Bakanae disease incidence threat is an increasing trend in the top rice growing countries. Despite it is essential to identify the resistant genes and underlying mechanisms of bakanae disease to develop resistant varieties, there are very limited genetic studies on bakanae disease in rice. The indica rice variety Shingwang was selected as resistant donor to bakanae disease. One hundred sixty nine NILs, YR28297 (BC6F4) generated by five backcrosses of Shingwang with the genetic background of susceptible japonica variety, Ilpum were used for QTL analysis. Rice bakanae disease pathogen, CF283, was mainly used in this study and inoculation and evaluation of bakanae disease was performed with the method of the large-scale screening method developed by Kim et al. (2014). The proportion of healthy plants of Shingwang and Ilpum after inoculation was confirmed using bakanae disease pathogen, CF283. While inoculated Ilpum showed thin and yellowish-green phenotype which is typical symptom of Bakanae disease, Shingwang showed similar healthy phenotype with control plants. A major QTL for resistance against bakanae disease on chromosome 1 was identified using SSR marker, RM9, which explaining 65 % of the total phenotype variation. The major QTL designated as qBK1 and mapped to a 4.4 Mbp region between RM24 (19.30 Mb) and RM11295 (23.72 Mb). The information of qBK1 could be useful for improving rice bakanae disease resistance in marker-assisted breeding.

‘설레미’는 국립식량과학원 상주출장소에서 2011년도에 육성한 조생 고품질 고식미 도정특성 우수 품종이다. ‘설레미’는 남부중산간지, 북부평야지 및 중산간지, 남부고냉지 및 동북부해안지 보통기 보비재배에서 평균 출수기가 8월 1일로‘오대벼’보다 3일 늦은 조생종이다. 간장은 73 cm로 오대벼보다 작으며, 수당립수는 많고 등숙비율이 높은 중립종에 속한다. 위조현상은 나타나지 않았으며 성숙기 하엽노화가 늦고수발아는 ‘오대벼’보다 안되는 내수발아성이다. 내냉성은 보통이다. ‘설레미’는 도열병에 저항성 반응을 보였다. 입형은현미장폭비가 1.90으로 단원형이며 심복백이 없고 맑고 투명하다. ‘오대벼’에 비해 아밀로스함량은 낮고 단백질함량은 약간 높으며 밥맛은 매우 양호하다. 도정율, 백미완전미율이 각가 77.5%, 97.7%로 ‘오대벼’에 비해 높다. 쌀수량은 보통기표준재배에서 5.60 MT/ha로 ‘오대벼’보다 7% 많은 편이다.

Understanding salt tolerance mechanisms is important for the increase of crop yields, and so, several screening approaches were developed to identify plant genes which are involved in salt tolerance of plants. Here, we transformed the Arabidopsis cDNA library into a salt-sensitive calcineurin (CaN)-deficient (cnbD) yeast mutant and isolated the colonies which can suppress salt-sensitive phenotype of cnbD mutant. Through this functional complementation screen, a total of 34 colonies functionally suppressed the salt-sensitive phenotype of cnbD yeast cells, and sequencing analysis revealed that these are 9 genes, including CaS, AtSUMO1 and AtHB-12. Among these genes, the ectopic expression of CaS gene increased salt tolerance in yeast, and CaS transcript was up-regulated under high salinity conditions. CaS-antisense transgenic plants showed reduced root elongation under 100 mM NaCl treatment compared to the wild type plant, which survived under 150 mM NaCl treatment, whereas CaS-antisense transgenic plant leaves turned yellow under 150 mM NaCl treatment. These results indicate that the expression of CaS gene is important for stress tolerance in yeast and plants.

