As a continuation of a previous work by Park et al. (2006), we have developed a two-element radio interferometer that can measure both the phase and amplitude of a visibility function. Two small radio telescopes with diameters of 2.3 m are used as before, but this time an external reference oscillator is shared by the two telescopes so that the local oscillator frequencies are identical. We do not use a hardware correlator; instead we record signals from the two telescopes onto a PC and then perform software correlation. Complex visibilities are obtained toward the sun at λ=21cm for 24 baselines with the use of the earth rotation and positional changes of one element, where the maximum baseline length projected onto UV plane is ~90λ As expected, the visibility amplitude decreases with the baseline length, while the phase is almost constant. The image obtained by the Fourier transformation of the visibility function nicely delineates the sun, which is barely resolved due to the limited baseline length. The experiment demonstrates that this system can be used as a "toy" interferometer at least for the education of (under)graduate students.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the elementary students’ knowledge, attitudes, and practice for food hygiene and safety. A self-administered questionnaire was developed and offered to 375 elementary school students throughout the Seoul region. The results of the survey were as follows: First, the knowledge, attitudes, and practice were not at satisfactory level. The scores of children's knowledge, attitudes, and practice were 67.42%, 3.83, and 3.81 out of 5 point scale, respectively. Second, knowledge, attitudes and practice levels were significantly different according to demographic characteristics. The lower grade-students had significantly higher scores for knowledge (p<.05), attitudes (p<.05) and practice (p<.01) than higher gradestudents, suggesting that food hygiene and safety education is more effective in younger students or that repeated education is needed for higher grade-students. Third, knowledge, attitudes and practice levels were significantly correlated each other. These results suggest that the education programs for food hygiene and safety should be developed for, as well as implemented in, lower elementary school grades.

We determined the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the jewel beetle, Chrysochroa fulgidissima (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) from two overlapping fragments and subsequent sub fragments. The 15,592-bp long C. fulgidissima mitogenome contains gene arrangement and content identical to the most common arrangement found in insects. Most individual C. fulgidissima mitochondrial (mt) genes were well within the range found in the respective genes of other insects. The 875-bp A+T-rich region is shortest among the coleopteran mitogenomes sequenced in their entirety. The region is interesting in that it contains several stem-and-loop structures and tRNA-like structure found in the A+T-rich regions of other insect mitogenomes. As seen in other insect motogenomes the start codon of C. fulgidissima COI gene also is unusual because no typical start codon is available. Three of the 13 protein-coding genes have incomplete termination codon T or TA. All tRNA formed stable stem-and-loop structure, except for tRNASer(AGN), the DHU arm of which formed a simple loop as seen in many other metazoan mt tRNASer(AGN).

To understand the phytoplankton community in adjacent waters of Ulchin nuclear power plant (UNPP), abundance and the size fractionated chl-α concentrations were evaluated through seasonal interval sampling from April 2003 to February 2004. A total

Autographa californica 핵다각체병 바이러스(AcNPV)의 다각체 단백질과 초록색 형광 단백질의 융합단백질의 특성을 분석하였다. 초록색 형광 단백질 유전자는 AcNPV의 완전한 다각체 단백질 유전자의 앞쪽과 뒤쪽에 융합하여 다각체 단백질 유전자의 프로모터 조절하에 도입하였다. 이렇게 작성된 재조합 바이러스를 각각 Ac-GFPPOL 또는 Ac-POLGFP이라고 명명하였다. 이들 재조합 바이러스에 의해 감염된 곤충세포주에서는 56kDa의 융합단백질이 발현되었다. 한편, 흥미롭게도 재조합 바이러스 Ac-POLGFP에 의해 감염된 세포주에서는 초록색 형광이 핵내에서만 다각체 유사 granular particle 형태로 관찰되었다. 반면에 Ac-GFPPOP에 의해 감염된 세포도주에서는 대부분 핵내에 존재하였지만, 세포질과 핵 모두에서 초록색 형광을 관찰할 수 있었다. 그러나 발현된 융합단백질은 분명히 다각체단백질을 포함하고 있음에도 다각체는 형성하지 않았다. 이러한 결과들은 융합단백질에서 다각체단백질의 위치와 관련이 있는 것으로 보여진다.

