제주 남서 이질대에서 채취된 138개의 해양표층퇴적물 시료와 황하와 양쯔강 하천퇴적물 시료에 대하여 반정량 X선회절분석법에 의한 점토광물 상대조성을 바탕으로 주성분분석을 이용하여 퇴적물의 기원지를 연구하였다. 제1주성분과 제2주성분이 전체 자료의 90% 이상을 설명하기 때문에 두 주성분만을 가지고 R프로그램을 이용하여 주성분분석을 실시하였다. 제주 남서 이질대 내 각각의 점토광물의 분포양상은 매우 복잡하지만, 전체적인 분포양상을 고려할 때, 스멕타이트와 카올리나이트는 서부지역에서 높은 함량을 보였고 일라이트와 녹니석은 동부지역에서 상대적으로 높은 값을 나타냈다. 제주 남서 이질대의 동부지역에서 보여주는 상대적으로 높은 일라이트와 녹니석 함량은 양쯔강 퇴적물과, 서부지역에서의 높은 스멕타이트와 카올리나이트 함량은 황하 퇴적물과 더 유사한 양상을 나타낸다. 이러한 통계 처리 결과를 바탕으로 제주 남서 이질대의 동부지역은 양쯔강에서 유래하였고 서부지역은 황하로부터 기원했음을 추정할 수 있다. 추후 퇴적물 기원지 연구에 주성분분석이 유용하게 활용될 것으로 기대한다.

The purpose of this research is to distinguish the quantitative determination of phytochemicals in various agricultural products and to optimize an HPLC method for the determination of lycopene, lutein, α-carotene, β-carotene, and cryptoxanthin. Among the different conditions studied, the most suitable ones for our samples were the extraction with hexane/acetone/ethanol (50:25:25, v/v/v), dissolution of the dry extract in tetrahydrofuran/acetonitrile/methanol (15:30:55, v/v/v), injection on a C18 column with methanol/acetonitrile (90:10, v/v) + triethylamine 9 μM as mobile phase, and λdetection=475 nm. The mean percent recovery for the HPLC method were 120.7±4.1% (lycopene), 89.2±3.5% (lutein), 91.2±2.9% (α-carotene), 99.1±4.4% (β-carotene), and 100.0±5.3% (cryptoxanthin). The contents of lutein in the agricultural products were spinach, kiwi, tomato, blueberry, melon, respectively. However, the lycopene contents were the highest in the Black tomato (56.66±7.48 mg/kg) and Jangseong tomato (50.28±5.42 mg/kg). The concentration of β-carotene in all of the agricultural products ranged from 0.07 mg/kg to 65.03 mg/kg. The quercetin content of the agricultural products increased in the order of blueberry (986.57∼1,054.06 mg/100 g), kiwi (44.96∼55.09 mg/100 g), hallabong (31.92∼35.60 mg/100 g), and tomato (26.38∼34.94 mg/100 g). The highest kaempferol content was found in the blueberry (47.79∼76.15 mg/100 g) with results in all of the tested samples varying between 6.54∼48.11 mg/100 g. The total polyphenol contents of the various agricultural products increased in the blueberry (213.60∼229.96 mg/100 g), spinach (112.50∼141.67 mg/100 g) and kiwi (46.49∼70.44 mg/100 g). The total flavonoid content was the highest in both blueberry and spinach. Vitamin C content was detected in kiwi > hallabong > tomato > blueberry, respectively. The total anthocyanin contents (TAC) was detected in the Damyang blueberry and the imported blueberry.