Development of transgenic plant increasing crop yield or disease resistance is good way to solve the world food shortage. However, the persistence of marker genes in crops leads to serious public concerns about the safety of transgenic crops. In the present study, we developed marker-free transgenic rice inserted high molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) gene (Dx5) from the Korean wheat cultivar ‘Jokyeong’ using Agrobacterium-mediated co-transformation method. The Dx5’s own promoter was used for protein expression. Two expression cassettes comprised of separate DNA fragments containing only the Dx5 and hygromycin resistance (HPTII) genes were introduced separately into Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 strain for co-infection. Each EHA105 strain harboring Dx5 or HPTII was infected into rice calli at a 3: 1 ratio of EHA105 with Dx5 gene and EHA105 with HPTII gene expressing cassette. Then, among 270 hygromycin-resistant transformants, we obtained 27 transgenic lines inserted with both the Dx5 and HPTII genes into the rice genome. We reconfirmed integration of the Dx5 gene into the rice genome by Southern blot analysis. Wheat Dx5 transcripts in T1 rice seeds were examined with semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Protein expression of the Dx5 was analyzed with Western blot using polyclonal antibody recognising x-type of glutenin subunits in T1 seeds. It was suggested that the protein-processing system was conserved between rice and wheat. Finally, the marker-free plants containing only the Dx5 gene were successfully screened at the T1 generation.

Bakanae disease of rice, caused by Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, the imperfect stage of Gibberella fujikuroi, is one of the most important rice diseases worldwide, but no rice variety has been found to be completely resistant to this fungus. Cultivation of resistant cultivars is the most beneficial way of reducing quantitative or qualitative losses to for bakanae disease in rice. To facilitate the study of this disease, accurate and large scale screening methods were developed for the inoculation and evaluation of Bakanae disease. Even and large scale infection was achieved by using F. moniliforme spore in tissue embedding cassette and seedling tray. The efficiency of F. moniliforme infection with the concentration of 1×106 spore/ml caused better distribution (F-value=33.96) than 1×102 (F-value=10.69), and 1×104 spore/ml (F-value=2.63). We established new criteria of healthy and non-healthy plant, and introduced calculation of proportion of healthy plants to meet fast evaluation of resistance level of each variety. The effect of F. moniliforme strains containing different genetic background was also evaluated with rice varieties to figure out the stability of resistance level. GA3 response of rice variety was significantly correlated with bakanae disease, but it did not adequate for direct indicator of bakanae disease resistance. These results indicated that a large scale infection method developed in this study is fast and reproducible, as well as a disease evaluation system provides an accurate measurement of bakanae disease resistance of rice.

‘경관2호’는 국립식량과학원 기능성작물부에서 2008년 하계에 진주 재래조를 수집하여 2008/2009년 동계온실에서 두 번 집단을 양성하여 순계분리한 도복에 강하며 찰성의 특성을 지닌 혼반 및 경관용 품종으로 2009년에 육성되었다. ‘경관2호’의 잎은 녹색이나, 생육후기에는 자색으로 변하며, 분얼경은 직립으로 도복에 강하고 안토시안 색소 발현이 있다. 이삭의 형태는 원추형이며 이삭의 착립밀도는 ‘황금조’와 비슷하며 탈립이 잘되는 편이다. 낟알은 황색이며 찰성이 있다. ‘경관2호’의 생육일수는 보통기 표준재배에서 127일로 ‘황금조’보다 25일 늦고, 성숙일수는 11일 정도 길다. 간장은 보통기 표준재배에서 128 cm로 ‘황금조’에 비해 23 cm 정도 크나 포장 도복에 강하다. 현곡천립중은 2.1 g으로 ‘황금조’에 비해 가벼운 편이다. 포장에서의 조도열병과 세균성줄무늬병 및 벼줄무늬잎마름병 발생이 없었으나 조명나방 및 노린재류에는 약하다. 수량은 보통기 표준재배에서 2.00 MT/ha로 ‘황금조’에 비해 5% 정도 적다.

Farmers have use phosphate fertilizer to provide sufficient yields. However, overuse of phosphorus accumulate in soil and causes soil and water pollution. We evaluated the phosphate acquisition and growth characteristics of OsPT1 transgenic rice (OsPT1-OX, over-expressing the high affinity phosphate transporter 1) in high phosphate soils with different level of nitrogen fertilizer treatment to investigate removing ability of excessive phosphate from soil. OsPT1-OX had shorter culm length but more tillers than those of wild-type plants in each soil conditions. Phosphate content per dry weight of OsPT1-OX was 1.8 times higher than that of wild-type under control fertilizer treated conditions. Although the dry weight of OsPT1-OX was not different from that of wild-type plants, whole plant phosphate content was 1.7 times higher than that of wild-type plants under control fertilizer conditions. Tiller number and phosphate content per dry weight of wild-type plants increased following high levels of phosphate application but did not change by following additional nitrogen application. Tiller number and phosphate content per dry weight of OsPT1-OX did not change under the high phosphate condition, but increased following nitrogen application under similar conditions. Whole plant phosphate content was highest under high nitrogen and high phosphate application conditions. These results suggest that OsPT1-OX may reduce phosphate content in soils containing excess phosphate and may be further effective under high nitrogen condition.

