This study was carried out to determine the pesticide residues in rice bran, crude rice bran oil and the oil of various stages of refining process. Each samples were analyzed for 41 pesticide residues by multiclass multiresidue methods with GC-ECD, NPD and identified by GC-MSD. Rice bran were detected cypermethrin, diazinon, dichlofluanid, and its level were ranged from 0.01-0.122 ppm. Crude rice bran oil were detected cypermethrin, diazinon, dichlofluanid, dimethoate, etrimfos, flucythrinate, and its level were ranged from 0.015-0.654 ppm. Crude rice bran oil has the higher level of pesticide residues and more varieties of pesticides than rice bran. But pesticide residues in the crude rice bran oil was found to be almost removed when pigment was decolorized by absorption using active carbon and clealy removed by thermolysis for deodorization.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of pre-germination soaking on germination in 90 Korean soybean varieties and identification of protein in seeds of 7 soybean varieties. The results obtained that germination rate of soybean seeds was decreased as amount of soaking water and soaking duration in number of days. Difference in germination rate of soybean seeds was significant at three days soaking with water volume of 90 ml. Water absorption of seeds was rapidly increased during the first 6 hours, followed by slow increase until 24 hours and then decreased 24 to 48 hours after soaking soybean varieties for bean sprout soaked the lowest amount of water, while soybean varieties for cooking with rice showed the lowest seed water content. Dissolved oxygen (DO) in soaking water was rapidly decreased during the first 3 hours after soaking, and then slowly decreased. Soybean varieties for vegetable and early maturity showed the lowest DO during early soaking periods, but showed higher DO after 24 hours than other groups of soybean varieties. Electrical conductivity and Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) were increased as number of soaking days increased. Soybean varieties for vegetable and early maturity showed the highest electrical conductivity and TDS, followed by those for sauce and paste or cooking with rice, while showed the lowest electrical conductivity and TDS, varieties for bean sprout. Among 90 Korean soybean varieties, varieties which showed the highest germination rate were Jangsu-kong for sauce and paste, Sobaegnamul-kong for bean sprout, Seonheuk-kong for cooking with rice, Seunnokkong for vegetable and early maturity. On the ather hand varieties which showed the lowest germination rate were Iksan and Songhak-kong for sauce and paste, Pangsa-kong for bean sprout, Jinyeul-kong for cooking with rice, Sinlok-kong for vegetable and early maturity. Germination rates of soybean seeds were higher when electrical conductivity, TDS and water absorption of seeds were lower. There were negative correlations between electrical conductivity, TDS and water absorption of seeds and germination rate, while there were positive correlations among electrical conductivity, TDS and soybean seed weight.

Soybean is very useful crop to supply vegetable protein for human. However, cultivation arear of this economically important crop is gradually diminished in upland field. Hence, cultivation area of soybean is increased in paddy field. During the growth duration of soybean, excessive moisture injury is serious problem for sustainable production and supply. We investigated protein expression according to different period of seed soaking and germination after seed soaking. For comparison on expression of protein according to different condition, we performed two-dimensional electrophoresis. After electrophoresis analysis, we selected differentially expressed protein spots according to different condition such as soaking period and germination after soaking to identify protein function by using MALDI-TOF. Results revealed that pattern of expression of protein according to soaking period and germination after soaking were generally not different in major spots. However, degree of expression of protein in some protein spots was increased in accordance with decrease of soaking period. Especially, in Hwangkeum-Kong, Danyeop-Kon, and Pecking, the degree of expression of protein was remarkably increased for 4 days after soaking. But, according to germination after soaking, degree of expression of protein in germinated seeds of all cultivars was higher than un-germinated seeds. In results of MALDI-TOF analysis, specific proteins were identified by different soaking period such as Allergen Gly m Bd 28K, P24 oleosin isoform B. Also, in accordance with germination, degree of protein expression of the related protein, Gibberellin was increased in un-germinated seeds of Iksan-Kong. In ungerminated seeds of Sinpaldal-kong, proteins were identified as down-regulated by soaking such as ATP binding and Inhibitor II', proteinase.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops with high oil contents and rich nutrient value. The development of a core collection could facilitate easier access to sesame genetic resources for their use in crop improvement programs and simplify the genebank management. The present study was initiated to the development and evaluation of a core collection of sesame based on 5 qualitative and 10 quantitative trait descriptors on 2,751 sesame accessions. The accessions were different countries of origin. About 10.1 percent of accessions were selected by using the power core program to constitute a core collection consisting of 278 accessions. Mean comparisons using t-test, Nei’s diversity index of 10 morphological descriptors and correlation coefficients among traits indicated that the existing genetic variation for these traits in the entire collection has been preserved in the core collection. The results from this study will provide effective information for future germplasm conservation and improvement programs in sesame.

