So many drinking water treatment plants are under various difficulties by new reinforced effluent standards. Since the target turbidity, much higher than annual average, for designing sludge thickener have to be set to confront high turbidity season, the sludge at thickener should be put up for a long time during usual days. So the soluble manganese and chloroform may be formed under the anaerobic environment in the sludge thickener when the sludge retention time is longer with low turbidity. This phenomenon results in difficulties to keep regulatory level of the discharged effluent. For an effort to overcome the problems, a sludge aeration was successfully implemented into the thickening process. As a result, the final effluent quality and sludge volume were much improved; 41 % of manganese, 62 % of chloroform and 35 % of sludge volume. Additionally, effluent quality was improved ; 61 % of Manganese on aeration with pH control and we could make sure of stability effluent quality despite a long sludge retention time. We recommended the standard of installation sludge aeration equipment to nationally supply water treatment plant under effluent water quality problem ; Manganese, Chloroform, etc.

PURPOSES: The study objective was to evaluate rheology and physical properties of SBS-modified warm-mix asphalt (WMA) binders in comparison with hot-mix asphalt (HMA) binders. METHODS : Four different SBS polymers were used to prepare polymer-modified asphalt (PMA) binders, and three different warm-mix additives (WAD) were used to prepare a total of 12 WMA PMA binders. The kinematic viscosity was measured at 115, 135℃. The PG was determined using DSR and BBR. The pass/fail (P/F) temperatures for high and low PG grading were evaluated for HMA PMA and WMA PMA binders. RESULTS: PG 76-22 binders could be prepared by modifying the base binder (PG 64-22) using 4.5 wt% of SBS. The kinematic viscosity (KV) of SBS PMA was increased by 3 times higher than that of base asphalt. The SBS PMA with WAD showed 10% lower KV than that of the normal SBS PMA at 115℃ The high P/F temperatures showed almost no difference between HMA PMA and WMA PMA binders. The high P/F temperature showed very high correlations with KV (R2 > 0.97). The result of SBS modification caused increase of low P/F temperature by 2.7℃ on average. CONCLUSIONS : Since the PMA with WAD showed 10% lower KV than normal (HMA) PMA at 115℃, reducing PMA mixture temperature down to a WMA level was possible in this study. The higher KV binders showed the higher P/F temperature. There was almost no change in high P/F temperature due to the use of WAD. The SBS PMA, showing an increased low P/F temperature, might show somewhat poorer performance at low-temperature, even though the lower PG grade was staying at the same level, i.e., -22℃.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), that usually occurs with a modification in single nucleotide among the population of 1000 nucleotides. Such changes in nucleotides have been investigated and been associated by meat scientist for economically important traits and to increase economical profits in stock breeding. Pluralities in the study have correlated SNPs of potential candidate gene with economically important traits in domestic animals have been put forward. In chickens, INS, IGF1, IGF1R, IGFBP, CAPN1, CAPN3, GHSR, FATP1, FGFBP1, FGFBP2, apoVlDL-Ⅱ, PB1, miR-1614-3p, DAAM1, Wnt3A, LRP5, CHP, RHOA, MAPK9, SFRP1, ATGL, PGC-1α, NPY, GnRHR, PRL, TGFβ2, CASR. UCP, ADSL, STAT5b, LRP2 and CTSD genes have been found to have significant effects on body weight, breast muscle weight, carcass weight and egg number. For the similar reasons, SNPs of these genes have been considered useful DNA markers for the improvement economic value of poultry. Although further studies on different breeds of chickens would be required to segregate such dataset for different breeds of chickens.