This study was carried out to have the basic and applied information to develop the cultivation methods and models and to increase the productivity of high-quality ginseng. Plant height was dramatically increased from one year old to four years old, and then it was grown up very slowly. Stem length was shown similar tendency as the plant height did. Its range were from 9.4 cm in one year old to about 42.4 cm in four year-old ginseng. The leaf area was clearly increased until four years old, 10.1cm2 in one year old to 204.9cm2 in four years old, while it was slightly increased after four years old. Root length was continuously increased from one year old until four years old, and then it was grown up very slowly. Tap root length which was measured was appeared about 8 cm from three years old to six years old, showing not much different among the year-olds. The root diameter was continuously increased from one year old to six year-old ginseng, about 2.9 mm and about 19 mm, respectively. The moisture content was higher on the shoot than that on the root. It was slightly decreased as they were getting old. In shoot part, the rate of leaves and stems based on dry weight was about 1 : 1. In the root, the dry weight of tap root was heavier than that of lateral root. The dry weight of shoot was decreased after four years old, while it of the root was continuously increased until six years old, resulting the production of ginseng root. Based on the results of this study, growth characteristics of shoot and root of ginseng were dramatically increased from one year old to four years old and then their growths were appeared different between shoot and root, showing not much growing in shoot and keep growing in root.

In recent years, polyphenol-rich herbs, fruits and processed foods, which are made of plant origin, have attracted much attention due to their potential health benefits. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important source of bioactive compounds and has been used to treat diseases because of its medicinal properties. This research was focused on characterizing Korea’s national cultivar and a similar product from California, USA. To evaluate their bioactive compounds and pharmacological activities, their anti-oxidation and cancer inhibition properties, as well as their organic acid and free sugar contents, were investigated. The national cultivar had low total sugar and high organic acid contents, contrary to the imported product. The results showed that the peel of national cultivar had high polyphenol and ellagic acid contents compared to imported product. The free radical scavenging capacity was evaluated via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and its positive correlation with the total polyphenol contents was found. The anti-cancer activity of methanol extracts revealed growth inhibition against the prostate cancer cell. These results signify that while pomegranate, national cultivar, is more sour than the imported product, its health benefits could be excellent. Also, the polyphenol compound content of the non-edible part (such as the peel and the seed) was higher than that of the juice. Thus, it is suggested that the byproduct of the juice extraction could be potentially used in other fields such as medicine or dietary agents.

This paper presents design concept as well as trial products to develop hybrid reinforcing polymer bars. The objective of this study is to develop a viable hybrid FRP bar for concrete structures, especially for marine and waterfront concrete structures. Three different types of hybrid FRP bar were considered in the development. Using E-glass fibers, unsaturated polyester resins, and conventional steel bar, hybrid GFRP bar samples of 9 mm and 13 mm in diameter were fabricated as the trial products. The results obtained in the pultrusion process of the trial products are discussed in this paper

This paper presents tensile behavior of hybrid reinforcing polymer bars. The objective of this study is to evaluate the behavior change of hybrid FRP bar according to the volume fraction and position of fibers. Considered FRP bar had 13 mm in diameter and fibers of it were glass and steel fiber. The results obtained in the FEM analysis are discussed in this paper.

In case of reinforced concrete based structures, deterioration is mainly due to corrosion of steel rebar. So, the advanced construction rebar materials which have high resistance to corrosion should be developed with the application techniques. In Korea Institute of Construction Technology, the research project on hybrid reinforcing bars have performed since 2013 during 5 years. In this paper, the verification methodologies on corrosion and durability which will be applied to developed hybrid reinforcing bars are suggested

Currently, a limited number of Hybrid rebars are sold commercially due to their high cost, relatively low performances, and brittle failure characteristics. In this study, we investigated the type and characteristics of the rebars, and seek out a activation plan of applying hybrid rebars

FRP hybrid bar, a type of the reinforcing bar, is combined with the FRP or steel core and FRP cover. FRP braided hybrid bar is a type of the FRP hybrid bar having the FRP braid as FRP cover. To estimate the axial behavior of FRP braided hybrid bar, the behavior of FRP braid in axial direction of the bar should be calculated. In this paper, to estimate the stiffness of FRP braid in axial direction of the bar, the approximate analytical solution was proposed.