The use of functional markers, it is expected to make direct identification about genetic diversity at DNA level and overcome the problem of recombination /linkage. These markers can be used to identify interesting alleles in a breeding program and indirectly select for the trait, saving money, time and labor. Bacterial blight of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzaepv. Oryzae is a destructive disease in rice production worldwide. No bactericide is effective to control the bacterial blight disease yet. Xa3, which is a gene conferring resistance to BB of the rice plant has been previously characterized by map-based cloning. We have cloned and sequenced the Xa3/xa3 gene in Korean cultivar, Hwayoung, Ilmi and Goun with gene specific primers. Our work detected polymorphisms and PCR-based allele specific SNP markers were developed. Susceptible or resistant individuals from an F2 population developed from across between Milyang244 and Ilmi, Korean germplasms and near isogenic lines carrying BB resistance genes were screened with allele specific markers. We found that the genotype completely matched their phenotype to BB using ASP-primers. These markers could be effective to marker-assisted selection for the Xa3 gene in rice breeding programs.

The green rice leafhopper (GRH), Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler, is one of the most serious insect pests affecting cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) in temperate regions of East Asia. To understand the genetic basis of the GRH resistance, a F2 population derived from across between a highly resistant variety,Cheongnam and a susceptible variety, Junambyeo was analyzed by genetic analysis and association mapping. GRH resistance was evaluated using the F2 populations. The results showed that a single dominant gene in Cheongnam. DNA from 22 F2 individuals being either resistant or susceptible were pooled to produce bulk resistant and bulk susceptible DNA samples. Parents and bulks were screened with 192 SSR markers and twolinked SSRmarker, RM6082 and RM20145 were identified.Subsequent mapping in the original mapping population showed that thelocusis flanked by the SSR markers, RM20130 and RM20152 on chromosome 6. To physically map this locus, the-linked markers were landed on the artificial chromosome clones of the reference cv., Nipponbare, released by the International Rice Genome Sequencing Project. The DNA markers found to be closely linked to Grh3 would be useful for marker-assisted selection for the improvement of resistance to GRH in rice.

Rice stripe disease, caused by rice stripe virus (RSV), is one of the major virus diseases in east Asia. The objective of this study was conducted to identify new resistance genetic source to rice stripe virus (RSV) disease. Genetic diversity of 155 rice cultivars was evaluated using 9 co-dominant InDel markers and STS marker ST10. These cultivars were classified into two groups by cluster analysis based on Nei`s genetic distances. The marker showed different band pattern among RSV resistance or susceptible cultivar. In comparison with bioassay for RSV resistance and genotyping using SSR markers showed that Stv-bi and InDel 7 marker observed recombination value within 3.8% and RSV resistance gene was closely related to InDel 7. Also InDel 7 divided as resistance type alleles and susceptible type alleles except for some varieties. Interestingly, 02428, Daw dam, Erguailai, Padi Adongdumarat, PERVOMAJSZKIJ, and Tung Ting Wan Hien 1 showed Japonica type in InDel 7 marker. However, these cultivars revealed resistant to RSV bioassay. These results indicate that those cultivar can be able to get the different gene resistance with Stv-bi gene. Newly identified resistance gene is considered useful for improving RSV resistance in japonica rice. Therefore, we will progress the allelism test and genetic analysis for identification of new gene source.

