This study aims to investigate the present status and factors influencing farmers’ satisfaction on the crop insurance for pear. Data analyzed were collected by survey and ordered logistic model was utilized for an empirical analysis. The results demonstrate that producers who are more highly educated and have an experience to receive an educational program related to crop insurance for pear are more likely to satisfy. In addition, it is shown that sales have a negative effect on the satisfaction whereas cultivated areas have a positive relationship with it. Based on the findings, it is necessary to develop a new educational program, strengthen public relations, and support an insurance premium for improving farmers’ satisfaction of the insurance for pear.

Anther culture is useful and significant tool for producing haploid or doubled haploid (DH) plants in crop breeding system. Androgenesis is the way of inducing haploid and DH plants from anther (immature pollen) or microspore culture. In vitro androgenesis is efficient technique for introducing complete homozygous lines in one generation, thus less time and expense could be necessary than conventional plant breeding. In maize, anther culture is important system for shortening the breeding cycle and enhancing selection efficiency. Anther culture technique is also applicable to various researches such as molecular genetics, genetic engineering, genomics, and plant biotechnology. We review the past and present studies on anther culture and provide useful information for future researches on androgenesis in maize. The combination of androgenesis with other techniques such as molecular breeding and biotechnology is producing a variety of variety of maize species. In addition, we suggest strategy to develop androgenesis technique adapted to Korean research environment.

This study was conducted to evaluate maize downy mildew resistance using spreader row technique in Cambodia. A total of forty maize lines were used in this experiment. Seven Korean varieties and seven breeding lines showed high infection rates (80~100%) and highly susceptible (HS) to downy mildew disease in both spring and fall. Also most of nested association mapping (NAM) parent lines were highly susceptible (HS). Meanwhile three inbred lines, Ki3, Ki11, and CML228, showed highly resistant (HR) or resistant (R) in spring and moderately resistant (MR) in fall. These three lines were already known as resistant inbred lines against downy mildew disease. It appears that spreader row technique was suitable for selection of maize downy mildew resistance in Cambodia. The incidence of downy mildew was influenced by weather conditions, especially relative humidity and temperature. Among several inoculation methods to screen for downy mildew resistance, this spreader row technique is effectively and easily used in the field of Southeast Asia.

Drought stress has detrimental effects on the seedling development, vegetative/ reproductive growth, photosynthesis, root proliferation, anthesis, anthesis-silking interval (ASI), pollination and grain yield in maize. Typically, two weeks before silking through pollination are an important time in maize life. Here we reviewed the effects of drought stress on growth, physiological/ molecular researches for drought tolerance, and breeding to genomics in maize. Drought stress during kernel development increases leaf dying and lodging, decreases grain filling period and grain yield. Physiological factors of drought stress/ effects are water content, water deficits, and water potential. Nowdays molecular marker assisted breeding method is becoming increasingly useful in the improvement of new germplasm with drought stress tolerance.

유기성폐기물을 처리하는 소화조에서 발생하는 바이오가스는 다양한 에너지원으로 사용되고 있다, 최근에는 바이오가스를 보다 더 효율적인 에너지원으로 사용하기 위하여 정제를 통해서 도시가스화하고 있다. 바이오가스를 도시가스로 사용하기 위해서는 다양한 바이오가스 정제기술이 적용되고 있는데, 본 연구에서는 바이오가스 정제기술 중 메탄회수율과 정제된 바이오가스인 바이오메탄의 메탄농도가 높고, 에너지 원단위가 낮은 아민흡수기술을 적용하여 바이오가스를 정제해 도시가스로 사용하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구결과 아민흡수기술을 통해 도시가스 품질 기준에 적합하게 바이오가스를 정제하여 도시가스 배관망에 주입하였고, 이때의 바이오가스 정제기술인 아민흡수기술의 메탄회수율은 97% 이상, 바이오메탄의 메탄농도는 97% 이상이었고, 에너지 원단위는 2.0kW/Nm³ 이하로서 다른 바이오가스 정제기술에 비하여 낮은 에너지원단위를 나타내었다.