In this paper, heating and cooling system propose to the smart green tunnel which is reduction of green house gas. Ground temperature calculated to planning the installation of underground heat exchanger at the bottom of the tunnel, It drew a deduction of the economic saving as calculating amount of existing fuel reduction and amount of heat through heating and cooling system

In this study, for estimation of accurate thermal loading for design and analysis of civil engineering structures analyzed the daily average temperature data which have been observed over the past 50 years by korea meteorological administration. Through statistical analysis of climatic data, presented basic data on the changes in the temperature of domestic unique for the design and analysis of civil engineering structures.

한반도를 포함한 동아시아 지역은 여름철에 수문기상학적 극치사상에 취약한 지역이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 대표적인 동아시아 지역의 대기순환 패턴인 Pacific-Japan (PJ) 패턴을 중심으로 북서태평양 지역의 태풍 활동 특성을 분석하였다. 특히, 한반도에 영향을 미치는 태풍을 중심으로 낙동강 유역의 태풍에 의해 유발된 여름철(June-September) 강수의 지역적 특성 변화를 진단하였다. 분석 결과, 양(+)의 PJ 기간에 발생하는 대기순환패턴의 변화는 태풍의 활동에 보다 유리한 작용을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 한반도에 영향을 미치는 태풍에 대한 진로 분석 결과, 양(+) PJ 기간동안 태풍이 주로 남서쪽으로 향하는 경향이 있으며, 음(-)의 PJ 기간에는 북동쪽으로 향하는 경향이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 태풍 진로의 전향점(recurving location)은 양(+)의 PJ 기간에는 보다 북서쪽에 위치하며, 음(-)의 PJ 기간에는 보다 북동쪽에 치우쳐 있음이 분석되었다. 따라서, 음(-)의 PJ기간 보다 양(+)의 PJ 기간에 태풍의 활동이 활발하며, 낙동강유역에서 태풍에 의한 강수가 통계적으로 유의한 증가패턴이 뚜렷하게 발생하고 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

본 연구에서는 서로 다른 ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) 형태에 따른 한강유역의 연최대홍수량과 저유량의 정량적 변화 및 발생시점의 변화를 분석하였다. 경향성 분석결과, 연최대유출의 경우 한강 전체 유역면적의 48.3%가 통계적으로 유의한 증가패턴을 보였으며, 연최대 유출의 발생시기는 한강 서부유역에서 늦어지고, 동부유역에서는 빨라지는 경향이 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 7일 저유량의 경우, 24개 중권역중 6개 유역(전체 면적의 26.0%)에서 통계적으로 유의한 감소경향을 보였으며, 저유량의 발생시기는 한강중상류 유역에서 빨라지는 경향이 있음을 확인하였다. CT(Cold tongue)/WP(Warm-pool) El Niño 시기에 연최대유출의 발생시점의 차이는 크지 않으나, CT El Niño 시기에는 전체유역의 89.0%에서 연최대유출량이 평년보다 작게 나타났다. 또한, 7일 저유량의 발생시점은 WP El Niño 시기에 평균적으로 약 17일 정도 빠르며, CT El Niño (WP El Niño)시기에는 전체 유역의 72.7% (20.0%)에서 통계적으로 유의한 증가(감소)패턴을 보이는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구는 서로 다른 형태의 CT/WP El Niño가 한강 유역 수자원의 양과 발생시점의 변화에 민감하게 영향을 미치고 있음을 확인하였으며, 향후 다양한 형태의 ENSO에 따른 수문변량의 변화에 대한 진단연구를 통하여 장기적인 수자원관리 및 예측을 위한 기초 자료로 활용이 가능하리라 사료된다.