In order to improve rice dough functionality, we cloned 4 kinds of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) genes from bread wheat, ‘Jokyeong’. Among them, we first examined Dx5 gene to generate marker-free transgenic rice for advanced quality processing of bread and noodles. The GluB1 promoter was inserted into binary vector for seed specific expression of the Dx5 gene. Two expression cassettes comprised of separate DNA fragments containing only the high-molecular-weight glutein subunit (HMW-GS) protein (Dx5) and hygromycin phosphotransferase II (HPTII) resistance genes were introduced separately to tumefaciens EHA105 strain for co-infection. Each EHA105 strain harboring Dx5 or HPTII was infected to rice calli at 3: 1 ratio of Dx5 and HPTII, respectively. Then among 66 hygromycin-resistant transformants, we obtained two transgenic lines inserted both with Dx5 and HPTII gene to rice genome. We reconfirmed integration of the Dx5 and HPTII genes into the rice genome by Southern blot analysis. Wheat Dx5 transcriptsin rice seeds was examined with semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Finally, the marker-free plants containing only Dx5 gene were successfully screened at T1 generation. This result also provides that co-infection system with two expression cassettes could be efficient strategy to generate marker-free transgenic rice plants.

Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal in the world as one of the staple food. For the use of natural dye, we have done some researches about sorghum red pigments extracted from stalk and leaves on its physiochemical properties, extracting methods and applications. The researches involved maximum extraction of sorghum pigment and analysis of its processing condition. Total polyphenol and tannin contents were measured by varieties and different plant parts. The stabilities of pigment by irradiation and heat treatment for processing were measured by colorimeter and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). In addition, hybrid nano-silica composites with sorghum pigment were made by combining with polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate and sodium silicate. Water silica hybrids with sorghum pigment were performed by emulsion treatment. Nano-silica particles were identified and measured their size to be about 200 ~ 400 nm by SEM analysis.

Amylose content of rice endosperm is one of the determinants of rice eating quality. This study was conducted to elucidate the mode of inheritance of dull gene in Milyang262, tentatively designated as du7(t), and to identify the molecular marker for du7(t) to be employed in marker-assisted breeding and gene pyramiding. Genetic analysis was carried out on F2 population derived from a cross between Junam and Milyang262. The low amylose content of Milyang262 was indicated to be under single recessive control. Allelism tests were as well conducted by crossing Milyang262 with Baegjinju and Baegokchal, which harbor du1 and wx gene, respectively. du7(t) was demonstrated to be inherited independently to du1 and wx. F2 population of Baegokchal/Milyang262 was used for molecular mapping. Linkage analysis was conducted on a population consisted of 120 individuals by several SSR markers. Initial mapping indicated that du7(t) is located on the end of long arm of chromosome 6 between SSR marker RM20590 and RM3509. To fine map the gene, a bigger population and several additional markers were employed. du7(t) was further mapped to a 1.74 Mb region between two SSR markers (RM6926 and RM412). Furthermore, we indentified three SSR markers that co-segregated with du(t) i.e. RM6811, RM3765, and RM176.