The maize production in South-eastern Asian countries showed a continuous increase with increasing poultrylivestock from the beginning of the 1990s to early 2010. Also the need for a new variety development of each contries was increased rapidly in the same period. Single-Cross hybrid varieties have been developed and supplied from 2001 instead of multi-cross maize varieties since 1992 in Indonesia. In Cambodia, CP group is mainly manufacturing feeds with most of the forage maize from farmers who are growing its seeds from the company. Cambodian main cultivars are varieties of multinational corporations such as DK8868 from Monsanto, NK6326, NK7328 from Syngenta and CP333 from CP group including local business company. Vietnam is the main maze importing country in South-Eastern Asia which had imported 13 times scale of amount compared to exports in average from 1990 to 2011. Vietnamese government has developed a range of varieties for improving their efficiency in production, such as the LVN-10 with political investments. Their production has been reached to 80% of the total. According to the 2012 MIFAFF (Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries) data in Korea, domestic edible maize cultivation area was approximately 15,000ha. It showed 74,399 tons of production, 3.8% of food self-sufficiency in maize and around 0.9% of grain self-sufficiency rate. The consumption of grain is mostly rely on imports in Korea. To overcome the limit of the domestic seed market and increase maize self-sufficiency, the need to develop maze varieties for world-class is increasing at present through analyzing the market trend and prospect of the seed industry in South-eastern Asia

The objective of this study was to evaluate the drought tolerance in maize seedling using leaf rolling. Nineteen maize resources, seven Nested Association Mapping parents lines, six Korean commercial cultivars, and six Southeast Asia commercial cultivars, were used to examine drought tolerance. The leaf rolling scores were measured on each leaf in three stress conditions with moderate drought (10%), severe drought (7%), and extreme drought (5%). Generally leaf rolling score of seedlings increased at the lower soil water potentials (5~7%). As a result, drought-tolerant cultivars showed lower leaf rolling score (below 2.5) than the drought sensitive cultivars (above 3.5). Nine varieties, NK4043, CML322, DK9955, NK4300, Ki11, DK8868, CML228, LVN99, and LVN10, have been selected for tolerance to drought stress. These results suggest that the leaf rolling score in maize seedling has been made available to indirect index for drought tolerance.

The photochemical characteristics were analyzed in the context of sowing time and different levels of fertilized nitrogen during the maize (Zea mays L.) growth. When maize was early sawn, the fluorescence parameters related with electrontransport, in photosystem II (PSII) and PSI, were effectively enhanced with the higher level of fertilized nitrogen. Highest values were observed in maize leaves grown in double Nfertilized plot. The photochemical parameters were declined in the progress of growth stage. In early growth stage, the fluorescence parameters were highest, and then reduced to about half of the parameters related with electron transport on PSII and PSI at middle and late growth stages. In 1/2 N plot, the photochemical energy dissipation was measured to 13% in term of active reaction center per absorbed photon resulting in decrease in performance index and driving force of electron. This decrease induced to lower the photochemical effectiveness. In 2 N plots, the electron transport flux from QA to QB per cross section and the number of active PSII RCs per cross section were considerably enhanced. It was clearly indicated that the connectivity between photosynthetic PSII and PSI, i.e. electron transport, was far effective.