The purpose of the study was to provide baseline information that could encourage consumers and establish thedirection of development for sprouts and leafy vegetables. A survey on the consumption and preference for sproutsand leafy vegetables of 823 people over 20 years of age in Seoul and Gyeonggi province was conducted. The preference for sprouts was higher in men (3.75±0.96) than in women (3.64±0.84), whereas the preference for leafy vegetables was higher in women (4.06±0.74) than in men (3.88±0.90). Based on age, the respondents in their 40s or above had high preferences for sprouts and leaf vegetables due to the importance that they accorded to health and nutrition (p<0.01). The sprouts and leafy vegetables were purchased mainly for their high nutritional value. The purchase frequency of once a month or more for leafy vegetables (82.7%) was higher than that for sprouts (57.1%). The consumers purchased sprouts and leafy vegetables mainly from a large discount store. The respondents in their 20s showed the highest percentage of purchasing from a local store whereas the older ones showed a high preference for traditional markets. The reason for the choice of the place of purchase was convenience. The freshness and price were important factors in the consumption of sprouts and leafy vegetables. In the case of leafy vegetables, the consumers preferred to buy them using the conventional weight measurement system rather than in small packages. On the other hand, mixed small packages were preferred for sprouts. The purchase frequency was correlated with the preferences, need for improvement and purchase intent for sprouts and leafy vegetables. The aspects that require improvement for producing high-quality sprouts and leafy vegetables were the nutritional and functional properties. To increase the consumption of sprouts and leafy vegetables, there is need for variations and improvement of the quality and safety of the products.

환경요인의 위해성 평가방법은 기본적인 위해성 평가의 접근방법 결정에 필요한 위험성 확인(hazard identification), 노출평가(exposure assessment), 용량-반응 평가(dose-response assessment) 및 위해도 결정(risk characterization)의 주요 4단계이다(Huggett et al., 1992). 이러한 위해성 평가에 이용되는 biomarker는 생물체에 미치는 외인성 요인들의 영향을 측정할 수 있는 세포 또는 개체수준의 생리, 생화학 및 구조 등의 지표를 지칭하는 용어이다. 생리학적 biomarker 가운데 생색생물학적 지표들은 독성물질에 의한 장기적이고 지속적인 영향을 평가하는데 중요하게 이용되는 항목이다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 수서생태계 가운데 내분비계장애물질(endocrine disrupting chemicals: EDCs)의 오염우려가 높은 시화호의 수서생태영향 모니터링 과정에서 가숭어의 intersex 현상이 확인되어 이를 보고하고자 한다. 연구에 사용된 가숭어는 시화호 7개 지점에서 채집하였다. 채집한 시료는 생식소를 적출하여 10% 중성포르말린 용액에 고정하고, 파라핀 절편법으로 4～6 ㎛ 두께로 연속 절편하여 조직표본을 제작한 후 Mayer’s hematoxylin-eosin(H-E) 염색을 실시한 후 광학현미경으로 관찰하였다. 성호르몬 분석은 조사지점 중 3개 지역에서 채집된 가숭어 혈액 내 estradiol과 testosterone의 농도를 측정하였다. 체내 EDCs 분석은 ｢잔류성유기오염물질공정시험방법(환경부고시, 제2007-165호)｣ 및 ｢내분비계장애물질 측정분석방법(국립환경연구원, 2002. 5)｣에 준하여 분석하였으며, PBDEs의 경우 고분해능 가스크로마토그래피/질량분석기(HRGC/HRMS)법을 적용하였다. 성비(♀:♂)는 1:1.05(n=130:136)으로 조사되었다. Intersexuality는 20.30%(n=54/266)이며, 암컷(12.31%)보다 수컷(27.94%)에서 높게 나타났다. 혈액 내 성호르몬 농도는 성에 따른 뚜렷한 차이는 없었으며, intersex현상을 나타내는 개체들에서 성 호르몬과의 연관성은 매우 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 체내 EDCs 축적도는 alkylphenol은 21.6 ㎍/㎏, phthalate는 82.0 ㎍/㎏, PBEDs는 505.0 ㎍/㎏, PFCs는 51.5 ㎍/㎏, bisphenol A는 0.3 ㎍/㎏, PAHs는 2.2 ㎍/㎏로 조사되었다.