남부지방에서 분리한 곤충병원성곰팡이 Beauveria bassiana GY1-17균주를 이용하여 산림해충인 오리나무잎벌레(Agelastica coerulea), 밤나무혹나방(Meganola melancholica), 회양목명나방(Glyphodes perspectalis), 잔디해충인 등얼룩풍뎅이(Blitopertha orientalis), 채소해충인 배추좀나방(Plutella xylostella) 및 거세미나방(Agrotis segetum)의 생물적 방제 가능성을 알아보기 위하여 실험한 결과, 오리나무잎벌레와 배추좀나방유충은 7.0~2.0 conidia/ml 농도에서 처리 7일과 5일후 100%의 치사율을 나타내었다. 밤나무혹나방유충은 0.03875~3.1 conidia/ml 처리에서 66.7~100%의 높은 치사율을 보였으나 회양목명나방유충은 2.0~2.0conidia/ml 처리에서도 전혀 치사되지 않았다. 등얼룩풍뎅이유충은 3.7 conidia/ml 농도에서 46.7%의 치사율을 보였고, 거세미나방유충은 2.5 conidia/ml 농도에서 63.3% 치사율을 나타내었다.

Mushrooms have been widely cultivated and consumed as foods and herbal medicines owing to their various biological properties. However, few studies have evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of mushrooms. Here, we investigated the effects of mushroom extracts (MEs) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in macrophages (RAW264.7 cells). First, we extracted MEs with either water or ethanol. Using LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells, we measured cell proliferation and NO production. Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 (IL-6), and IL-1β was assessed by RT-PCR, and protein abundance of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and phosphorylation of p65 were determined by immunoblotting. MEs prepared using both water and ethanol inhibited LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells. Nitric oxide (NO) levels induced by LPS were reduced by treatment with MEs. Isaria japonica Yasuda water extracts and Umbilicaria esculenta (Miyoshi) Minks ethanol extracts significantly decreased the mRNA expression of inflammation-related cytokine genes including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. Similarly, the protein abundance of iNOS and COX-2 was also decreased. The phosphorylation of p65, a subunit of nuclear factor-κB was at least partly suppressed by MEs. This study suggests that mushrooms could be included in the diet to prevent and treat macrophage-related chronic immune diseases.

This study was conducted to compare the volatile flavor compounds of Artemisia annua L. after extraction by simultaneous steam distillation extraction (SDE) and solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Via SDE and SPME processes, 79 (1,254.00 mg/kg) and 39 (488.74 mg/kg) compounds were identified respectively. The compounds extracted by SDE included 27 alcohols, 13 aldehydes, 22 hydrocarbons, 3 esters, 12 ketones, 1 oxide and 1 N-containing compound, on the other hand, using the SPME method, 7 alcohols, 5 aldehydes, 1 ester, 18 hydrocarbons, 7 ketones, and 1 oxide were extracted. The major volatile flavor compounds of Artemisia annua L. isolated by the two methods were caryophyllene oxide, -caryophyllene, camphor, -selinene, -muurolene, 1,8-cineol, (E)-pinocarveol and pinocarvone. β β γ The sesquiterpene named caryophyllene oxide was the most abundant volatile flavor compound with relative contents of 234.16 mg/kg and 195.44 mg/kg obtained by the SDE and SPME methods, respectively. Among the identified volatiles, sabinene, β-pinene, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, yomogi alcohol, myrtenol, (Z)-nerolidol, p-cymen-8-ol and eugenol were detected by the SDE method only while (E)-anethole and α-cubebene were detected by the SPME method only. This study confirmed that the composition and contents of the volatile flavor compounds vary between different extraction methods. More volatile flavor compounds were identified using the SDE method than the SPME method.