본 연구에서는 초/장대 철도터널 및 철도사고와 관련하여 기존 국내 소방대응체계 및 해외 소방대응체계를 분석하고 Golden time안에 소방관이 신속히 사고현장으로 접근하여 인명 구조 및 소방대응활동이 가능하도록 하는 시스템을 개발하는 것이 주목표라 할 수 있다. 국외 선진국에서는 매해 철도사고(도심철도 및 일반철도, 고속철도)가 빈번하게 발생하고 있어 철도사고에 대응하기 위하여 초장대터널 주변에 화재진압열차를 배치해 두고 있으며 일반 철도 사고발생시 출동이 가능하도록 Rail road형 특수소방차량이 개발되어 철도인근 소방서에서 즉각적인 대응을 하도록 시스템이 구축되어있다. 그러나 국내 고속철도 및 일반철도는 구조적으로 외부접근을 차단하기 위해서 방벽 및 고가다리에 위치하고 철도터널의 경우 소방법규에 적용을 받지 않아 소방 설비가 미 구축되어 터널내부에서 화재사고발생시 대형인명사고 발생할 가능성이 높다. 도심철도 또한 대부분이 지하에 설치된 초/장대터널 구조로 되어 있어 사고발생시 탈출하는 인원과 농연으로 인한 시야제한, 다양한 장애물로 인하여 외부에서의 소방관의 접근이 어려운 상황이다. 따라서, 국내에서도 국외에서처럼 철도 및 철도터널사고에 대응할 수 있는 특수소방차량의 개발이 필요한 상황이며 특히 노후화된 도심철도에 대한 소방대응기술의 개발 및 적용이 시급하다.

Transcription factors are essential for the regulation of gene expression in plant. They are binding to either enhancer or promoter region of DNA adjacent to the gene and are related to basal transcription regulation, differential enhancement of transcription, development, response to intercellular signals or environment, and cell cycle control. The mechanism in controlling gene expression of transcription can be understood through the assessment of the complete sequence for the maize genome. It is possible that the maize genome encodes 4,000 or more transcription factors because it has undergone whole duplication in the past. Previously, several transcription factors of maize have been characterized. In this review article, the transcription factors were selected using Pfam database, including many family members in comparison with other family and listed as follows: ABI3 / VP1, AP2/EREBP, ARF, ARID, AS2, Aux/IAA, BES1, bHLH, bZIP, C2C2-CO-like, C2C2-Dof, C2C2-GATA, C2C2- YABBY, C2H2, E2F/DP, FHA, GARP-ARR-B, GeBP, GRAS, HMG, HSF, MADS, MYB, MYB-related, NAC, PHD, and WRKY family. For analyzing motifs, each amino acid sequence has been aligned with ClustalW and the conserved sequence was shown by sequence logo. This review article will contribute to further study of molecular biological analysis and breeding using the transcription factor of maize as a strategy for selecting target gene.

Maize is one of the most important food and feed crops in the world including Southeast Asia. In spite of numberous efforts with conventional breeding, the maize productions remain low and the loss of yields by drought and downy mildew are still severe in Asia. Genetic improvement of maize has been performed with molecular marker and genetic engineering. Because maize is one of the most widely studied crop for its own genome and has tremendous diversity and variant, maize is considered as a forefront crop in development and estimation of molecular markers for agricultural useful trait in genetics and breeding. Using QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) and MAS (Marker Assisted Breeding), molecular breeders are able to accelerate the development of drought tolerance or downy mildew resistance maize genotype. The present paper overviews QTL/MAS approaches towards improvement of maize production against drought and downy mildew. We also discuss here the trends and importance of molecular marker and mapping population in maize breeding.