대부분 경골어류의 성은 자웅동체이며, 생식소 분화시기에 결정된 형태학적 성이 일생동안 지속된다. 하지만 형태학적 성이 완성된 이후에도 외부환경요인 등에 의하여 자웅동체 또는 성의 교란이 나타나기도 한다. 경골어류의 성과 생식에 영향을 미치는 환경요인 EDCs(endocrine disrupting chemicals)는 생물의 내분비계 작용기작에 비정상적으로 작용하여 호르몬 생산, 분비, 이동, 대사, 결합작용 및 배설을 간섭하는 외인성 물질이다. 많은 연구자들은 EDCs가 androgenic effector나 estrogenic effector로서 각각 다른 기작에 의해 수서동물의 생식관련 내분비계를 교란시켜 성의 표현이나 기능을 변화시키는데, 이에 대한 가장 대표적인 biomarcker는 intersex라고 하였다(Ackermann et al., 2002; Metrio et al., 2003; Quinn et al., 2004). 본 연구에서는 우리나라 임해 공단지역에서 채집된 숭어, Mugil cephalus와 주둥치, Leiognathus nuchalis의 생식이상 및 체내 EDCs 축적도를 보고하고자 한다. 연구에서 이용된 숭어와 주둥치는 각각 2009년 7월 동해안 울산 온산 인근해역과 남해안 광양만 인근 해역에서 채집되었다. 채집된 개체들은 생식소를 적출하여 조직표본을 제작하고 Mayer's hematoxylin-eosin(H-E) 염색하였다. 성비와 intersex는 생식소표본 관찰을 통하여 구분하였으며, intersex는 반대 성의 생식세포가 관찰되는 경우만을 포함하였다. 어류 중 EDCs의 축적도는 ｢잔류성유기오염물질공성시험법 (환경부고시, 제2007-165호)｣ 및 ｢내분비계장애물질측정분석방법 (국립환경연구원, 2002, 5)에 준하여 분석하였다. PBDEs의 경우 고분해능 가스크로마토그래피/질량분석기 (HRGC/HRMS)법을 적용하여 분석하였다. 숭어와 주둥치의 성비와 intersexuality를 분석한 결과는 Table 1과 같으며, 체내 EDCs 6종류를 분석한 결과는 Table 2와 같다.

This study analyzed the characteristics of stormwater runoff by rainfall type in orchard areas and transportation areas for 2 years(2010~2011year). Effluents were monitored to calculate the Event Mean Concentrations(EMCs) and runoff loads of each pollutant. The pollutant EMCs by volume of stormwater runoff showed the ranges of BOD 0.9~13.6 ㎎/L, COD 13.7~45.2 ㎎/L, SS 4.1~236.4 ㎎/L, T-N 2.123~21.111 ㎎/L, T-P 0.495~2.214 ㎎/L in the orchard areas, and was calculated as BOD 2.3~22.5㎎ /L, COD 4.4~91.1 ㎎/L, SS 4.3~138.3 ㎎/L, T-N 0.700~13.500 ㎎/L, T-P 0.082~1.345 ㎎/L in the transportation areas. The correlation coefficient of determination in the orchard area was investigated in the order of Total Rainfall(0.81) > Total Runoff(0.76) > Rainfall Intensity(0.56) > Rainfall Duration(0.46) > Antecedent Dry Days(0.27). Also, in the case of the transportation area was investigated in the order of Total Rainfall (0.55) > Total Runoff(0.54) > Rainfall Intensity(0.53) > Rainfall Duration(0.24) > Antecedent Dry Days(0.14). As the result, comparing valuables relating to runoff of non-pollutant source between orchard areas and transportation areas, orchard area(R2 ≥ 0.5 : X3, X4, X5) was investigated to have more influence of diverse independent valuables compared to the transportation area(R2 ≥ 0.5 : X3, X4) and the difference of discharge influence factor by the land characteristics appeared apparently.

