본 논문은 존 밀턴의 󰡔실낙원󰡕에 담긴 서사시의 전통을 영웅적 줄거리와 영웅적 자질을 중심으로 분석하고, 이를 통해 진정한 영웅은 누구인지를 고찰하는 것을 목표로 한다. 호머의 그리스 영웅 아킬레우스와 오디세우스는 신의 계보를 가진 용맹한 군인이자 존경할 만한 지도자로서, 과오에도 불구하고 힘과 충성심으로 칭송을 받는다. 버질의 로마 영웅 아이네아스는 강력한 지도자이자 영광스러운 전사로, 신들의 명령을 이행하여 용맹한 나라의 토대를 구축한다. 비록 이니아스가 디도를 절망에 빠뜨린 채 떠나도, 그는 잊을 수 없는 의무에 대한 헌신으로 여전히 존경을 받는다. 밀턴의 󰡔실낙원󰡕에 나타난 영국 서사시의 영웅적 자질은 그리스-로마 서사시의 영웅적 자질과는 근본적으로 다르다. 저항이 아닌 복종, 자만이 아닌 겸손, 영웅적 죽음 이후의 영광스러운 부활을 통해 󰡔실낙원󰡕은 기독교적 영웅의 자질을 드러낸다. 사탄은 그리스-로마의 영웅을 답습하는 거짓 영웅이지만, 하나님은 예지하지만 허락하고 배신에도 불구하고 희생하며, 부활하여 구원함으로써 진정한 영웅으로 부상한다. 이러한 새로운 영웅적 자질로 인해 󰡔실낙원󰡕은 왕정복고 시기의 사회정치적 소용돌이 속에서 영국의 기독교 서사시라는 새로운 전통으로 자리매김하게 된다.

The design shear strength equations of RC shear walls have been developed based on their performance under in-plane (IP) loads, thereby failing to account for the potential performance degradation of shear strength when subjected to simultaneous out-of-plane (OOP) loading. Most of the previous experimental studies on RC walls have been conducted in one direction under quasi-static conditions, and due to the difficulty in experimental planning, there is a lack of research on cyclic loading and results under multi-axial loading conditions. During an earthquake, shear walls may yield earlier than their design strength or fail unexpectedly when subjected to multi-directional forces, deviating from their intended failure mode. In this paper, nonlinear analysis in finite element models was performed based on the results of cyclic loading experiments on reinforced concrete shear walls of auxiliary buildings. To investigate the reduction trend in IP shear capacity concerning the OOP load ratio, parametric analysis was conducted using the shear wall FEM. The analysis results showed that as the magnitude of the OOP load increased, the IP strength decreased, with a more significant effect observed as the size of the opening increased. Thus, the necessity to incorporate this strength reduction as a factor for the OOP load effect in the wall design strength equation should be discussed by performing various parametric studies.

The objectives of this study is to classify evacuation types, derive the characteristics of 4 types, develop and discover evacuation routes within the performance hall space, and present the statistical classification results of the evacuation classification model by classification type. To achieve this purpose, the characteristics of each evacuation type's four types are applied through a network reliability analysis method and utilized for institutional improvement and policy. This study applies for the building law, evacuation and relief safety standards when establishing a performance hall safety management plan, and reflects it in safety-related laws, safety standards, and policy systems. Statistical data by evacuation type were analyzed, and measurement characteristics were compared and analyzed by evacuation types. Evaluate the morphological similarity and reliability of evacuation types according to door width and passage length and propose the install position of evacuation guidance sign boards. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data to provide operation strategies for safety facility evacuation information sign boards according to evacuation route classification types when taking a safety management plan. The operation strategy for the evacuation sign boards installation that integrates employee guidance and safety training is applied to the performance hall safety management plan. It will contribute to establishing an operational strategy for performance space safety when constructing performance facilities in the future.