콩의 수량은 건물생산성에 비해 고온에 민감하게 반응하는 하는 형질로 알려져 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 등숙기 고온이 종실의 발달, 품질특성 및 수분흡수특성에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위해 수행하였으며 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과같다.1. 등숙온도가 높을수록 백립중은 감소되었는데, 황금콩은 선유콩에 비해 감소폭이 컸고, 등숙기 지속적인 고온은 종실비대를 억제시켜 소립종의 비율이 증가될 뿐만 아니라 종피율을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다.2. 등숙온도가 높을수록 지방 함량 및 C/N율이 감소되고,단백질 및 총당 함량이 증가되었으나 당의 조성으로볼 때 단당류와 이당류는 증가되고 올리고당류는 오히려 감소되는 것으로 나타나 고온은 동화물질의 축적을억제시키는 것으로 판단되었다.3. 고온에서 등숙된 콩은 침지초기에 부피 및 무게의 증가가 비교적 빠르게 이루어졌으나 침지시간이 경과됨에 따라 대조구에 비해 부피 및 무게증가율이 모두 낮게 나타났고, 황금콩은 선유콩에 비해 침지에 따른 부피증가율 및 무게증가율이 상대적으로 낮았다.4. 콩의 백립중과 종피율은 침지에 따른 종실의 부피 및무게증가율뿐만 아니라 용출액의 TDS와 EC에 영향을 미치는 주요 형질로 판단되었고, 단백질 함량과C/N율은 TDS 및 EC와 유의한 상관을 보였으나, 당함량은 부피증가율과 무게증가율뿐만 아니라 TDS 및EC와 상관이 인정되지 않았다.5. 따라서 등숙온도가 높을수록 종실에 동화물질의 축적이 불완전하게 이루어져 침지에 따른 가용성 고형물의용출량이 많아지고, 결과적으로 TDS 및 EC가 높아지는 것으로 판단되었다.

콩의 파종시기 및 생육온도를 달리하였을 때 생육반응, 수량성 및 isoflavone 함량과 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향을 검토하여 밭작물의 안정생산을 위한 재배기술개발에 활용하고자 수행된 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 5월파종구는 6월파종구에 비해 콩 식물체의 생육이 왕성하고 식물체의 수분함량이 개화후 약 40일까지 비교적 높은 상태가 유지되지만, 6월파종구는 개화 후 등숙이 빠르게 진행되면서 식물체의 수분함량이 개화후 30일부터 급격히 감소되었다. 2. 6월 파종구는 5월 파종구에 비해 100립중이 상대적으로 감소하였고, 생육온도가 높으면 100립중이 증대되었으나 control + 5℃ 에서는 오히려 감소되어 파종시기 및 생육온도별 등숙 반응이 달랐다. 3. Isoflavone 함량은 5월파종구의 평균이 1201.8ug/g 이었으나 6월파종구는 1479.8ug/g 으로 5월파종구 대비 약 278ug/g 함량이 높았다. 생육온도에 따라서는 5월파종구 Mc + 3℃ 및 Mc + 4℃ 처리구는 isoflavone 함량이 증가되었으나, Mc + 5℃ 의 isoflavone 함량은 오히려 낮았고, 6월파종구는 생육온도가 높을수록 isoflavone 함량이 감소하여 파종시기별 온도처리 효과가 달랐다. 4. 생육온도가 높을수록 oleic acid의 조성이 증가되고 linoleic 및 linolenic acid가 감소되었으나 palmitic 및 stearic acid의 조성도 생육온도가 높아질수록 증가되는 경향이었다. 5. 주경절수는 isoflavone 함량 및 불포화지방산 조성에 모두 관여하는 변수로 나타났는데, 주경절수와 isoflavone 함량과의 상관분석 결과 부의 상관관계(r = -0.661)가 있었고, 불포화지방산과는 정의 상관관계(r = 0.775)를 보여 주경절수가 증가되면 isoflavone 함량이 낮아지고 불포화지방산의 조성비율의 증가에 관여하는 형질로 판단되었다.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of soil-born microorganism, vitabio on growth of leaf lettuce in the vinyl house. Total weights of leaf lettuce treated with vitabio showed difference compared with untreated leaf lettuce. Sugar content was also increased. Mineral contents of leaf lettuce showed no difference between treated with vitabio and untreated with vitabio. Exchange Capacity (EC) and Organic Matter (OM) in chemical properties of soil treated with vitabio showed higher than soil in untreated vitabio. Vitabio treated soil contained much more microorganisms such as Bacteria, Actinomycetes, Hyphomycetes, Bacillus sp. Pseudomonas sp. after harvest.