Background: Child care center teachers are exposed to musculoskeletal injuries caused by repetitive movements at low heights due to the nature of their jobs. Self-myofascial release (SMFR) improves flexibility, pain, and functional performance. Pectoralis minor self-stretching (PMSS) improves muscle flexibility and postural alignment. PMSS has been commonly used to correct a rounded shoulder posture (RSP). Objectives: To examine the shoulder height, muscle tone, muscle stiffness, and muscle elasticity for women child care center teachers with RSP. Design: Randomized study. Methods: The participants were 20 women child care center teachers with RSP. They were randomly assigned two groups: SMFR group (n=10) and PMSS group (n=10). They performed each exercise for 20 min, 3 times a week for 4 weeks. They measured shoulder height, muscle tone, stiffness, and elasticity of upper trapezius before and after exercise. Results: In the shoulder height, there was no significant difference between two groups. There were significant decreases within both groups. In the muscle tone, stiffness, and elasticity, there was no significant difference between two groups and within two groups. Conclusion: SMFR using a hard massage ball and PMSS have a positive effect on posture correction for child care center teacher with RSP.

본 논문의 연구 목적은 바이든 시대 미국의 대북인권정책을 인권외교 의 관점에서 분석하고, 한국 대북인권외교의 정책대응방안을 제시하는 것이다. 바이든 정부는 출범 이후 가치 규범을 중시하는 동맹외교를 강 화하고 있다. 이러한 미국의 인권외교 정책은 북한과 남북관계에도 영향 을 미친다. 특히 한국 정부의 대북인권정책의 균형 있는 접근을 위해서 는 바이든 행정부의 북한에 대한 인권외교와 인도주의 외교의 기조를 이 해하고 전망한다. 첫째, 미국 대북인권정책을 설명하기 위해 인권외교의 개념을 분석틀로 제시할 것이다. 둘째, 미국의 대외정책과 인권외교를 살 펴볼 것이다. 특히 냉전과 탈냉전 시대의 미국 인권외교정책 변화를 살 펴본 후, 바이든 행정부의 인권외교를 오바마와 트럼프 정부 시기와 비 교하여 설명할 것이다. 셋째, 미국의 대북인권외교를 양자와 다자적 관점 에서 클린턴 시기부터 바이든 시기까지 분석한다. 넷째, 포스트 바이든 행정부의 대북인권외교와 북한의 대응 방향을 살펴보고, 한국 정부의 정 책대응 방안을 제시한다. 마지막 절에서는 본론을 요약하고, 미래연구를 제안한다.

United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (U.S. NRC) specifies regulations on obtaining licenses and describes the technical position on the average waste concentration, also known as Concentration Averaging and Encapsulation Branch Technical Position (CA BTP); CA BTP helps classify blendable waste and discrete items and address concentration averaging. The technical position details are reviewed and compared in a real environment in Korea. A few cases of concentration averaging based on the application of CA BTP to domestic radioactive waste are presented, and the feasibility of the application is assessed. The radioactive waste considered herein does not satisfy the Disposal Concentration Limit (DCL) of the second-phase disposal facility while applying the preliminary classification. However, if CA BTP is applied when the radioactive waste is mixed with other radioactive waste items in a large and heavy container, it can be disposed of at the second-phase disposal facility in Gyeongju Repository. To apply the CA BTP of the U.S. NRC, it is necessary to investigate the safety assessment conditions of the US and Korea.

Covid-19 pandemic has significantly affected online advertising market. The pandemic has changed customers’ shopping behavior by decreasing customer traffic in offline businesses but increasing customers’ online activities that has led to growth of online shopping and advertising. While the outbreak of Covid-19 has sparked growth of online advertising in general, its impact on various industries may not be the same, given the differences in product characteristics and consumer behavior across different products and services. This paper aims to address this question by empirically examining how Covid-19 has affected online search advertising market. First, we examine how Covid-19 has affected the behavior of online users and advertisers, the main stakeholders in the search advertising market, in terms of user traffic and clicks and advertiser bids and payments. Second, we examine if the impacts of Covid-19 on behavior of online users and advertisers would be different in various industries.