This study was conducted to determine the optimal spring seeding dates for alfalfa yield and feed value. The experiment was conducted annually for three years (2021~2023) at the field in the Department of Animal Resources Development, NIAS, located in Cheonan. The treatments involved six seeding dates ranging from February 24 to April 14, with 10days intervals. Alfalfa was harvested four times a year at the early flowering stage. Dry matter yield showed a tendency to decrease with delayed the seeding date. However, depending on the climatidc condisions in the seeding year, the dry matter yield on March 14 or 24 was comparable to that on February 24. Annual dry matter yield varied, influenced by the daylight conditions each year. The average feed value did not significantly differ within in the same year with delayed seeding dates (p>0.05). Therefore, the most stable period for alfalfa spring seeding in the central area of South Korea is considered to be from February 24 to April 4, with February 24 indentified as the optimal date.

목적: 본 연구는 발달장애인을 위한 가상현실(Virtual Reality, VR) 기반 사회성 중재 프로그램에 대해 알아보기 위하여 체계적으로 문헌을 고찰하고 중재 효과를 비교하였다. 연구방법: 2012년 3월부터 2022년 3월까지 10년간 게재된 연구를 대상으로 하였다. 문헌검색을 위한 데이터베 이스로는 PubMed, CINAHL, SCIENCE ON, ERIC을 사용하였고 Google Scholar에서 논문을 추가로 수기 검색하였다. 주요 검색용어는 국내의 경우 “발달장애” OR “자폐스펙트럼장애” OR “지적장애” OR “아스퍼거” AND “가상현실” OR “증강현실” AND “사회성”을 사용하였고, 국외의 경우 “Developmental disability” OR “Autism spectrum disorder” OR “Intellectual disability” OR “Asperger’s” AND “Virtual reality” OR “Augmented reality” OR “Social”을 사용하였다. 검색된 문헌은 PICO (Patients, Intervention, Control, Outcome) 양식에 따라 체계적으로 분석하였다. 결과: VR 기반 사회성 훈련 프로그램은 주로 자폐스펙트럼 및 아스퍼거 장애 그룹에 적용되고 있었다. 적용 대상의 연령은 아동기에서 성인기까지 다양하였고, 아동과 청소년의 경우 또래 관계 및 학교생활 적응이 주된 훈련 목표였고 성인기는 면접 및 직장생활 기술이 주된 훈련 목적이었다. VR 기반 사회성 중재 프로그램은 발달장애인의 감정인식, 의사소통 기술, 직업기술 향상에 도움이 되는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: VR 기반의 사회성 중재 프로그램은 가상현실 내 다양한 치료 맥락을 설정할 수 있고 체계적으로 치료 조건을 조절할 수 있는 임상적 장점이 있다. 향후 다양한 진단 군의 특성을 반영한 VR 기반 사회성 훈련 프로그램이 연구되기를 기대한다.

The common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina), which is native to North America, started to be imported into South Korea as pets in the 1990s. The turtle was sold in supermarkets and pet shops nationwide at low prices such as 20 USD. These non-native turtles, with their large size and strong predatory nature, have been consistently discovered in the wild in South Korea beginning in 2014, and they were designated as an ecosystem-disturbing species (EDS) in October 2022. Until June 30, 2023, a collection system was implemented to reduce the abandonment problem of C. serpentina due to their designation as an EDS. In this study, we analyzed the impacts of the legal designation as an ecologically disturbing species and the collection system of C. serpentina on their abandonment and surrender. Our findings showed that designation as EDS did not affect the abandonment of C. serpentina. Meanwhile, the collection system led to cases of immediate surrender. Within 3 years of post-purchase, 41.8% of the turtles were surrendered, and 67.5% were surrendered when they reached 3 kg. Determining the impact of the legal designation as an EDS may be currently limited due to the difficulty of detecting C. serpentina in the wild. On the other hand, cases of surrender through the collection system are considered to be effective as they have been shown to reduce the abandonment of this newly designated ecosystem-disturbing species.

