h-BN+NH4Cl is confirmed by their sheet-like properties, FE-SEM images, and XRD analysis. In addition, improved dispersion properties in aqueous solution are found in BNNTs synthesized from h-BN +NH4Cl.

The objective of this study is to reveal the sintering mechanism of mixed Ti-6Al-4V powders considering the densification and the homogenization between Ti and Al/V particles. It is found that the addition of master alloy particles into Ti enhances densification by the migration of Al into the Ti matrix prior to the self-diffusion of Ti. However, as Ti particles become coarser, sintering of the powders appears to be retarded due to slower inter-diffusion of the particles due to the reduced surface energies of Ti. Such phenomena are confirmed by a series of dilatometry tests and microstructural analyses in respect to the sintering temperature. Furthermore, the results are also consistent with the predicted activation energies for sintering. The energies are found to have decreased from 299.35 to 135.48 kJ·mol-1 by adding the Al/V particles because the activation energy for the diffusion of Al in α-Ti (77 kJ·mol-1) is much lower than that of the self-diffusion of α-Ti. The coarser Ti powders increase the energies from 135.48 to 181.16 kJ·mol-1 because the specific surface areas of Ti decrease.

해상풍은 장기간동안 인공위성 산란계와 마이크로파 복사계를 주로 활용하여 관측되어왔다. 반면 위성 고도계산출 풍속 자료의 중요성은 산란계의 탁월한 해상풍 관측 성능으로 인해 거의 부각되지 않았다. 인공위성 고도계 풍속 자료는 해수면고도를 산출하기 위한 해상상태편차(sea state bias) 보정항의 입력 자료로서 활용됨에 따라 높은 정확도가 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 인공위성 고도계(GFO, Jason-1, Envisat, Jason-2, Cryosat-2, SARAL) 풍속을 검증하고 오차 특성을 분석하기 위하여 이어도 해양과학기지와 마라도, 외연도 해양기상부이의 풍속 자료를 활용하여 2007년 12월부터 2016년 5월까지 총 1504개의 일치점 자료를 생성하였다. 해양실측 풍속에 대한 고도계 풍속은 1.59 m s−1의 평균 제곱근오차와 −0.35 m s−1의 음의 편차를 보였다. 해양실측 풍속에 대한 고도계 해상풍 오차를 분석한 결과 고도계 해상풍은 풍속이 약할 때 과대추정되며 풍속이 강할 때 과소추정되는 특징을 보였다. 위성-실측 자료 간의 거리에 따른 고도계 풍속 오차를 분석한 결과 구간별 오차의 최댓값과 최솟값의 차는 거리에 따라 점차 증가하였다. 고도계 풍속의 정확도 향상을 위하여 분석된 오차 특성을 기반으로 보정식을 유도한 후 고도계 풍속을 보정하였다. 보정 전후의 풍속 자료를 활용하여 해상상태편차를 산출하였으며 Jason-1의 해상상태편차에 대한 해상풍 오차 보정의 영향을 확인하였다.

Grain-growth behavior in the 95Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3-5BaTiO3 (mole fraction, NBT-5BT) system has been investigated with the addition of Na2CO3. When Na2CO3 is added to NBT-5BT, the growth rate is higher than desired and grains are already impinging each other during the initial stage of sintering. The grain size decreases as the sintering temperature increases. With the addition of Na2CO3, a liquid phase infiltrates the interfaces between grains during sintering. The interface structure can be changed to be more faceted and the interface migration rate can increase due to fast material transport through the liquid phase. As the sintering temperature increases, the impingement of abnormal grains increases because the number of abnormal grains increases. Therefore, the average grain size of abnormal grains can be decreased as the temperature increases. The phenomenon can provide evidence that grain coarsening in NBT-5BT with addition of Na2CO3 is governed by the growth of facet planes, which would occur via mixed control.