In the present study, different expression of protein from Taekwang was revealed by 2-DE, and expressions of protein on each week after flowering was investigated. After analysis of expression of protein, MALDI-TOF was executed to identify expected protein function. Results revealed that there were three patterns of expression of protein during the maturing. The first pattern was that proteins were gradually expressed as up-regulation from 1 week to 6 week. The second pattern was that proteins were expressed gradually from 1 week to 5 week and then it started down-regulation in 6 week. The last pattern was that proteins were gradually as up-regulation from 1 week to 3 week and then down-regulation until 6 week. This phenomenon suggests that young stage has more protein related to correspondence mechanism against disease and growth and then maturing stage has more expression of protein related to storage protein. In MALDI-TOF analysis, p24 oleosin isoform A protein was identified that relates oleosin which is synthetic product in oil body. This protein spot increased gradually until 5 week and then decreased after 5 week. It explained that the protein is active until maturing stage to protect oil in seed and then its activity has gradually degraded. This result may be expected that a protein, related to growth of a seed has increased until maturing and then a seed fills up with a storage protein

Soybean is very useful crop to supply vegetable protein for human. Supply of soybean is increased because it has useful ingredient. Recently, cultivation of soybean in paddy field is increasing due to the increase of rice stockpile in Korea. Hence, in this study, expression of protein was identified regarding different environment for cultivation to investigate the effect of different environment on protein expression. Two-dimensional electrophoresis was performed to investigate the expression of protein using image analysis program to measure degree of protein expression in numerical value. Hannam-kong, Beakcheon-Kong, Hwangkeum-Kong, and Danwon-Kong were used as plant material. 2-DE combined with image analysis revealed that each degree of protein expression of Hannam-Kong and Hwangkeum-Kong in upland field was higher than degree of protein expression in paddy field. However, in case of Beackcheon-Kong, the phenomenon was opposite. In Danwon-kong, the degree of protein expression was not different between up-land field and paddy field. To this end, major protein spots were not different between paddy field and upland field among all cultivars. It could be suggested that protein expression is not severely different by various environment, but different environment affects degree of protein expression.

Soybean seed is a good source of plant protein in human consumables such as baby formula and protein concentrate. The seeds contain an abundance of storage proteins, namely β-conglycin and glycinin that account for ~ 70-80% of the total seed protein content. Proteome profiling has been proved to be an efficient way that can help us to investigate the seed storage proteins. In the present study, the seeds were removed from the pods and the cotylendonary tissues were separated from the testa for proteome analysis in order to investigate the seed storage proteins. A systematic proteome profiling was conducted through one-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry in the seeds (cotyledonary tissue) of soybean genotypes. Two dimensional gels stained with CBB, a total of 10 proteins were identified and analyzed using MASCOT search engine according to the similarity of sequences with previously characterized proteins along with the UniProt database. A total of ten proteins such as glycinin Gy4 precursor, glycinin G3 precursor, glycinin G1 precursor, glycinin chain A2B1a precursor, glycinin chain A2B1a precursor were identified in our investigation. However, the glycinin subunit may be considered to play important roles in soybean breeding and biochemical characterization. In addition, the improved technique will be useful to dissect the genetic control of glycinin expression in soybean.

Buckwheat sprout is used as vegetable, and also flour for making noodles, and so on. Currently, information about tissue culture in buckwheat is limited and restricted to micro-propagation. We carried out somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration using hypocotyl segments as explant of the cultivated buckwheat species, Fagopyrum esculentum which differs from existing studies in the growth regulator combinations used. Maximum callus regeneration was induced on MS medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) 2.0 mg · L-1, benzyladenine (BA) 1.0 mg · L-1 and 3% sucrose. Friable callus was transferred to solidified MS media containing BA (1.0 mg · L-1) with various concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid for the induction of embryogenesis. The optimum concentrations of growth regulators (for regeneration of plantlet) were indole-3-acetic acid (2.0 mg · L-1), Kinetin (1.0 mg · L-1), BA (1.0 mg · L-1). Only 2,4-D did not show any significant effect on callus induction or embryogenesis. Regeneration of embryonic callus varied from 5% to 20%. Whole plants were obtained at high frequencies when the embryogenic calli with somatic embryos and organized shoot primordia were transferred to MS media with 3% sucrose. The main objective of this research was to develop an efficient protocol for plant regeneration for common buckwheat, and to apply in future for genetic transformation.