This research investigated the effects of the plant growth regulators (PGRs) on fruit characteristics and storability of ‘Shine Muscat’ grapes. The objective was to identify effective PGR treatment methods for high-quality production and efficient storage. The characteristics of ‘Shine Muscat’ fruits were more affected by the secondary treatment applied 14 days after full bloom than by the primary treatment applied at full bloom. The fruits treated with thidiazuron (TDZ) in the secondary treatment showed higher weight. However, the forchlorfenuron (CPPU) treated fruits exhibited lower acidity and higher soluble solids content, which led to a higher sugar-to-acid ratio. Additionally, it had higher firmness, contributing to a good texture and a brighter yellow-green skin color, thus indicating better quality. The storage period for ‘Shine Muscat’ varies depending on the storage method: up to 60 days in cold storage and up to 110 days in Controlled Atmosphere (CA) storage. Like other kinds of fruits, CA storage was more effective for long-term storage. Furthermore, considering that the quality characteristics manifested during the prestorage PGR treatment were maintained during CA storage, secondary treatment with CPPU was deemed effective for optimal quality and storage.

목적: 라이프스타일 행동에 반영된 가치체계를 측정하기 위한 Yonsei Lifestyle Profile-Values (YLP-V)의 구성타당도와 신뢰도를 검증하였다. 연구방법: 온라인 리서치 기관에 등록된 만 55세 이상의 지역사회 거주 중고령자 및 노인 300명을 대상으로 YLP-V를 사용하여 자료를 수집하였다. 수집된 자료는 기술통계, 차별기능문항, 요인분석을 실시하였다. 요인분석은 요인구조 추정을 위한 탐색적 요인분석과 4가지 경쟁모델(단일요인, 계층적 요인, 다차원 요인, 이중요인)에 대한 확인적 요인분석을 통해 비교하고 타당성을 확인하였다. 결과: 목표회전을 통한 탐색적 요인분석 결과, YLP-V의 활동(activity, 5문항), 관심(interest, 4문항), 의견 (opinion, 9문항)에서 목표행렬에서 0.4 이상의 부하량을 갖는 것을 확인하였다. 확인적 요인분석 결과, 이중요인 모델(χ2 = 164.58**, degree of freedom = 117, root mean square error of approximation = 0.05, standard root mean residual = 0.04, comparative fit index = 0.95, Turker Lewis index = 0.93)이 가장 우수하게 나타났다. 결론: 라이프스타일에서 미시적 접근이 가능한 YLP-V 개발 근거와 일관성 있는 요인구조를 확인하였다. 이는 YLP-V가 총 18문항의 활동, 관심, 의견에 대한 이중요인 구조로 타당성을 확인하였으며, 건강 라이프스타 일에서 행동에 반영된 가치체계 측정과 이해에서 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Yeosu National Industrial Complex is one of Korea’s representative petrochemical industrial complexes where crude oil refining and petrochemical companies are concentrated. According to the results of the 2021 chemical emissions survey, during the process of manufacturing, storage, and transportation at the Yeosu National Industrial Complex, various hazardous chemicals, including hazardous air pollutants, volatile organic compounds and odorous substances are being emitted into the air, affecting the surrounding environment and the health of residents. The Ministry of Environment is applying strengthened standards by designating the Yeosu National Industrial Complex as an air conservation special measure area and establishing odor management areas to manage the air environment. Nevertheless, odor complaints continue to be registered and related complaints increase when turnaround work is carried out. Since air emissions are not counted during periods of turnaround as normal operations are temporarily suspended, it was difficult to establish policies to reduce odor complaints because the source of emissions and emission quantities cannot be ascertained with certainty. In this study, the extensive Yeosu National Industrial Complex was subdivided into 4 areas using a mobile vehicle equipped with PTR-ToF-MS capable of real-time analysis without sample pretreatment being carried out. Measurements were repeated during the day, night, and dawn while moving around the internal boundary of the plant and the boundary of each region where turnaround activities were being carried out. As a result, the recorded measurement for acrylonitrile was the highest at 6340.0 ppb and propyne and propene were measured the most frequently at 128 times each. Based on these results, it will be possible to help reduce emissions through process improvement by efficiently operating air measurement networks and odor surveys that conduct regular measurements throughout the year and providing actual measurement data to the plant. Also, it will help reduce odor complaints and establish systematic air management policies.