아스팔트에 각종 재료를 사용하여 특성을 개질 (modification)하면 소성변형 (rutting), 균열 (cracking)등의 발생을 감소시켜 포장의 수명을 연장할 수 있다. 이러한 개질재로 널리 사용되는 재료 중 하나가 SBS (styrene butadiene styrene)이다. 또한 SBS 개질 아스팔트 (SBS modified asphalt: SBS PMA)는 취급온도가 낮아지면 작업성이 저하되어 다짐불량 등의 문제가 있고, 장기적으로 노화 진행이 빨 라 균열이 유발되기도 한다. 본 연구에서는 4종류의 국내외산 SBS (SA, SB, SC, SD)와 3종류의 준고온화 첨가제 (PW, LC, ET)를 사용하여 SBS 개질 준고온 아스팔트 (WMA-PMA)를 제조하였다. 기본 바인더로 PG64-22의 아스팔트에 각각의 SBS를 4.5% 첨가하고 각각의 준고온화 첨가제는 PW 1.7%, LC와 ET는 권장사용량 1.5, 0.5%를 사용하여 PG76-22의 HMA PMA, WMA PMA를 제조하고, 바인더의 특성 실험을 수행하였다. 바인더 특성 시험으로는 115, 135℃에서 동점도 (kinematic viscosity), DSR (dynamic shear rheometer), BBR (bending beam rheometer) 실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과 115℃ KV는 135℃에 비하여 2.5～3.3배 증가하였고, 준고온화 첨가제를 사용함으로써 HMA PMA에 비하여 WMA PMA의의 KV는 115, 135℃에서 감소되는 것으로 나타났다. DSR 시험결과 P/F (pass failure temperature)는 77.6～ 81.1℃까지 다양하게 나타나 SBS 종류에 따라서 차이를 보였다. BBR 시험 결과 저온 등급은 -22를 만족하였으며, 개질하지 않은 일반 바인더가 PMA에 비하여 낮은 P/F를 보였다. HMA PMA, WMA PMA는 모두 PG76-22를 만족하였다.

도로의 확포장과 유지보수로 인하여 발생되는 폐아스팔트 콘크리트 (reclaimed asphalt Pavement: RAP)는 100% 재활용이 가능한 고급의 자원이다. 국내의 자원 여건과 환경을 고려할 때 재활용 공법이 가 지는 친환경성은 물론 경제성 면에서도 매력이 있는 대안으로 부각되고 있다. 안정적 품질을 가지는 재활용 아스팔트 혼합물의 사용 확대는 경제적, 환경적으로 여러 유리함을 제공할 수 있으며, 양질의 재생혼 합물을 생산하는 것이 중요하다. 국내의 KS 표준에 의하면 가열아스팔트 혼합물 제조 시 RAP의 사용 비율은 25% 이하면 침입도 등급 이 한 단계 낮은 아스팔트를 사용토록하고, 이상이면 침입도 기준의 Blending Chart를 활용하여 적정한 재생첨가제 (rejuvenator)의 사용을 요구하고 있다. 더불어 설계 침입도는 65이상, 추출 및 회수 후의 침 입도를 55 이상 만족하도록 규정하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 RAP의 사용 비율을 0, 30, 40, 50%로 하고 점도 등급의 Blending Chart를 활용하여 신규 바인더의 등급을 결정하고 재생 혼합물 배합설계를 수행한 후, 다양한 공용성 시험을 수행하였고, 시험 종료 후 공시체를 추출․회수 (recovery)하여 바인더 특성시험을 수행하였다. 바인더 시험으로는 침입도, 절대점도, 동점도, DSR 시험을 수행하였다. 시험 결과 재생혼합물의 RAP 사용비율이 증가할수록 침입도는 감소하였고, 절대점도, 동점도, DSR의 P/F (pass failure temperature)는 증가하였다. 재생비율이 증가되면서 P/F 온도가 조금씩 높아지는 것 을 알 수 있었으나 0%와 30% 간에는 그 차이가 거의 없었다. 이를 통해 절대 점도가 DSR보다는 바인더의 노화상태를 분석하는데 변별력이 더 좋고, DSR은 침입도 보다는 좋으나 동점도와는 변별력이 유사한 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of the livestock industry is to pursuit economic profits by increasing the economic productivity of livestock. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), that is characterized by one variation out of every 1000 polymorphisms, to increase economical benefits in stock breeding has been extensively studied. Particularly, replete number of investigations have been put forward that has associated SNPs of candidate genes with economically important traits such as carcass weight (CW), longissimus muscle area (LMA), backfat thickness (BFT) and marbling score (MS) in beef cattle. Bovine genome sequencing and HapMap projects have provided, millions of SNPs in the cattle genome. However, till date studies related to the association of the SNPs with economic traits in beef cattles are meager. Discovering of SNPs bovine whole genome would certainly be useful genetic assets for the development of SNP marker for economically important traits in beef cattle.