Loading of NPS pollutant was valued through simulation by using BASINS/HSPF model which can simulate runoff volume in rainfall by time. For the verification of the model, it was analyzed the scatter diagram of the simulation value and measure value of water quality and runoff volume in Dongcheon estuary. Using the built model, a study on the time-variant characteristics of runoff and water quality was simulated by being classified into four cases. The result showed the simulation value was nearly same as that of the measured runoff. In the result of fit level test for measured value and simulated value, correlation of runoff volume was computed high by average 0.86 and in the water quality items, fit level of simulation and measurements was high by BOD 0.82, T-N 0.85 and T-P 0.79.

The management and control of mineral nutrients is one of most important techniques to increase the productivity and the quality of Korean ginseng. The mineral nutrients are measured with different plant tissues and different growth stages of 2-year-old ginseng grown under hydroponic culture with two different temperatures. The content of N, P, Ca, and Mg were higher at low temperature in both leaves and roots than those at high temperature. However, the content of K was high in leaves at low temperature compared to that of high temperature, while it was not significantly different in roots. The uptake amounts of N and K was higher throughout the experimental period at low temperature in both leaves and roots than those at high temperature. However, the uptake amount of P was not clearly different between two different temperatures and among six different growth stages. The uptake amount of N, P, K was generally decreased in leaves from June to August, while it was increased in roots. The relationship between dry weight and mineral nutrients in leaves was appeared positive with N, K, Ca, and Mg, but negative P. In roots, N, K, Ca, and Mg were negative, showing that was positive with only P. Comparing the correlation coefficients among mineral nutrients in leaves, N and K were significantly positive correlation each other. P was significantly positive correlation with Na and Zn. In case of roots, N was highly significant positive correlation with K, Mg, and Mn, but P was negatively correlated with Ca, Cu, Na, Fe, and Zn.

고추에 함유되어 있는 주요 색소는 카로테노이드(carotenoids) 계열의 물질인 캡산틴(capsanthin), 캡소루빈(capsorubin), β-카로틴(carotene) 등이다. 카로테노이드가 항암, 항산화, 면역력 증가 등에 효과가 있는 것이 알려지면서 고색소 고추 품종에 대한 소비자의 욕구가 증가하고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 고색소 고추 품종 육성에 활용할 수 있는 총 적색소 간편 분석법을 개발하고자 하였다. 그 결과, 96-wells 폴리스틸렌 마이크로플레이트와 ELISA 판독기를 이용한 분석 방법을 개발하였다. 적색소 측정용 파장 분석에 분광광도계를 이용하지 않고 450nm 필터가 장착된 ELISA 판독기로도 총 적색소 분석이 가능하였다. 하지만 아세톤으로 추출한 색소추출물을 96-wells 폴리스틸렌 마이크로플레이트에 직접 분주할 경우 플레이트 표면이 변색되어 색소를 정확하게 측정할 수 없었다. 그러나 아세톤 색소추출물을 메탄올로 10배 희석한 용액을 사용할 경우, 플레이트 표면과 용액 내 색소 성분에 영향을 주지 않았을 뿐만 아니라 ASTA-20.1법에 의한 색소 측정 결과와도 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 또한 총 적색소 추출 조건으로는 고춧가루 0.1g을 아세톤 10ml에 첨가하고 실온에서 4시간 동안 교반하는 것이 적합하였다. ELISA 판독기를 이용한 색소분석법(Microplate법으로 명명)과 본 실험에서 검정된 색소추출법은 대량의 시료를 처리할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 아세톤 폐액의 발생량을 ASTA-20.1법의 1/10 수준으로 줄일 수 있어 실제 고추 육종 현장에서 고색소 계통을 선발할 때 매우 유용할 것으로 판단된다.