불암산 삼육대 생태경관보전지역은 서울시 노원구 공릉 동 산 223-1번지 204,271㎡의 공간으로, 불암산 전체 면적인 5,332,422㎡의 약 4%에 불과하지만, 교란행위 없이 약 200 년 이상의 천이가 진행되어야 나타나는 극상수종인 서어나무 군락이 부분적으로 분포하고 있어, 서울에서 보기 드문 식생의 생태적 가치를 인정받아 2006년 7월 서울시 생태경 관보전지역으로 지정되어 관리되고 있다. 그러나 불암산 삼육대 생태경관보전지역에는 둘레길, 삼육대학교 캠퍼스 산책로를 비롯한 다양한 탐방로가 조성되어 있어 탐방객에 의한 교란이 위협요인으로 작용할 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 본 연구는 불암산 삼육대 생태경관보전지역을 대상으로 탐 방로 훼손 현황을 조사하고, 훼손 유형과 정도에 따라 탐방로 관리 방안을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 수행되었다. 현장조사는 2017년 4월부터 2017년 12월까지 진행되었으며, 조사대상은 불암산 삼육대 생태경관보전지역 내의 주 요 탐방로 1곳과 비법정탐방로 2곳이었다. 조사방법은 탐방 로 전체구간에 걸쳐 훼손 상태를 파악하는 전체조사법을 활용하였다. 조사구역은 주요 탐방로 1곳을 2개 구역으로 나누어, 총 4개 구역으로 구분하였고, 탐방로 각 구간을 다니며 조사지점을 GPS로 기록하고, 훼손 구역의 길이와 폭 을 측정해 현장조사야장에 기입하였다. 탐방로 훼손 현황은 노면침식, 노폭확대, 수목뿌리노출 세 가지 유형으로 나누어 조사하였고, 세 가지 유형 중 1건의 훼손유형이 나타나는 경우 1등급, 2건의 훼손유형이 나타나는 경우 2등급, 3건의 훼손유형이 모두 나타나는 경우 3등급으로 훼손등급을 분 류하였다. 조사결과 탐방로의 전체 길이는 2.4㎞이다. 이 중 주요 탐방로의 총 길이는 1.8㎞(1구간 0.6㎞, 2구간 1.2㎞)이고, 비법정탐방로는 0.6㎞(3구간 0.3㎞, 4구간 0.3㎞)로 조사되었다. 주요 탐방로의 진입로에서 시작되는 1구간의 경우 노면침식이 주로 확인되었고, 훼손등급은 1등급으로 나타났다. 주요 탐방로 1구간에서 정상까지 이어지는 2구간의 경 우, 노면침식, 노폭확대, 수목뿌리노출 유형 순으로 훼손이 다수 발견되었으며, 훼손등급도 2-3등급인 곳이 많아 다른 구간에 비하여 훼손정도가 가장 심각하였다. 예비군 교장으 로 이어지는 비법정탐방로 3구간과 계곡을 따라 이어진 4구 간의 경우, 아직까지 눈에 띄는 훼손은 발견되지 않았으나 탐방객의 이용이 지속된다면 주변 식생에 미치는 영향이 커질 것으로 우려된다. 전체 조사구간을 통틀어 가장 많이 나타난 훼손유형은 노면침식(57.1%)이었다. 노면침식은 지속적인 답압과 지표 수에 의한 침식으로 토양이 유실되면서 일어나는데, 심화될 경우 세굴이나 경계부 침식으로 이어지기도 한다. 가장 많은 훼손이 일어난 구간은 정상부로 연결되는 2구간으로, 탐 방객의 이용이 잦고 경사가 심해 지속적인 답압이 가해지고 있어 적극적인 복원과 관리가 요구된다. 이어서 노폭확대와 수목뿌리노출 유형은 각각 21.43%로 나타났다. 노폭확대는 통행량에 비해 탐방로의 폭이 좁거나 계단의 높이가 일 정하지 않아 탐방객이 탐방로를 우회하면서 발생하는데, 심화되면 샛길분기로 이어지기도 한다. 대상지의 경우, 참나 무시들음병에 의한 벌목으로 정규 탐방로 부근이 일부 나지 화되면서 노폭확대가 일어난 구간도 있었다. 수목뿌리노출은 노면침식과 노폭확대가 심각한 구역에서 복합적인 영향에 의해 발생하였으며, 등산객들이 주로 이용하는 탐방로 정상부에서 발견되었다. 탐방로 훼손에 대한 복원 및 관리방안은 훼손의 원인과 유형, 정도에 따라 고민되어야 한다. 1구간은 이용자가 많은 구간임에도 노폭이 넓어 전반적으로 답압의 정도는 낮은 편이었지만, 탐방로가 좁아지는 일부 구간에서 침식이 강하게 일어났다. 이 구간은 주로 흙길로 조성되어있어 답압의 영향을 완화하기 위한 토양복토, 주트섬유 등을 활용한 피복이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 2구간은 노면침식과 노폭확대의 정도가 심하고, 모든 유형의 훼손이 복합적으로 일어 난 2·3등급 훼손지가 많아 적극적인 대처가 필요하다. 특히 정상부 일부구간은 심각한 나지화가 진행되고 있어 탐방로 확대를 제한하기 위한 경계부 식재와 울타리 설치 등이 고민되어야 한다. 경계부 식재는 식생을 고려해 자생 수종 중 에서 국수나무, 병꽃나무, 싸리류 등을 식재하고, 나지화가 넓게 진행된 구간은 복토로 토양 경화를 완화함과 동시에 울타리를 설치하여 숲의 건강성을 높여가는 것이 필요할 것으로 보인다. 또한 심각한 세굴이 진행된 구간에는 나무 데크 설치 및 물길분산을 위한 노면 정비가 필요하다. 비법 정탐방로인 3, 4구간은 아직까지 이용도가 높지 않아, 2구 간을 대체하기 위한 휴식년제 도입을 고민하는 것보다는 지속적인 모니터링을 통해 관리하는 것이 적합할 것으로보인다. 불암산 삼육대 생태경관보전지역은 대도시 안에 위치한 보호지역으로서 탐방객으로부터 완전히 독립된 환경으로 관리되기는 어려운 상황이다. 그러나 불암산 삼육대 생태경 관보전지역은 도시에서 찾아보기 어려운 극상림인 서어나무 군락이 존재하고, 이는 도시림의 천이단계 분석에 있어 유의미한 자료를 제공한다. 특히 생태경관보전지역의 면적 이 0.2㎢로 한정적인데 반해 탐방로가 많아 교란의 위험이 크고, 이는 주연부 식생의 확대 및 서어나무 군락의 위험요 인으로 작용할 수 있으므로 주의가 필요하다. 불암산 삼육대 생태경관보전지역의 현명한 보전과 이용이 이루어질 수 있도록 탐방로를 포함한 관리방안이 지속적으로 수립되고 실행되어야 할 것이다.