본 연구는 코로나 시대 간호대학생의 건강증진행위와 대학생활적응 간의 관련성을 파악하고 대 학생활적응에 대한 영향요인을 확인하기 위한 서술적 조사연구이다. 연구대상자는 C도에 소재하는 1개 대 학의 간호대학생 191명이었고 구조화된 설문지를 이용하여 조사하였다. 수집된 자료는 기술통계, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s 상관관계 분석 및 다중회귀분석을 이용하여 분석하였다. 간호대학생의 건강증진행위 와 대학생활적응은 양의 상관관계가 있었고(r=.379, p<.001), 간호대학생의 대학생활적응에 영향을 미치는 변수는 건강증진행위와 건강상태였으며, 대학생활적응을 19.9% 설명하는 것으로 나타났다(Adj. R2=.199, p<.001). 따라서 간호대학생들의 대학생활적응을 돕기 위해서는 건강증진행위를 높이고 건강상태를 개선 할 수 있는 건강관리 방안이 적절하게 마련되어야 할 것이다.

Radioactive waste is classified into Intermediate level, low level, and very low potential based on the amount of radioactivity per unit gram, that is, the concentration limit. This method of classifying radioactivity per unit weight is not a problem if all packaged wastes are homogeneous. However, the reality is that not all waste is homogeneous. Relative hotspots may exist. Also, when several items are mixed, if one item has a relatively higher concentration than other items, it can become a relative hotspot. In Korea, even if all nuclides in a single radioactive waste package satisfy the low level concentration limit, if even one nuclide exceeds the concentration limit, the radioactive waste package becomes the intermediate level. In case of the United States, the US NRC provides regulations related to obtaining license as well as presents the technical position on the average waste concentration called Concentration Averaging and Encapsulation Branch Technical Position (CA BTP). CA BTP classifies waste into four types : Blendable Waste, Encapsulated items, Single Discrete Items, and Mixture of Discrete Items, and presents each approach to concentration averaging. In general, this is a method that suggests an acceptable ratio in case of the waste, which relatively high concentration waste is mixed. In order to apply this in Korea, we compare the classification standards for low and Intermediatelevel waste in Korea and the United States, related laws and backgrounds, and the application methods of CA BTP.

이 논문의 목적은 세계화가 1990년대 한국의 노동운동에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지 살펴보는 것이다. 한국은 새로운 산업 국가에서 가장 눈에 띄는 노동 운동을 경험한 국가로 간주되었다. 한국 정부가 추진하는 산업 이 급속히 발전함에 따라 한국의 노동력은 1960년대에서 1980년대 사이에 엄청나게 증가했다. 이에 따라 3년간 한국의 노동운동은 정부의 강한 압박에도 불구하고 성장했고, 1987년 대투쟁으로 상당한 발전을 이루었 으며, 1989년에 정점을 찍었다. 그러나 정부가 지원하는 시장의 공격적 인 이데올로기, 새로운 경영을 포함한 경제 구조조정, 1990년대 아시아 금융위기로 인해 세계화 현상이 나타났다. 본 연구는 이러한 세계화의 대내외 영향이 노동법 개정과 한국의 노동 유연성 확대로 노동운동을 어떻게 약화되었는지 설명할 것이다.

본 연구는 COVID-19로 인한 온라인 학습환경에서 간호대학생의 성장마인드셋과 그릿 및 자기주도학습능력의 상관관계를 알아보고, 자기주도학습능력에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위하여 실시되었다. 연구대상자는 C도 소재 J대학교 간호학과에 재학 중인 194명을 대상으로 하였으며 구조화된 온라인 설문방식을 통해 자료를 수집하였다. 자료 분석은 SPSS 18.0 프로그램을 이용하여 일반적 특성은 빈도와 백분율로, 성장마인드셋, 그릿 및 자기주도학습능력 간의 상관관계는 Pearson’s correlation coefficients 로, 자기주도학습능력에 영향을 미치는 요인은 다중회귀 분석을 사용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과 간호대학생들의 성장마인드셋과 그릿은 자기주도학습능력과 양의 상관관계가 있었고(r=.266, p<.001; r=.503, p<.001), 간호대학생의 자기주도학습능력에 영향을 미치는 변수는 그릿, 전공만족도, 생활수준, 대인관계, 성장마인드셋 순이었으며, 이들은 자기주도학습능력을 38.1% 설명하는 것으로 나타났다(Adj. R2=.381, p<.001). 따라서 간호대학생들의 자기주도학습능력을 높이기 위한 방안으로 성장마인드셋과 그릿을 키워야 할 것이며, 이를 위한 다양한 프로그램의 개발 및 시행이 있어야 할 것이다.