This study was conducted to investigate the flora of Sonjukdo Island (Yeosu-si), Korea. From results of four field surveys from April 2023 to October 2023, we identified 483 total taxa, representing 440 species, seven subspecies, 35 varieties, and one hybrid. They were placed in 322 genera and 109 families, including 249 taxa newly recorded in this study. Among them, four taxa were endemic to Korea, four taxa were IUCN red list plants, and 22 taxa were climate sensitive indicator plants. Floristic target plants amounted to 99 taxa, including two taxa of grade IV, 41 taxa of grade III, 10 taxa of grade II, and 46 taxa of grade I. A total of 54 taxa of alien plants were identified, with a Naturalized Index of 11.2% and an Urbanization Index of 13.8%. Three plants disturbed the ecosystem. The flora of this surveyed area belongs to the south-coast province among floral provinces of the Korean Peninsula. Our results provide basic data on vascular plants flora, plant species diversity, and distributional changes.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of odor reduction when spraying inside the Bio-curtain (hereinafter referred to as curtain) according to the exhaust fan operating rate. Spraying is a main factor affecting the ability to odor reduction of curtains. The curtain (total area: 37.9m3) was constructed with two layers of light-shielding screens stretched over a rectangular parallelepiped structure installed around an exhaust fan (630 mm) on the side wall of a pig barn. Air samples for odor analysis were collected from inside the pig barn and outside the curtain. The main odorous compounds such as volatile fatty acids, phenols, indoles, and ammonia were measured. The odor reduction effectiveness was evaluated by total odor activity values (TOAVs) summed to the odor activity values of each odorous compounds. Depending on the exhaust fan operating rate, the reduced rate of TOAVs gradually decreased to the range between 15.67% and 68.80%. Because the contact time between the spraying liquid and the air velocity of the exhaust fan becomes shorter (or there is a reduction in liquid to gas flow ratio) as the exhaust fan operating rate increases. The results of this study can be used as basic data for research into spraying conditions to improve the odor reduction effectiveness of curtains.

This study investigated the fish fauna of Jeonjucheon and Samcheon Streams, flowing through the city of Jeonju, through surveys conducted at 10 sampling sites using kick net and cast net. The fish fauna collected included 10 families and 36 species, with a total of 2,064 individuals. Samcheon had 8 families and 30 species with 1,074 individuals, Jeonjucheon had 8 families and 26 species with 986 individuals. The dominant species was Zacco platypus with 1,202 individuals, and a total of 153 individuals of the subdominant were Pseudogobio esocinus. In Jeonjucheon Stream, a total of 567 individuals of the dominant species were collected as Z. platypus and 99 individuals of the subdominant species were collected as Pungtungia herzi, and there was no significant change in the stream environment except for the confluence site. Further expanded research covering the entire Jeonjucheon and Samcheon Streams region, accompanied by regular monitoring, is essential to record and understand fluctuations in fish fauna.

Weaning stress is the most common issue in weanling pigs, and increases diarrhea and mortality. Various wavelengths of light irradiation affect the body owing to the association with biophotons. Biophotons are very weak photons in the visible light range generated during metabolic and chemical reactions in vivo. Immune mechanisms are activated by increasing signal transmission between cells through biophoton emission. This study evaluated the influence of ultra-weak light (LED) on growth performance, antioxidant status, and stress of weaned piglets. A total of 120 weaned pigs with an average initial body weight of 7.04±0.01 kg (age: 21 d) were allotted to two treatments (Control and LED) with 10 replicates. Diets prepared in pellet form were administered to the pigs in three phases including Phase 1 (0–14 d), Phase 2 (15–28 d), and Phase 3 (29–42 d). At the end of the study, the average daily gain (8.96%, p<0.05) and feed efficiency (6.56%, p<0.05) of pigs was significantly increased at phase 3 in the LED treatment. Low concentration of malondialdehyde (12.58%, p<0.05) and high concentrations of glutathione reductase (7.41%, p<0.01) and total antioxidant capacity (5.48%, p<0.05) were observed in the LED treatment at Day 42. The concentration of hair cortisol was also decreased (24.05%, p<0.05) in the LED treatment at Day 42. In conclusion, the use of LED for weanling pigs is recommended to improve growth performance by modulating antioxidant capacity and cortisol level in hair.