It is not easy to detect East Asia’s presence in the field of investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), despite its large economy. In addition to having less active foreign direct investment (FDI) relative to GDP and fewer investment treaties, East Asian economies and societies seem to possess certain characteristics that have contributed collectively to the dearth of ISDS cases in East Asia. Examples are the short history of international arbitration, the avoidance of litigation, the high proportion of state-owned enterprises in outward FDI from China, and the concentration of FDI in industries in which investor-state disputes are less likely to occur. This trend, however, is likely to change gradually with the ongoing socioeconomic changes in the region, including the increase in both outward and inward FDI, the increasing number of investment treaties, the growing familiarity with international (investment) arbitration among legal experts, the diversification of FDI, and the decreasing fear of administrative litigation.

5 nm-thick SiO2 layers formed by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) are densified to improve the electrical and interface properties by using nitric acid oxidation of Si (NAOS) method at a low temperature of 121 oC. The physical and electrical properties are clearly investigated according to NAOS times and post-metallization annealing (PMA) at 250 oC for 10 min in 5 vol% hydrogen atmosphere. The leakage current density is significantly decreased about three orders of magnitude from 3.110 × 10−5 A/cm2 after NAOS 5 hours with PMA treatment, although the SiO2 layers are not changed. These dramatically decreases of leakage current density are resulted from improvement of the interface properties. Concentration of suboxide species (Si1+, Si2+ and Si3+) in SiOx transition layers as well as the interface state density (Dit) in SiO2/Si interface region are critically decreased about 1/3 and one order of magnitude, respectively. The decrease in leakage current density is attributed to improvement of interface properties though chemical method of NAOS with PMA treatment which can perform the oxidation and remove the OH species and dangling bond.

To enhance the physiological activity of the Rhynchosia volubilis (RV), R. volubilis (RVHE-A) and R. volubilis-added herbal powder (RVHE-B) were fermented with a solid state culture of Hericium erinaceum mycelia (HE). The total isoflavone contents of the non-fermented RV-A (489.9 μg/g) and RV-B (571.1 μg/g) were remarkably increased in fermented RVHE-A (1,836.4 μg/g) and RVHE-B (1,276.7 μg/g). In particular, aglycone isoflavones such as daidzein and genistein were significantly higher in the RVHE-A than any other sample. When hot-water (HW) and EtOH extracts (E) were fractionated from the RV and RVHE, both extracts from the RVHE-A were higher than those from the RV-A in total polyphenol and flavonoid contents. However, the RVHE-B-HW showed a lower polyphenol and flavonoid content level than did RV-B-HW. RVHE-A-HW and -E also had more potent ABTS radical scavenging activity than any extract from the non-fermented RV and other ferments (RVHE-B). In the meanwhile, RVHE-A-HW potently stimulated the production of macrophage activation-related cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12 (841.7±71.3 pg/mL, 3.9±0.1 ng/mL, 179.3±30.2 pg/mL) from peritoneal macrophage more than RV-A-HW (92.5±1.5 pg/mL, 0.1±0.0 ng/mL, 37.4±5.4 pg/mL) as well as RVHE-B-HW (557.0±21.3 pg/mL, 1.8±0.0 ng/mL, 90.0±10.0 pg/mL). However, all the EtOH extracts did not show significant activity. In addition, the RVHE-A-HW showed a significantly higher intestinal immune system modulating activity through Peyer’s patch and GM-CSF production than did any other extract from RV and RVHE-B. In conclusion, these results suggest that the fermented R. volubilis with H. erinaceum mycelia possesses a possible use as an industrial application as functional food or material.