High temperature impediment in developing stages of crops has been occurred due to the impact of global warming. Rice production is notable to be sensitive to increasing environmental temperature and grain filling temperatures are already approaching threatening levels in many countries with rice cultivation. Recent proteomic analyses exposed impulsive changes of metabolisms during rice grain development. Interestingly, proteins involved in glycolysis, citric acid cycle, lipid metabolism, and proteolysis were accumulated at higher levels in mature grain than those of developing stages. High temperature (HT) stress in rice ripening period enhances damaged (chalky) grains which have loosely compacted shape starch granules. We carried out two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to analyze protein profiles during grain filling and different developmental stages of rice seed maturation. Proteins were separated from the fertilized seeds (seeds from 7 days and 21 days after fertilization) and seed maturation stage using IEF in the first-dimension and SDS-PAGE in the second dimension along with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. More than 1,000 protein spots were detected on a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A total of 120 different protein spots out of 140 protein spots were identified by MALDI-TOF and nano LCQ-TOF mass spectrometer. The identified proteins were categorized into six (6) different groups according to their expression patterns during grain filling and seed maturation. Some proteins were confirmed during seed development stages such as cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase, whereas others were appeared at a specific stage like putative subtilisin-like protease, germin-like, seed allergenic proteins. Furthermore, the chalking mechanism of rice grain under the HT stress could be discussed in terms of grain starch glycome, transcriptome, and proteome.

Comparison of the distribution and utilization of free amino acids in buckwheat is required of understanding the amino acid metabolism. The buckwheat sprouts contained the most abundant amino acid Val (40%) followed by Tyr (28%) in common buckwheat (CB), whereas Val was the most predominant amino acid in tatary buckwheat (TB), accounting for 62%. The buckwheat stem and root contained commonly Gln (40~42% in stem; 30~37% in root). Thus, soluble amino nitrogen source is used for Gln in buckwheat. The main difference of amino acid distribution in three tissues between CB and TB was Tyr in sprouts. Low level of Tyr in TB is presumably resulted from the conversion to other phenolic metabolites. The content of essential free amino acids in TB sprout was 53% higher than that in CB. Thus, the TB sprouts are benefit to the human nutrition. The basic study of amino acids gives a clear evidence for different interconversion and metabolism of amino acids in two buckwheat species.

The wild relative’s diploid species, which are reproductively isolated from one another, compromise populations with marked morphological variation, wide climatic tolerance, and adaptation to diverse habitats, and also vary genetically in biotic, abiotic stresses, and in seed protein content and quality. Large-scale proteomic analysis of three wild relatives of wheat grain (AA, BB, and DD genome) using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization- time of flight (MALDI-TOF-MS), multi-dimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT), allowed the detection and classification of 213, 255 unique proteins (peptide match ≥ 2), which represents the most wide-ranging proteome exploitation to date. Development of standard proteomes exhibiting all of the proteins involved in normal physiology will facilitate the delineation of disease/defense (no. of unique protein (n) =33, 51), metabolism (n=15, 32), energy metabolism (n= 21, 27), protein synthesis (n=16, 22), folding/stability (n=17, 18), transcription (n=6, 18), cell growth/division (n=17, 17), signal transduction (n=16, 15), cellular organization (n=11, 12), development (n=9, 9), storage protein (n= 30, 7), transport facilitation (n=8, 6), and unclear classification (n= 14, 21), which is identification by using MALDI-TOF and LCQ DECA mass spectrometry couple to mascot database search, respectively. For instance, ABA inducible protein PHVA1 (HVA1), which can be induced by drought, cold, heat and salinity condition, and also basic endochitinase (RSCC, RSCA) showed defense against chitin containing fungal pathogens. Gluten (glutenin and gliadin), which is very important determinant for making high quality bread, noodles, and also associated with visco-elasticity. By using MALDI-TOF, we identified abundant disease related protein such as NBS-LRR involves in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack, puroindoline (a & b) and grain softness protein represents the molecular-genetic basis of grain texture. In addition, the PIN A and PIN B gene products have anti microbial properties with potential role in plant defense. Recent advances in mass spectrometry and bioinformatics have provided the means to characterize complex protein landscapes from a wide variety of organisms. Hierarchical clustering could be applied to protein information from different samples using Gene Pattern and NCSS software. Here we report also genome specific protein interaction network using Cytoscape software, which provides further insight into the molecular mechanism of biochemical pathways. By integrating shotgun proteomics with statistical and computation alanalyses, we developed promising understand about expressed protein and protein functions. Our approach should be applicable for marker assisted breeding or genetransfer for quality and stress research of cultivated wheat.