The role of Fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) gene is critical for lipid metabolism and for maintaining homeostasis in adipocytes. Association between Hanwoo carcass traits and FABP4 gene g.7516G>C SNP has been reported previously, however, its association and how does it influence Korean brindle and black cattle has not been demonstrated and established till date. For this purpose, the study was planned to analyze the SNP association (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) (g.7516G>C) in FABP4 gene and gather genetic information on economic traits of Korean brindle cattle and black cattle. As per sequence of bovine FABP4 gene available (Genbank accession No. NC_007312.4), one pair of primers (5’-ATA TAG TCC ATA GGG TGG CAA AGA-3’ and 5’-AAC CTC TCT TTG AAT TCT CCA TTC T-3’) was designed to amplify a 452bp product of the FABP4 gene including the region of 7417–7868. The SNP, detected by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods using restriction enzyme MspA1I, was genotyped in 117 animals of brindle cattle and 24 animals of black cattle population. Statistical analysis revealed that the FABP4 genotype significantly (p<0.05) affect with carcass weight, but there was no significant association with any other economic traits was observed in brindle as well as in black cattle. In conclusion, these results suggested that SNP (g.7516G>C), located in FABP4 gene, could be used as important DNA marker of economic traits in Korean brindle cattle. Furthermore, we suggest that additional samples needs to further analysed to make related data exclusively authentic.

The aim of this study is to investigate the genetic interrelationships between economic or meat quality traits (birth weight, weaning weight, average daily gain, market weight, carcass weight, backfat thickness, water, ash, fat, protein, water holding capacity and pH) and 6 SNPs located on six selected candidate genes (MC4R, PGK2, TNNI1, TNNI2, PIK3C3, and CTSK) in Korean native pigs. The genotypes were identified in the 6 SNPs by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) procedure, and association of the genotype on economically important traits was analyzed by general liner model. According to the analyzed results, the MC4R c.1426A>G was correlated with birth weight (p=0.032) and the PGK2 g.122T>G was associated with pH (p=0.026). These findings obtained in the present revealed that the each SNPs of MC4R and PGK2 could be useful as potential genetic markers for birth weight and pH in Korean native pigs, respectively.

The melanocortin receptor type 4 (MC4R) gene is expressed in the hypothalamus and regulates energy intake and body weight. Recently, it has been reported that obesity and energy balance in human were also regulated by the MC4R gene. Therefore the objective of this study was to identify the polymorphism on the MC4R gene SNP C1786T and its association with economic traits in Korean native cattle (brindle and black cattle) by PCR-RFLP. A total of 125 cattle from the two breeds were tested for economic traits (meat quality index, backfat, thickness, carcass weight, longissimus muscle area and marbling score) and data was analyzed using SAS program. In the results, C allele had highest frequency than G allele frequency in the both breeds and the gene was significantly associated with meat quantity index and backfat thickness in brindle cattle breed. However, in black cattle, the gene was significantly associated with longissimus muscle area (p<0.05). These results suggest that C1786T SNP of the MC4R gene may be useful as a genetic marker for economic traits in the brindle and black cattle.

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of artificial insemination (AI) failure in 1,619 Korean native cows at Gangwon East area, Korea. The average AI failure rate was 37.02% in the cows and the highest rate was 40.85% in Yangyang-city. Based on the parity in the cows, the AI failure rate was 49.14% and 29.91% in the first and fifth parity cows, respectively. Whereas cows until fifth parity were decreased in AI failure, cows with sixth or more parity showed an upturning AI failure trends with the increasing of parity number. AI failure rate incidence according to the rump fat thickness measured by ultrasound was 28.9% and 33.4% at 5 mm to 10 mm and over than 15 mm, respectively. There was a positive correlation (0.2186) between AI failure rate of mother and that of their offspring cows. That is, offspring of dams with high AI failure rate showed also higher AI failure than those of dams having lower AI failure rate. In conclusion, these results indicate that the AI failure rate was closely related to the rump fat thickness, parity number, and conception rate of mother cows. In addition, these results might strengthen the basis to improve the reproductive performance in Korean native cows.