‘동보’는 국립식량과학원 영덕출장소에서 1996년 하계에 밥맛이 뛰어나면서 재배 안정성이 높은 벼 품종을 육성할 목적으로 내풍성이면서 각종 병해에 강한 영덕19호를 모본으로밥맛이 우수한 ‘고시히카리’를 부본으로 인공교배를 실시하고, 1996/1997 동계에 24개체의 F1 식물체를 양성하여 YR18320의 교배번호를 부여하였다. 1997년 하계포장에 F2 집단 전개 후 선발하여 1998년 하계에 F3세대 51계통을 육성하고, 이후 F4～F8세대를 계통육종법으로 전개하여 내도복성이면서 풍해에 강하고 병해에 안정적인 저항성을 나타내는 계통을 선발하여 2006년 생산력검정예비시험, 2007년 생산력검정본시험을 실시한 후 완전미율이 높고 식미가 우수하면서재배 안정성이 높은 YR18320-21-1-1-2-2-2을 선발하여 ‘영덕49호’로 명명하였다. 2008년부터 2010년까지 3년간 지역적응시험을 실시한 결과 중생종이면서 쌀 품위가 좋고 밥맛이 양호하며 내풍성과 내병성에 양호한 것으로 평가되어2010년 12월 농작물 직무육성 신품종 선정위원회에서 국가품종목록으로 등재 할 것을 결정하고 ‘동보’로 명명하여 적응지역인 동남부해안지, 중부평야 및 남부중산간지에 보급하게되었다. ‘동보’의 출수기는 보통기 재배에서 평균 8월 13일로‘화성벼’보다 1일 늦은 중생종 품종이다. 직립 초형이고 탈립은 잘되지 않고 이삭추출은 양호 하고 까락이 거의 없다. 수당립수는 ‘화성벼’보다 약간 많은 편이고 현미천립중은 23.6g으로 ‘화성벼’보다 더 무겁다. 도정특성과 완전미률은 ‘화성벼’보다 약간 좋은 편이고 외관특성이 맑고 투명하며 밥맛은‘화성벼’보다 우수하다. 불시출수는 안되는 편이나 수발아는‘화성벼’보다 더 잘되고, 위조현상에 강하고 성숙기 엽노화가느린 편이며 내냉성은 ‘화성벼’와 같은 수준이다. 잎도열병밭못자리 검정 결과 중도저항성을 보였고 줄무늬잎마름병과흰잎마름병(K1, K2, K3)에는 강하나 오갈병 및 검은줄오갈병에 약하고 벼멸구 등 충해에는 감수성이다. ‘동보’의 수량성은 ’08～’10년 3개년간 실시한 지역적응시험 보통기 보비재배 4개소에서 5.71 MT/ha로 ‘화성벼’ 대비 3% 증수되었으며, 이모작재배에서는 4.79 MT/ha ‘남평벼’ 대비 4% 감수되었고, 만식재배에서는 4.75 MT/ha로 ‘남평벼’와 같았다. ‘동보’의 적응지역은 동해안냉조풍지, 중부평야지 및 남부중산간지이다.

국내 주요 해충인 끝동매미충에 대한 저항성 품종‘청남’은 ‘기누히까리’와 ‘밀양189호’를 각각 모본과 부본으로 인공교배 한 후 약배양으로 육성하였으며, 주요 연구결과는 아래와 같다. 출수기는 평야지 보통기 재배에서 8월 11일로 중생종이며 수당립수는 ‘남평벼’보다 적은 편이고 현미천립중은 무거운 편이다. 불시출수는 발생하지 않았으며, 수발아는 ‘남평벼’보다 약간 높은 편이고, 포장도복은 없었으며, 내냉성은 ‘남평벼’와 비슷하다. 잎도열병 밭못자리 검정 중 정도 저항성을 보였으며, 줄무늬잎마름병과 흰잎마름병(K1, K2, K3)에는 강하며, 바이러스병을 매개하는 끝동매미충에 저항성으로 오갈병에 포장저항성을 나타낸다. 검은줄오갈병에 약하고 벼멸구 등 충해에는 감수성이다. ‘청남’의 끝동매미충 유전분석을 수행한 결과 1개의 단순우성유전자에 의해 지배됨을 확인하였다. ‘청남’의 쌀은 맑고 투명하며 완전미율이 높았으며, 밥맛은 양호한 편이다. ‘청남’의 수량성은 2007년부터 2009년까지 3년간 실시한 지역적응시험 보통기 보비재배 11개소에서 5.43 MT/ha, 이모작재배에서는 5.00 MT/ha, 만식재배에서는 5.18 MT/ha이었다.

고령화 사회로 접어들면서 만성 신부전증 환자는 증가되고 있으며, 저단백질 식품에 대한 수요도 증가되고 있다. 중국173/주남벼 재조합 집단을 이용하여 저Glutelin 고품질 벼 품종개발의 육종효율 증진을 위해 DNA마커의 이용성을 검토하였으며, 밥맛향상을 위해 미질관련 형질들과 상관분석을 수행하였다. 중국173호/주남벼 재조합 집단에서 SDS PAGE결과 얻어진 저Glutelin 표현형과 functional DNA marker의 유전자형이 일치하여 DNA marker를 이용한 선발이 가능함을 확인하였다. 밥맛향상을 위해 미질관련 형질들과 상관분석을 수행한 결과, 윤기값과 Amylose 함량은 유의한 부의 상관을 나타내었으며, 단백질 함량은 윤기값에 많은 영향을 미치지 않았다. 반면, 단백질 조성에 따른 저Glutelin 계통군과 정상계통군의 비교에서 저Glutelin 계통군은 정상군에 비해 유의하게 윤기값이 낮았으며, 저Glutelin-저Amylose 계통군과 정상계통군은 대등한 윤기값을 유지하였다. 따라서 고품질 저Glutelin 품종개발을 위해 저Amylose 유전자의 활용이 바람직한 것으로 판단되었다. 이들 분석결과와 주요 농업적 특성을 고려하여 저Glutelin-저Amylose인 유망계통 밀양262호를 육성하였으며, 금후 고품질 저Glutelin 품종개발에 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