Understanding changes in fermentation characteristics and microbial populations of forage silage during ensiling is of interest for improving the nutrient value of the feed for ruminants. This study was conducted to investigate the changes in fermentation characteristics and bacterial communities of whole crop rice (WCR) silage during the ensiling period. The chemical compositions, pH, organic acids and bacterial communities were evaluated at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months after ensiling. The bacterial communities were classified at both the genus and species levels. The dry matter content of WCR silage decreased with the length of storage (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in crude protein and NDF contents. Following fermentation, the pH level of WCR silage was lower than the initial level. The lactic acid content remained at high levels for 3 to 6 months after ensiling, followed by a sharp decline at 12 months (p<0.05). Before fermentation, the WCR was dominated by Weissella (30.8%) and Pantoea (20.2%). Growth of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (31.4%) was observed at 3 months after ensiling. At 6 months, there was a decrease in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (10.2%) and an increase in Levilactobacillus brevis (12.8%), resulting in increased bacteria diversity until that period. The WCR silage was dominated by Lentilactobacillus buchneri (71.2%) and Lacticaseibacillus casei (27.0%) with a sharp reduction in diversity at 12 months. Overall, the WCR silage maintained satisfactory fermentation quality over a 12-month ensiling period. Furthermore, the fermentation characteristics of silage were found to be correlated to bacterial microbiome.

Black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) has been noted as an excellent feed ingredient. However, there is limited information on rearing and processing technology. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the substrates for rearing BSF and the optimal processing method for BSF performance. Study separated as 2 experiment, BSF rearing and drying method(Exp 1.) and EP-processing method(exp 2.). During the study, 30 clutches were reared, with 10 per substrate. Three substrates, namely food waste (FW), tofu by-product (TF), and vegetable waste with two drying methods, namely hot air dry (AD) and microwave dry (MW) at expanding (EP) ratios of 5:5 and 7:3, were examined by evaluating their rearing performance, nutrient contents, in vitro digestibility and lipid oxidation stability during storage (0, 14 and 28 days). In experiment 1, the rearing substrates and drying methods were evaluated. Compared with that of conventional methods (FW, AD), the TF substrates and MW method showed higher dry matter contents (3.43%) and in vitro digestibility (1.62%) but lower ether extract contents(3.53%; p<0.05). However, the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration under MW treatments decreased during storage (5.77%, 4.69% and 3.24%; p<0.05). In experiment 2, compared with that of the 7:3 EP-BSF ratio, the 5:5 EP-BSF ratio showed higher in vitro digestibility (2.70%) and lower MDA concentration during storage (19.19%, 7.96% and 6.42%; p<0.05). In conclusion, the optimal conditions for BSF rearing and ensuring product quality were TF substrates, MW methods and a 5:5 corn:BSF ratio. Therefore, the optimal conditions for producing EP-BSF can present an excellent feed ingredient alternative for swine feed.