The aim of this study was to reveal the modern succession and reinterpretation of brand identity through the case of Balenciaga design presented by Demna Gvasalia through a review of the literature, design collection, and design review analysis. The design collection analysis was conducted from 2016 F/W to 2020 F/W, when Demna Gvasalia commenced responsibility for the Balenciaga collection. A total of 12 articles from overseas fashion magazines and newspapers were analyzed. A modern reinterpretation of Demna Gvasalia’s Balenciaga design is as follows. First, he introduced luxury mode to reflect a sense of the times and introduced luxury street looks based on street and sports sensibilities, showing various styles without specific concepts. Second, by sharing universal sensibilities based on pragmatism, he proposed an easy-to-wear outfit for daily life to demonstrate the everydayness of fashion. Third, as a new exploration of traditional structural beauty, the design of Cristobal Balenciaga was reinterpreted through the conversion of items, overlapping outfits, and the introduction of high-tech technologies. Fourth, by taking a conceptual approach to fashion, he has renewed the spirit of experimentation and modernity shown by Cristobal Balenciaga. Fifth, with the presentation of a new icon, new styles of sneakers such as Triple S and Speed Runner are presented as new icons. He inherited the original mindset and creative approach of the house's founder, Cristobal Balenciaga, and reinterpreted it from a contemporary street sensibility and pragmatic perspective.

The activity of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) immobilized in synthetic media (Poly Ethylene Glycol, PEG) and granular form was evaluated comparatively to investigate the effect of influent nitrogen concentration and exposure of oxygen. In ANAMMOX granule reactor, when concentration of influent total nitrogen increased to 500mg/L, removal efficiency of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate were shown to 90.5±6.5, 96.6±4.9, and 93.2±6.1%, respectively. In the case of the PEG gel, it showed lower nitrogen removal performance, resulting in that the removal efficiency of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate were shown to 83.3±13.0, 96.4±6.1, and 90.3±7.5%, respectively. In second step, when exposed to oxygen, the nitrogen removal performance in the ANAMMOX granule reactor also remained stable, but the activity of PEG gel ANAMMOX was found to be inhibited. Consequently, the PEG gel ANAMMOX was a higher sensitivity than that of granular ANAMMOX with two variables applied in this study.

본 연구는 '1980년대 후반 일본의 버블경제와 그 초기 수십 년 동안의 발전전략의 관계를 살펴본 후, '거품경제'의 역사적 원인을 분석하고자 한다. 제2차 세계 대전 이후 일본은 1980년대 후반 이전에 성공적인 경 제 발전을 이루었다. 기존 연구에서 금융부의 강력한 개입과 은행을 기 반으로 한 기업집단 간 집중적인 협력이 일본 경제성장의 일차적 요소라 고 종종 여겨져 왔다. 하지만, 장기적인 관점에서 살펴보면 이러한 요인 은 향후 일본경제의 구조적 문제로 전환된다. 일본 경제는 1980년대 후 반 이후 '거품경제'에 시달리기 시작했다. '거품경제'의 원인과 그 결과에 대해 여러 가지 설명이 있었다. 본 연구는 1960~80년 개발정책의 성과 가 1980년대 후반 이후 일본의 경제전환에 부정적 영향을 미쳤다는 주 장과 함께 현재 일본 정부의 경제회복 노력을 살펴본다.

The purpose of this study is to comparatively examine techniques and expressive characteristics of batik by focusing on the work of DanZhai and that of ZhenNing Buyi. We collected 50 pieces of batik each from Miao and Buyi in Chinese GuiZhouSheng and then analyzed their colors and patterns. The findings show that most of Miao’s batik had deep and soft tones, while that of Buyi most often had blackish tone since the number of dyes in the latter is higher than that in the former. Miao often used patterns expressing animals or animals and plants, while Buyi frequently used geometric ones. An examination of specific motifs demonstrated that butterflies, fish, and flowers were most often used by Miao, while dots, vortexes, lines, and lozenges were frequently utilized by Buyi. For expressive techniques, both Miao and Buyi commonly used simple stylized expression or complex expression combining stylized and geometric techniques. Maio’s motifs were often decoratively expressed with delicate curves, while Buyi’s motifs had simple structures, so pictures were neatly expressed with thick lines and wide and simple planes. For the composition of the motifs, incomplete symmetry between top and bottom and between left and right often appeared in Maio, while in Buyi complete symmetry was frequently shown.