Rice is a staple food for more than 50% of the world's population. Embryo comprises only 2 to 3% of the weight distribution of the entire pericarp but has higher concentration of vitamins, proteins, and essential fatty acids than the other parts of grains. Moreover, α-tocoperol, γ-oryzanol, phytic acid and γ-aminobutric acid that have nutraceutical value are abundant. Increasing the volume of embryo assures the fortification of nutritional value of rice grain. We developed new black waxy giant embryo rice, Milyang 263 by crossing Josaengheugchal, a black waxy rice variety, and get, a giant embryo mutant generated by tissue culture. The nutrient contents and physical properties of Milyang 263 were compared with several giant embryo mutants and normal embryo rice varieties. Changes in the nutrient properties after germination were also observed. Results indicated that this new black waxy giant embryo rice, Milyang 263, offers a promising source for improving nutritional quality of rice especially anthocyanin, essential minerals, and GABA.

‘조생흑찰’은 작물과학원 영남농업연구소(현 국립식량과학원 기능성작물부)에서 2004년도에 육성한 조생 흑자색 찰벼 품종으로 주요특성과 수량성을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 남부평야지 평균 출수기는 8월 3일로 조생종이며 간장은 65 cm정도이고 현미외관은 흑자색인 찰벼 품종이다. 2. 불시 출수율이 일반 조생종 품종과 비슷한 수준이며, 위조는 강한 편이고 성숙기의 엽노화가 느린 편이며, 내냉성은 ‘흑남벼’와 비슷한 정도의 내냉성을 가지고 있으며 수발아는

‘만미벼’는 작물과학원 영남농업연구소(현 국립식량과학원 기능성작물부)에서 2002년도에 육성한 중만생 저아밀로스 반찹쌀 품종으로 주요특성과 수량성을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 출수기는 남부평야지의 보통기재배에서 8월 16일로 ‘동진벼’ 보다 2일 빠른 중만생종이다. 2. 수당립수는 ‘동진벼’ 보다 18개 많으나, 현미천립중은 19.9 g으로 ‘동진벼’ 보다 가벼운 편이며 등숙비율이 약간 떨어진다. 3. 위조현상에 강하고 성숙기 엽노화가 느린 편이며 내

Cold tolerance at every growing stage of rice(Oryza sativa L.) is one of the main determinations for the stable growth in temperature and high elevate area. In the current study, a 181 lines of BC population derived from a cross of Gayabyeo, a Tongil type sensitive to cold and Chhamrong a tolerant to cold were evaluated for cold tolerance with cold water irrigation(17℃) at seeding stage as well as low temperature germinate at 13℃, respectively. The resulting linkage map consists of 157 marker loci, covering all of 12 rice chromosomes and spanning 910cM(Haldane function) with an average interval of 76cM between markers. Three main-effect QTLs were identified. The comparison of the OTLs identified in this cold treatments resulted in an intriquing finding that each treatments were controlled by a major QTL. The QTL qCWI-4 on chromosome 4 was found to increase its additive effect to -0.84 as the cold water irrigate stress was given. In the meanwhile, the QTL qLTG-8 was detected with a LOD score of5.54, explaining up to 13% of the phenotypic variation controlled by Gayabyeo allele. In addition, the QTL qLTGV-3, controlled by Gayabyeo allele with a LOD score of 5.19 explaining about 12.5% of the variation was also identified. These results would favor our better understanding of the genetic control of cold tolerance in rice and be important for the development of rice cultivars with a broaden climatic adaptation.