Currently, the Korean nuclear industry uses ZIRLO as material for nuclear fuel cladding(zirconium alloy). KEPCO Nuclear Fuel is in the process of developing a HANA alloy to enable domestic production of cladding. Cladding manufacture involves multistage heat treatments and pickling processes, the latter of which is vital for the removal of defects and impurities on the cladding surface. SMUT that forms on the cladding surface during such pickling process is a source of surface defects during heat treatment and post-treatment processes if not removed. This study analyzes ZIRLO, HANA-4, and HANA-6 alloy claddings to extensively study the SEM/EDS, XRD, and particle size characteristics of SMUT, which are second phase particles that are formed on the cladding surface during pickling processes. Using the analysis results, this study observes SMUT formation characteristics according to Nb concentration in Zr alloys during the washing process following the pickling process. In addition, this study observes SMUT removal characteristics on cladding surfaces according to concentrations of nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid in the acid solution.

This study was conducted to select cultivars and determine the harvest period suited for the availability of biological activities in unripen apple. To analyze effective the components in the apple (Malus domestica), three cultivars, 'Summerking', 'Hongro', 'Fuji' were harvested from 40~50 days after full bloom to harvest time. Soluble solid content increased gradually by ripening but titratable acidity decreased with ripening regardless of the cultivars. The total phenol content significantly reduced with ripening from May 30 to July 30 (p<0.05). Substantially, the total phenol content of ‘Hongro’ in May 30 was four times higher than that of ‘Summerking’ in the same period and ten times higher than that of ‘Hongro’ in August 30. The total flavonoid content reduced with ripening regardless of cultivars (p<0.05) and that of ‘Hongro’ in May 30 was significantly highest (p<0.05). The ascorbic acid content was the highest in ‘Hongro’ in May 30 (p<0.05). The contents of tannin and ursolic acid significantly reduced with ripening from May 30 to July 30 (p<0.05), while no significant difference was observed between Hogro and Fuji after July 30. Therefore, 'Hongro' harvested in May 30 was considered to be best in the utilization of the effective components of immature apple.

Beta-carotene is the most prominent member of the group of carotenoids, natural colorants that occur in the human diet. Beta-carotene is also an effective source of vitamin A in both conventional foods and vitamin supplements, and it’s generally safe. In this study, we explored the beta-carotene contents in agricultural products widely and specifically grown in Korea. The beta-carotene contents were ranging from 223 to 27,908 μg/100 g in leaves, and 0 to 7,588 μg/100 g in vegetables. In leaves and vegetables, the amount of beta-carotene was the highest in green tea powder (27,908 μg/100 g), followed by pepper (7,588 μg/100 g). In fruits, the beta-carotene content was found to range from 0 μg/1,011 g to maximum of 293.66 μg/100 g(plumcot). However, there beta-carotene was not detected in strawberry. In the case of cereals and specialty crops, the beta-carotene contents were 326 μg/100 g for non-glutinous rice, 313 μg/100 g for glutinous rice, 57 μg/100 g for amaranth and 15 μg/100 g for pine nut, respectively. However, the beta-carotene content was not detected in other samples. This study revealed the presence of beta-carotene content in agricultural products specifically grown in Korea for nutritional information and food composition database.

This study would present a risk analysis method to evaluate stable tap water supply in a multi-regional water supply system and propose a measure for the evaluation of the effect of the conjunctive operation of the multi-regional water supply system using this. Judging from the vulnerability for the crisis response of the entire N. multi-regional water supply system, as compared to the result of Scenario 1 in which no conjunctive pipes were operated, it was found that in Scenario 2, in which conjunctive pipes were partially operated, the vulnerability of crisis response decreased by about 30.6%, and as compared to Scenario 3, the vulnerability of crisis response decreased by 86.2%. In setting a plan for stable tap water supply in N multi-regional water supply system, using the estimated value and the method for the evaluation of the vulnerability of crisis response by pipe, by interval and by line, it is judged that this can be utilized as a basis for the judgment of the evaluation of the operation or the additional installation of conjunctive pipes.