Bisphenol A (BPA), known as a typical endocrine disruptor, has been used commercially and widely for plastics and epoxy resins. BPA-based plastic is used extensively for the production of water bottles, food containers, CDs, DVDs, and panels that can be applied in construction. Epoxy resins containing BPA are used for coatings on the insides of water pipes, food cans, and thermal papers that are used in sales receipts. As its estrogenic effects and other adverse health effects have published, BPA has been regulated in many countries, and there have been efforts made to replace BPA. Other bisphenols substitutes such as bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF) have been used. Currently, BPS- and BPF-based products labeled BPA-free products have been widely consumed. Because of structural similarities with BPA, however, these alternatives also show endocrine disruption effects like BPA, and many studies on adverse health effects of these alternatives are being reported. In this review, we describe the adverse health effects of bisphenols and the current status of regulation.

이 논문은 한국 복지체제의 제도적 발전 경로에 대해서 모색한다. 이를 위해 서구 복지체제와 한국 복지 체제의 유형별 특징에 대해 논의한다. 한국의 복지체제는 서구보다는 아직 낮은 수준의 공적 지출에 머무르고 있지만 근래 들어 복지에 대한 수요와 공공지출이 급증하고 있다. 최근 한국의 복지체제는 저출산과 고령화, 지방화, 세계화, 민주주의의 진전이라는 환경/도전을 맞이하면서 중대한 기로에 서있다. 이 논문에서는 이 같은 환경/도전에 대한 대응으로 복지에 대한 사회적 공감대 형성, 복지정책의 적극적 확대 및 실행, 그리고 보편주의적 복지 프로그램의 확대 등이 필요하다고 주장한다.

We synthesized YOF(yttirum oxyfluoride) powders through solid state reactions using Y2O3 and YF3 as raw materials. The synthesis of crystalline YOF was started at 300 oC and completed at 500 oC. The atmosphere during synthesis had a negligible effect on the synthesis of the YOF powder under the investigated temperature range. The particle size distribution of the YOF was nearly identical to that of the mixed Y2O3 and YF3 powders. When the synthesized YOF powders were used as a raw material for the suspension plasma spray(SPS) coating, the crystalline phases of the coated layer consisted of YOF and Y2O3, indicating that oxidation or evaporation of YOF powders occurred during the coating process. Based on thermogravimetric analysis, the crystalline formation appeared to be affected by the evaporation of fluoride because of the high vapor pressure of the YOF material.

Ionic liquid (IL), asymmetric chemical consist of bulky cations and tiny-mobile anions, has been known as promising DNA extraction, separation and preservation agent due to its strong interaction with DNA. However, the interaction underlying DNA-IL complex forming mechanism remains to be elucidated. Herein, we employed three types of ILs (EMIM-Cl, BMIM-Cl, and OMIM-Cl) to investigate the changes of DNA morphology upon the alkyl chain length of ILs by using solid-state nanopore technology combining with atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results of AFM show the different forms of DNA, including aggregate, stretching, and bundling shapes in terms of EMIM-Cl, BMIM-Cl, and OMIM-Cl, respectively, assuming that the shape of DNA-IL complexes is responding to the alkyl chain length of ILs. In DNA translocation experiment. From the alteration of blockade current signals during the DNA pass through the nanopore, we estimate that the shapes of DNA are changed due to the treatment with BMIM-Cl, and OMIM-Cl, which not only increased the blockade current signals about 2-4 times in the case of OMIM, but also decrease the event showing translocation of DNA folding, implying that the alkyl chain affect to DNA stretching and bundling. The results indicate the length of hydrophobic alkyl group of IL plays an important role in determination of DNA morphology, providing their further application in nanopore technique for slowing DNA translocation speed toward discovering protein-DNA interaction or DNA sequencing.