Rice as a typical silicified plants needs the intemal absorption of silica, especially during the growing period. The leaves and culm of plant are erected up by uptake of silicic acid. Sun light could reach the bottom leaves in the plant communities. In addition, the nitrogen uptake would be physiologically controlled by the application of silica and the quality of rice could be improved by reducing the quantity of protein in grian. In the field experiment designed, the rice cultivar was DonhjinⅠho, Daeanbyeo and transplanting day was May 25, 2007. N levels per ha were 100 and 200kg, respectively and liquid silica(ai 11%, manufactureed by Dongbuhiteck Co.) was sprayed on flag leaves according to 500fold and 1000fold with distilled water and 3 times at an interval of 1week from 30 days before heading. The rice culms treated with each liquid silica levels were shortened and panicle length were increase as compare with the control in the level of each N. The lodging was reduced in the plot that treated with the higher liquid silica application of 100kg as compared with 200kg plot in the filed. The rice yields of the plots treated with silica application were more increased than in the control plot. All yield components, except of panicle number in DongjinⅠ, increased as compare with 200kg plot in the filed. Changes measured by 2-DE in display expression of flag leaves and seed in relation to nitrogen treatment level and silica trements were similar in fashion, yet still displayed distinguishable differences in display strength spots.

Recently with increase tendency of direct sowing cultivation, lodging problem which affect to the high quality rice plant is again raising its ahead. In order to reduce this lodging problem there is a chemical method which uses plant growth retardant. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of lodging reduction as affected by plant growth retardant which is IBP-Metconazole (IPM) in direct-seeded rice on flooded paddy field. IPM treatment carried out 50, 40, 30 days before heading. Hexaconazole treatment carried out 30 days before heading. IPM treatment 30 days before heading resulted the shortest plant culm among the IPM treatments. 4 internode length was shorter by 3.75㎝ in IPM treatmenst than in control. breaking strength was not a difference from between IPM treatments but breaking strength was significantly increased by IPM treatments than control. IPM treatments increased yield 10~11% as compared with control. The protein contents of flag leaves by 2-DE were visually higher in the plot treated with the IPM application than in the plot control plot. The proteome approach to elucidate the mechanism which inhibited gibberellin synthase will be future performed in the on-going research.

An attempt was made to link rice embryo proteins to DNA sequences and to understand their functions. One hundred of the 700 spots detected on the embryo 2-DE gels were microsequenced. Of these, 28% of the embryo proteins were matched to DNA sequences with known functions, but 72% of the proteins were unknown in functions as previously reported (Woo et al. 2002). In addition, twenty-four protein spots with 100% of homology and nine with over 80% were matched to ESTs (expressed sequence tags) after expanding the amino acid sequences of the protein spots by Database searches using the available rice EST databases at the NCBI (http://www/ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and DDBJ (http://www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/). The chromosomal location of some proteins were also obtained from the rice genetic map provided by Japanese Rice Genome Research Program (http://rgp.dna.affrc.go.jp). The DNA sequence databases including EST have been reported for rice (Oryza sativa L.) now provides whole or partial gene sequence, and recent advances in protein characterization allow the linking proteins to DNA sequences in the functional analysis. This work shows that proteome analysis could be a useful tool strategy to link sequence information and to functional genomics.

In plants, nitrogen is the major component for growth and development. Leaf growth is based on the division, elongation and maturation of cells, which are used for making of epidermis, mesophyll, bundle sheath, xylem, phloem and so on. Dynamics of these tissues with respect to nitrogen are required for better understanding. This experiment was conducted to evaluate effect of nitrogen on the elongation of epidermal and guard cell of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties, Seoanbyeo and Dasanbyeo on May 2000 at Chungbuk national university in Cheongju. After transplaning the 20-day-old seedlings into a/5000 pots, the main characteristics related with cell elongation were investigated and evaluated. A maximum. leaf length reached at 7 or 8 days after emerging from the collar, and also the leaf elongation rates were greatly affected by the increase of N application rate. The initial and final cell length were about 17~mu~textrmm and 130~mu~textrmm , respectively. Cell divisions occurred within 1.0mm from leaf base. With die higher nitrogen application rate of 22 kg-N 10~textrma-1 , cell division per hour was greater 1.5 to 1.9 and 1.2 to 1.3 fold as compared to the N application rate of 0 and 11 kg-N 10~textrma-1 , respectively. Cell enlargement of epidermal and guard cell under higher N application rate (22kg-N 10~textrma-1 ) was finished within about 20 (Seoanbyeo) and 15 hours (Dasanbyeo), while it took much time, about 30 hours.