This study was conducted to apply a horticultural therapy program to childhood cancer patients, to analyze their psychosocial changes and thus to examine its possibility as a way to manage the recovery of childhood cancer patients. This study was conducted on patients who were diagnosed with childhood cancer, and they were divided into the experimental group (8 patients who visited H association offices located in 3 cities and participated in the horticultural program) and the control group (5 patients who did not participate in the program). The homogeneity between the two groups before conducting the program was compared, and there was no statistically significant difference, which proved that the two groups were homogeneous. After conducting the program, the score of social immaturity, one of the sub-categories of problem behaviors, of the experimental group was statistically significantly lower than that of the control group (p=.019). Changes before and after the program within the groups were compared, and the somatization score (p=.039) of the experimental group (p=.039) after the program was 1.13, down from 2.13 before the program. The social immaturity score (p=.017) of the experimental group after the program was 1.00, down from 2.63 before the program, and the attention problem score (p=.026) of the group after the program was 1.25, down from 2.50 before the program. The total problem behavior score (p=.034) of the experimental group after the program was 9.63, down from 18.50 before the program, showing a statistically significant decrease. The cumulative subjective mood score (p=.000) of the experimental group throughout the entire sessions after the program was 7.82, up from 6.99 before the program, showing a statistically significant increase. Therefore, it can be concluded that the horticultural therapy program developed based on the ‘relaxationsocial support-cognitive behavior’ strategy was effective to reduce the negative psychosocial state of childhood cancer patients.

장 건강에 유익한 프리바이오틱스 소재를 개발하기 위하여 배변을 촉진하는 효능을 지닌 붉은팥을 식품 발효에 이용되는 Bacillus subtilis KCCM 11965P로 발효하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 붉은팥의 일반성분은 회분 3.35±0.04%, 조단백질 21.1±0.19%, 조지방 0.35±0.02% 함 유되었다. 붉은팥 원물 1%, 3%, 5%와 Bacillus subtilis KCCM 11965P 3% (v/v)를 접종하여 0, 24, 48, 72시간 배양 하였다. 배양액의 총균수를 측정한 결과 붉은팥 원물을 3% 첨가한 후 72시간 배양군에서 Bacillus subtilis KCCM 11965P 발효가 가장 적합하였다. 발효 시간에 증가함에 따라 총 폴리페놀 함량과 DPPH 라디칼 소거활성이 증가하였다. Protease 활성은 붉은팥 원물 5% 첨가한 후 72시간 배양한 군(2.69±0.003 unit/mL)에서 활성이 가장 높았다. 발효시간과 붉은팥 원물 첨가 농도가 증가함에 따라 α -amylase 활성도 증가하였으며, 붉은팥 원물 5% 첨가한 후 72시간 배양한 군에서 0시간 배양군(1.0±0.1 unit/mL) 보다 26.0±0.2 unit/mL로 증가하였다. Bacillus subtilis KCCM 11965P로 72시간 배양한 후 유리아미노산을 측정한 결과 leucine은 붉은팥 원물 5% 첨가한 0시간 배양군 5.22 mg/L 에서 67.59 mg/L로 증가하였으며, 비필수아미노산인 tyrosine은 5% 첨가 0시간 배양군 10.08 mg/L에서 259.35 mg/L로 증가하였다. 이와 같이 Bacillus subtilis KCCM 11965P로 붉은팥을 발효하면 항산화 활성, protease 효소활성, 및 α-amylase 효소 활성이 증가하였으며, 유리아미노 산과 유기산이 증가하였다. 붉은팥을 발효하는데 Bacillus subtilis KCCM 11965P가 적합할 것으로 판단되며, 붉은팥은 프로바이오틱스를 활성화시켜 장 건강을 증진시킬 수 있는 프리바이오틱스 소재로 개발할 수 있는 가능성을 시사 하였다.

Present study aimed to determine the effect of ‘bitter melon’, a popularly used fruit in Bangladesh and several other Asian countries, on high-fat-diet-induced type 2 diabetes. To investigate the effect, ethanol extract from bitter melon (BME) as a dietary supplement with mouse chow was used. BME was found to significantly attenuate the high-fat diet (HFD) -induced body weight and total fat mass. BME also effectively reduced the insulin resistance induced by the HFD. Furthermore, dietary supplementation of BME was highly effective in increasing insulin sensitivity and reducing hepatic fat and obesity. These results indicate that BME could be effective in attenuating type 2 diabetes and could therefore be a preventive measure against type 2 diabetes.

The greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) is distributed throughout Europe, Africa, Australia, and South Asia. It habits mainly in the cave in small groups and forming communities in late spring. It has interesting reproductive behavior because it keeps sperm for a few months in female reproductive tracts and then those sperms attend in fertilization. This breeding pattern is a sperm storage type and belongs to Rhinolophidae or Hipposideridae. The greater horseshoe also habits in Korea. However, the reasons of reproductive behaviors has not much uncovered. In this study the characters of ovary and the levels of steroid hormones were investigated from September to November. The histological, ELISA, and immunohistochemical methods were employed. The pre-ovulatory follicle was detected only at October sample. On the other hand, the blood level of testosterone was not detectable but the levels of 17β-estradiol and progesterone were exist within the detectable range. E2 and P4 levels were peak in October. Besides, the key enzymes for estradiol synthesis, CYP17 and CYP19 were localized in the theca layer and granulosa cells, respectively. October is known as mating time in this species. However, progesterone receptors could not detect at this period. Put together, it is suggested that, the increase of estrogen and the absence of progesterone receptors on preovulatory follicle is the cause of the mating without ovulation. The understanding of the expression regulation in this system will be base of the understanding the anovulation in mammals.

Background : Recently, hair loss, which has been regarded as a mere means of middle-aged men due to stress and environmental pollution. The market for hair loss in Korea is about four trillion won and it is growing continuously. It is mainly made by mixing natural extracts such as medicinal plant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ethanol extracts of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. whole plant and Calendula officinalis L. flower extracts on the growth of fibroblasts, dermal papilla cells and lipid precursors, I want to try to make a materialization. Methods and Results : The cytotoxicity of each sample extracts treated with 50%, 100%, and 500 μg to fibroblasts, cell-viability were 107.3%, 109.6%, and 128.2%, respectively. The cytotoxicity of each sample to the dermal papilla cells was not observed. And the lipid differentiation of the lipogenic precursor cells which regulates the hairegeneration by secretion of the platelet derived growth factor. The 70% ethanol extracts of H. cordata whole plant and C. officinalis flower were showed promotes the hair growth activity. The lipolysis rate was significantly increased with increasing treatment concentration Conclusion : As a result of this study, in-vitro hair growth activity of herbal medicines for hair treatment material development was not shown to be toxic to each cell. And 70% ethanol extract of H. cordata whole plant stimulated lipid precursor cells inducing differentiation. As a result, the 70% ethanol extracts of H. cordata whole plant and C. officinalis flower have potential to developing hair-related product.

Background : This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant activities and anticancer effect in 80% ethanol extract from foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) varieties. Methods and Results : These extracts were evaluated for contents of total polyphenol and antioxidant activities using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. In concentration of 1000 ㎍/㎖, total polyphenol contents of foxtail millet, proso millet and sorghum were 7.68 - 12.74 ㎍․GAE/㎖, 13.01 - 14.79 ㎍․GAE/㎖ and 48.24 - 62.33 ㎍․GAE/㎖, respectively. Sorghum extracts showed strong radical scavenging activity comparable to well-known antioxidant, trolox. Anticancer effect was evaluated for MTT assay using AGS human gastric cancer cells. All extracts decreased growth of AGS cancer cells. Foxtail millet extracts were decreased about 40% of cell viability in all concentrations. Sorghum extracts were decreased cell viability, concentration dependent manner. Especially, Donganme extract (one of the sorghum variety) was the highest anti cancer effect under AGS cancer cells. Conclusion : Based on these results, millet and sorghum has potential health promoting bioactive compounds as functional food.