A commercial CFD code is used to caculate the 3-D viscous flow field within the centrifugal pump impeller. Design conditions are changed by pump inlet diameter(203.2㎜) and pump outlet diameter(152.4㎜). Numerical calculation was performed by changing flow rate from 7 to 12m 3 /min. Working fluids are clean water and muddy water. The viscosity of muddy water is measured by the unsteady capillary of the viscometer. The pump performance is predicted well through the computer simulation. The results are summarized as follows: the pump characteristics of the total pressure, efficiency and shaft power with high viscosity fluids by muddy water was different from those clean water. When the viscosity of the applied fluid increased, the total pressure, and efficiency more decreased than those of clean water. The decreasing gradients of the total pressure and the efficiency were larger than water due to the increased disk friction losses at the duty operation point. The shaft power of clean water and muddy water increased. This study shows that the calculated results agree well with the analysis results of design condition.

In this study, the microstructure and characterization of an overlay welding layer using Fe-based composite powders are reported. The effects of the number of passes and composition of powders on the microstructure and mechanical properties are investigated in detail. The welding wire and powders are deposited twice on a stainless-steel rod using a laser overlay welding process. The microstructure and structural characterization are performed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical properties of the first and second overlay layers are analyzed through the micro-Vickers-hardness tester and abrasion wear tester. In the second overlay layer, the hardness and specific wear are approximately 840 Hv and 2.0 × 10−5 mm3/Nm, respectively. It is suggested that the increase of the volume fractions of (Cr,Fe)7C3 and NbC phases in the second welding layer enhances the hardness and wear resistance.

과거 한국에는 반달가슴곰이 많은 개체수가 서식하였다. 하지만 일제강점기와 한국전쟁을 거치면서 반달가슴 곰의 개체수가 급격하게 감소하였으며, 산업화, 서식지 파괴, 밀렵으로 인해 절멸 상태에 이르렀다. 2000년대 초반 지리산국립공원에서 극소수의 개체가 활동하는 것이 확인되었고, 이에 환경부에서는 절멸 위험에 처해 있는 생물종에 대한 복원과 생태계 건강성 회복을 위해 지리산 반달 가슴곰 복원프로젝트를 추진하였다. 외부로부터 한반도에 서식하는 반달가슴곰과 동일한 아종을 도입 방사한지 14 년이 흐른 2017년에 지리산에서 약 80 km 떨어진 수도산에서 반달가슴곰이 발견되었다. 유전자 분석결과 과거 지리산에서 방사했었던 3년생 반달가슴곰으로 분석되었으며 이는 지리산에서 반달가슴곰 복원사업을 추진한 이후 가장 멀리서 이동한 사례이다. 이후 지리산에서 2회 재방사를 하여 다시 수도산으로 이동하려는 움직임을 보였으며, 일반적으로 지리산에서 활동하는 반달가슴곰에 비해 많은 이동거리와 행동권을 나타냈다. 수도산에서 3번째 방사 이후 안정적인 이동 패턴과 서식영역을 띠고 있는 것으로 보이며, 이러한 사례 연구를 통해 지리산 반달가슴곰 집단의 서식지 확산과 이에 따른 광역적 관리 방안 마련에 필요한 자료를 제공하고자 하였다.

In the case of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), there is a great deal of impact on the national economy due to the disposal of diseases, the cost of disease control such as vaccination, reduction of productivity, and restriction of international trade of livestock products. Therefore, appropriate diagnostic methods for sensitive, accurate and rapid identification of virus serotypes are continuously required in terms of early prevention of FMD. This study was conducted to confirm the feasibility of immuno-PCR diagnostic method for the more sensitive detection of Korean FMD virus (FMDV). We synthesized a partial FMD type A viral gene. Protein antigen, monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies of FMDV were cloned, expressed and purified and then magnetic particles were attached to polyclonal antibodies and and oligomers to monoclonal antibodies for the immnuno-PCR. We confirmed the antigen-antibody and oligomer reaction using ELISA, Western blot, and real-time PCR. These results show that Korean FMDV can be detected by using difference of Ct values between positive group and negative group using immuno-PCR.. The results of this study also suggest that this technique will be the basis of the diagnosis method to detect Korean FMDV more sensitively in the future.