Evolutionary processes such as recombination and natural selection usually develop over extended periods of time; however, they get accelerated in cases of hybridization. Interspecies hybrids exhibit novel genome which are exposed to natural selection, thus provides a key to unravel the ultimate causes of adaptation and speciation. On the other hand, with rapid upsurge in demand for stronger food security has been confronting us on daily basis. Lately, the scientists have started to gather are now attracted by specific extraordinary traits of different animals by way interspecies hybridization combining the superior genetic material from different animals. Besides, this technology could also explore new life saving vaccines and medicines and also would find beneficial in conserving wild heritage of endangered and critical species. Several researchers have also done commendable work on interspecies hybridization with some degree of success. Nevertheless, lots of obstacles and hurdles still pose for this phenomenal technology to reach to its final destination. This review will point out the hurdles on interspecies hybridization in reference to the natural mating and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).

Osteoarthritis is one of the commonest causes associated with age-related damage of articular cartilage. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used in osteoarthritic patient. However, long term administration of these drugs results gastrointestinal disorders. Though, most studies have demonstrated in the past that bee venom has therapeutic effect on diseases related to inflammation and pains, but its anti-inflammatory properties have not been so far studied on inflamed chondrocytes (LPS induced) invitro. For the purpose, the study was carried out to determine the effect of bee venom on porcine articular chondrocyte cell using microarray. In this study, we found that 2,235 significantly associated gene (1,404 up-regulated genes and 831 down-regulated genes) that were expressed on inflamed and non inflamed chondrocytes during proliferation. Among the 1,404 up-regulated genes and 831 down-regulated genes, known genes were 372 and 237, respectively. On the other hand, bee venom significantly reduced expression of fetuin involved in acute inflammatory reaction. Our results suggest that this study could be useful database in gene expression profiling of chondrocyte cell treated with bee venom.

Since the Bovine sequencing and HapMap projects, there have been millions of genetic variations particularly including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) available throughout the cattle genome. While cataloguing substantial amounts of SNPs, copy number variation (CNV) has recently become getting great attention as an another form of genetic variation which is extensively distributed across the cattle genome. As it has been well known that CNVs can account for substantial proportions of phenotypic variance in other species including human, CNVs are highly expected to explain genetic variations of diverse economically important traits in cattle. Currently, two main approaches such as hybridization-based microarray and massively parallel sequencing-based method have been successfully applied to detect CNVs throughout the cattle genome. Although there is obvious difference of capabilities to detect genome-wide CNVs at fine scales between different platforms applied, all currently completed investigations exhibited that CNVs are extensively spread throughout the cattle genome as observed in other species. Despite these successes, there are still severe lacks of researches to identify multiple levels of CNVs from diverse cattle or multiple individuals, suggesting that there are a number of CNVs remained undiscovered. Furthermore, there are almost few investigations available to elucidate how each CNV is associated with traits of interest in cattle, so such functional study should be followed along with saturating most of potential CNVs on cattle genome.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of wormwood meal addition on constituent of blood, and liver fatty acid in broiler chickens. Two-day old 25 male commercial broiler chicks were distributed to 5 treatments (wormwood meal levels ; T1 (1%), T2 (3%), T3 (5%), T4 (10%), and control (C)) for 5 weeks. Free fatty acids of liver were a little different among the treatments and the palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids were occupied 92.5% of total free fatty acids. Hemoglobin and hematocrite concentration of blood were significantly decreased (p<0.05) as the levels of wormwood meal increased, and serum albumin concentration of broilers was little different between 0 week and 5 week experiments. Also serum cholesterol, phospholipid, total cholesterol, and triglyceride concentration of liver in broilers were little different during the 5 weeks experiment. Serum triglyceride concentration was significantly increased (p<0.05) as levels of wormwood meal increased. These results indicate that dietary wormwood meal addition has a little positive effect on increasing unsaturated fatty acid and decreasing saturated fatty acid.