Most wetlands worldwide have suffered from extensive human exploitation. Unfortunately they have been less explored compared to river and lake ecosystems despite their ecological importance and economic values. This is the same case in Korea. This study was aimed to estimate the assemblage attributes and distribution characteristics of benthic macroinvertebrates for fifty wetlands distributed throughout subtropical Jeju Island in 2021. A total of 133 taxa were identified during survey periods belonging to 53 families, 19 orders, 5 classes and 3 phyla. Taxa richness ranged from 4 to 31 taxa per wetland with an average of 17.5 taxa. Taxa richness and abundance of predatory insect groups such as Odonata, Hemiptera and Coleoptera respectively accounted for 67.7% and 68.2% of the total. Among them Coleoptera were the most diverse and abundant. Taxa richness and abundance did not significantly differ from each wetland type classified in accordance with the National Wetland Classification System. There were three endangered species (Clithon retropictum, Lethocerus deyrolli and Cybister (Cybister) chinensis) and several restrictively distributed species only in Jeju Island. Cluster analysis based on the similarity in the benthic macroinvertebrate composition largely classified 50 wetlands into two major clusters: small wetlands located in lowland areas and medium-sized wetlands in middle mountainous regions. All cluster groups displayed significant differences in wetland area, long axis, percentage of fine particles and macrophyte composition ratio. Indicator Species Analysis selected 19 important indicators with the highest indicator value of Ceriagrion melanurum at 63%, followed by Noterus japonicus (59%) and Polypylis hemisphaerula (58%). Our results are expected to provide fundamental information on the biodiversity and habitat environments for benthic macroinvertebrates in wetland ecosystems, consequently helping to establish conservation and restoration plans for small wetlands relatively vulnerable to human disturbance.

목적: 본 연구는 국내 초고령자를 대상으로 삶의 만족도 및 우울과 라이프스타일신( 체활동, 식습관, 참여빈도, 참여다양성) 간의 상관관계를 확인하고, 삶의 만족도와 우울에 영향을 미치는 라이프스타일 요인을 분석 및 확인하고자 하였다. 연구방법: 본 연구의 독립변수는 라이프스타일 요인으로 신체활동, 규칙적 식습관, 참여빈도, 참여다양성이었으 며, 종속변인은 삶의 만족도와 우울이었다. 분석을 위해 SPSS를 이용해 상관관계분석 및 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 다중회귀분석을 통해 삶의 만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 참여빈도(t = 6.262, p < 0.001)와 규칙적 식습관(t = 4.627, p < 0.001)이 통계적 유의성을 가지는 것으로 확인되었으며, 우울에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 참여빈도(t = 6.540, p < 0.001)와 규칙적 식습관(t = 4.061, p < 0.001)이 통계적 유의성을 가지는 것으로 확인되었다. 결론: 본 연구를 통하여 국내 초고령자의 삶의 만족도와 우울에 영향을 주는 라이프스타일 요인을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구 결과를 토대로 초고령자의 삶의 만족도와 우울 개선을 위해서는 라이프스타일을 기반으로 하는 다면적 중재 프로그램이 필요하다.

Airborne bacteria in mushroom growing environments are a potential risk of contamination in commercial mushroom production. Controlling contamination in mushroom farms requires understanding the bacterial ecology in the cultivation environment. This study was conducted to investigate the concentration and species diversity of floating bacteria in a thermophilic mushroom cultivation room. Temperature, humidity, temperature, humidity, and bacterial concentration measurements were performed in April and May 2022 for a Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation house, in July and August 2023 for a Pleurotus sajor-caju and a Agaricus blazei cultivation house, and in June, July and August 2023 for a Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Calocybe indica cultivation house. The airborne bacterial concentration was 5.27 × 103~105 CFU/m3, 3.81 × 102 ~1.37 × 103 CFU/m3, and 2.55 × 102 ~1.37 × 102 CFU/m3 in the three cultivation houses, respectively. A total of 23 genera and 37 species of airborne bacteria were isolated from the three mushroom cultivation houses. 12 genera and 18 species were identified from P. ostreatus cultivation house. Furthermore, 4 genera and 4 species were found from A. blazei and C. indica cultivation house. In addition, 11 genera and 18 species were isolated from P. pulmonarius, P. sajor-caju and C. indica cultivation house. Among the bacteria isolated, the Bacilli class was the most common, followed by Gammaproteobacteria. Among the 37 bacterial species, it was determined that Bacillus cereus, B. licheniformis, Cedecea neteri, Exiguobacterium acetylicum and Raoultella terrigena could negatively affect humans or foodstuff. Cedecea neteri is also known to cause diseases among mushrooms.