본 연구는 놀이를 활용한 동물매개활동이 초등학교 저학년의 자기표현과 또래관계에 미치는 영향을 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구는 J도 I시 소재 초등학교의 1, 2학년 학생 5명을 선정하여 2019년 3월 29일부터 5월 31일까지 주 1회씩 10주간, 총 10회기를 진행했으며, 연구방법은 단일군 전후 실험설계 방법을 이용하였다. 연구도구로는 최명심(2000)의 자기표현 척도와 양윤란, 오경 자(2005)의 또래관계기술 척도를 사용하였다. 연구결과 초등학교 저학년의 자기표현은 내용, 음성 하위요인이 상승하였고, 신체 하위 요인이 감소하는 결과가 나타났으며, 또래관계는 주도성 하위요인이 감소하였고, 협동·공 감 하위요인이 상승한 효과가 나타났다. 전체적인 평균은 상승하였으며, 따라서 본 연구는 놀이를 활용한 동물매개활동이 초등학교 저학년의 자기표현과 또래관계에 부분적으로 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤음을 알 수 있다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for developing strategies to improve the learning effect of simulation by analyzing the reflective journaling after the simulation based learning on the nursing of patients with upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding. Method: From September 19–29, 2016, we conducted a simulation of UGI bleeding patient nursing with fourth-year students in the nursing department of University B in City A, and analyzed the data using content analysis. Results: In this study, reflective journaling can be an effective educational method to strengthen nursing competence, such as the self-reflection of nursing students, evidence-based nursing practice, teamwork, and communication ability. Conclusion: Reflective journaling after practice in simulation-based education is an important process in training critical thinking, situational judgment, and reflection of nursing practice content, and needs to be extended to both on-campus practice and clinical practice.

사과 표면의 온도 측정 결과, ‘후지’ 품종에서 무처리구가 44oC로 가장 높게 나왔으며, 미세살수 처리구가 35oC로 가장 낮아 사과의 표면온도를 직접적으로 낮추는데 가장 효과적이었고, ‘홍로’ 품종에서는 방풍망 처리구가 무처리구에 비해 약 9oC의 온도하강 효과를 나타내었다. 조도 및 광량은 방풍망 처리구가 53.263lx로 무처리구의 90.283lx에 비하여 유의하게 낮은 결과를 보였다. 그리고 오후 시간의 햇볕은 파장이 긴 적색광으로 과실의 품온이 증가하고 광합성량이 증가되는 반면 과실의 호흡량이 증가하여 색소 발현 및 저장양분의 축적에 저해요인으로 작용하는 것으로 판단되었다. 또한, 방풍망을 이용한 차광으로 빛의 강도와 온도를 인위적으로 낮추어 광포화점이 발생하지 않는 정도에서 충분한 채광시간과 효율적인 광합성작용을 유도 하는 것이 과실품질을 향상시킬 수 있는 방법으로 판단되었다. ‘후지’와 ‘홍로’의 최대양자수율 Fv/Fm 값이 다른 처리들보다 무처리구에서 0.74로 가장 낮은 것으로 조사되었는데 이는 미세살수, 방풍망 처리구가 무 처리구에 비해 높은 광합성 효율을 나타내고 있음을 시사하였다. ‘후지’의 일소피해 조사결과 미세살수 처리구는 5%, 방풍망 처리구는 7%로 무처리구에 비하여 일소발생이 약 15% 경감되었고 ‘홍로’의 경우는 미세살수 처리구는 22%, 방풍망 처리구는 25%로 무처리구에 비하여 일소발생이 약 7% 감소하였다. ‘홍로’의 일소피해 발생이 ‘후지’ 에 비해서 높았던 이유는 ‘홍로’가 ‘후지’보다 비대 속도가 빠르며 광을 받는 과실 표면의 면적이 상대적으로 컸기 때문으로 판단되었다. 착색지수 중 적색도(a*)의 경우 ‘후지’ 품종에서 무처 리구에 비하여 미세살수와 방풍망 처리구가 각각 26% 및 34%로 착색향상을 개선할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면, 사과 주요 품종에 대한 미세살수 및 방풍망 처리는 추후 기후변화로 인인 사과생육기 고온증상으로 발생할 수 있는 과실일소 및 착색불량 등 과실품질저해 요인을 저감할 수 있는 현장적용이 가능한 기술로 판단 되었고, 또한 이로 인한 상품성 증가로 농가 소득증대에 기여할 것으로 판단되었다.