Background : Cellular oxidative stress as reactive oxygen species (ROS), whether produced endogenously as a consequence of normal cell functions or derived from external sources, pose a constant threat to cells living in an aerobic environment as they can result in severe damage to DNA, protein, and lipids. The effects of Valeriana fauriei extract and fractions on hydrogen peroxide-induced neuronal cell damage are studied. Methods and Results : Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathological process of neurodegenerative diseases. Valeriana fauriei extract (VFE) and EA fractions (VFEA) was investigated total phenolic contents using method. VFE of total phenolic contents had 2.54 ± 0.01 mg/g, also, VFEA had a 18.78 ± 0.03 mg/g. High phenolic content of the VFEA is expected to better the inhibition of oxidative stress. VFE and VFEA were experimented to inhibit ROS induced 200 μM 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1). VFE of inhibit SIN-1 induced-ROS dose dependently and signficantly. In addition, VFEA inhibition was also dose dependant and significant. Moreover, The treatment of SH-SY5Y and SK-N-SH cells with VFEA significantly reduced hydrogen peroxide-induced generation of intercellular ROS. Conclusion : From the above results, we may suggest that VFEA might have useful as a material for functional food and pharmaceutics for the pathological process of neurodegenerative diseases.

Background : The main ingredients of bed soil specialized for ginseng, which is often used in cultivation of young ginseng, are peat moss, vermiculite and cocopeat. These ingredients are imported from overseas countries because they are not produced in Korea, and thus play an important role in pricing of the bed soil. The bed soil products show satisfactory ability to retain moisture but, are known to require different containers and water management methods depending on the components of the soil and the crops to be cultivated. However, proper studies on cultivation of young ginseng in greenhouses are yet to be conducted, and research data on water management methods and irrigation amount for box culture of young ginseng are largely unavailable. Methods and Results : To establish the proper method of irrigation for cultivation of young ginseng, young ginseng were cultivated while providing water once a week through the method of drip irrigation and the method that combines drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation. To establish the proper amount of water required, each box is provided with 2 ℓ, 3 ℓ and 4 ℓ of water respectively and the growth and development of both above and below aerial parts were examined after 45 days. The growth and development of both above and below aerial parts of young ginseng did not show any statistically significant differences between the two irrigation methods but, the young ginseng provided with water through the method that combines drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation showed a relatively superior growth. Conclusion : Based on the above results, the proper method of irrigation for greenhouse cultivation of young ginseng is to combine the sprinkler irrigation - before budding - and the drip irrigation - after budding. The young ginseng showed the most satisfactory growth when provided with 4 ℓ water once a week, while those provided with less water – 2 ℓ - showed poor growth. For short-term cultivation of 45 days, the growth and development of young ginseng showed little difference regardless of the irrigation methods and the amount of water provided.

Background : Ixeris genus has been used in traditional medicines as stomachics, sedatives, and diuretics. Ixeris dentata var albiflora is a kind of perennial herbaceous plant and one of the plants of the genus Ixeris (Asteraceae). It is well-known for edible wild vegetable in Korea, China, Japan, and Mongolia. Specially, Korean has its root and young leaf with appetizing vegetable due to bitter taste. Methods and Results : We isolated 8 genes that are involved in carotenoid biosynthesis using the Illumina/Solexa HiSeq2000 platform. In this study, a full-length cDNA clone encoding phytoene synthase (IdPSY), phytoene desaturase (IdPDS), ξ-carotene desaturase (IdZDS), lycopene β-cyclase (IdLCYB), and zeaxanthin epoxidase (IdZEP) and partial-length cDNA clones encoding lycopene ε-cyclase (IdLCYE), ε-ring carotene hydroxylase (IdCHXE), and β-ring carotene hydroxylase (IdCHXB2) were identified in I. dentata. The theoretical molecular weight (MW) and isoelectric point values of 8 genes were investigated. Sequence analyses revealed that these proteins shared high identity and conserved domains with their orthologous genes. IdPSY, IdPDS, IdZDS, IdLCYB, IdCHXB2, and IdZEP were constitutively expressed in the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of I. dentata. Conclusion : Our study on the biosynthesis of carotenoids in I. dentata will provide basic data for elucidating the contribution of carotenoids to the considerable medicinal properties of I. dentata.