Immersive Virtual Environment Technology (IVET) has emerged as a relevant technology in the marketing environment, with increased use in the retail context (O’Brien, 2016). As its use increases, there is a need to better understand its impact on consumer behavior and the experience that it delivers. Therefore, this study proposes a research model that captures the key constructs in understanding consumer acceptance behavior of the innovative technology used in marketing and how it impacts the brand experience. The objective of this study is to examine 1) antecedents (i.e., message fit and personal innovativeness) that may impact user’s attitude toward the IVET advertisement and self-image congruence, and 2) the transfer of positive or negative IVET advertisement attitude to behavioral intention. Survey was distributed at a large Southern university in USA. Out of 213 survey completed, 143 was usable. Hypotheses were tested using the structural equation model (SEM) analysis with maximum likelihood method (AMOS 23). The results showed that message fit had no significant impact on ad attitude and self-image congruence. Personal innovativeness had positive impact on ad attitude, but not on self-image congruence. Ad attitude had no effect on self-image congruence while having significant positive impact on offline store and online store visit intentions. Lastly, self-image congruence influences both offline and online store visit intentions. The results demonstrate that evaluation of the virtual world brand experience (i.e., attitude toward the IVET advertisement) is a strong predictor of user behavior toward the brand. A consumer’s interactions with a brand in the virtual environment may provide important information about the consumer’s desire to develop a relationship with the brand in other marketing channels, and serves as an opportunity for the marketer to assist in the buying process. Further, personal characteristic such as personal innovativeness may have a significant impact on a their attitude toward the IVET marketing which further leads to consumer’s decision to visit the online and offline store. In addition, self-image congruence were found to positively affect user’s intention to visit the stores, such that consumers who perceive their brand experience as more consistent with their self-image are more likely to consider purchasing the brand in the real world. The results suggest that some consumers may tend to behave in ways that are congruent with their self-identity across marketing channels.

Immersive Virtual Environment Technology (IVET) has emerged as a relevant technology in the marketing environment, with increased use in the retail context (O’Brien, 2016). As its use increases, there is a need to better understand its impact on consumer behavior and the experience that it delivers. Therefore, this study proposes a research model that captures the key constructs in understanding consumer acceptance behavior of the innovative technology used in marketing and how it impacts the brand experience. The objective of this study is to examine 1) antecedents (i.e., message fit and personal innovativeness) that may impact user’s attitude toward the IVET advertisement and self-image congruence, and 2) the transfer of positive or negative IVET advertisement attitude to behavioral intention. Survey was distributed at a large Southern university in USA. Out of 213 survey completed, 143 was usable. Hypotheses were tested using the structural equation model (SEM) analysis with maximum likelihood method (AMOS 23). The results showed that message fit had no significant impact on ad attitude and self-image congruence. Personal innovativeness had positive impact on ad attitude, but not on self-image congruence. Ad attitude had no effect on self-image congruence while having significant positive impact on offline store and online store visit intentions. Lastly, self-image congruence influences both offline and online store visit intentions. The results demonstrate that evaluation of the virtual world brand experience (i.e., attitude toward the IVET advertisement) is a strong predictor of user behavior toward the brand. A consumer’s interactions with a brand in the virtual environment may provide important information about the consumer’s desire to develop a relationship with the brand in other marketing channels, and serves as an opportunity for the marketer to assist in the buying process. Further, personal characteristic such as personal innovativeness may have a significant impact on a their attitude toward the IVET marketing which further leads to consumer’s decision to visit the online and offline store. In addition, self- image congruence were found to positively affect user’s intention to visit the stores, such that consumers who perceive their brand experience as more consistent with their self-image are more likely to consider purchasing the brand in the real world. The results suggest that some consumers may tend to behave in ways that are congruent with their self-identity across marketing channels.