The pine wilt disease that blocks the path for water and nutrition in pine trees is caused by the nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae). The nematode relies on the longhorn pine sawyer beetle Monochamus alternatus and Monochamus saltuaris (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) as vectors. Recently, 2-(undecyloxy)ethanol was identified as a male-produced aggregation pheromone of Monochamus species. In this study, we investigated the effect of 2-(undecyloxy) ethanol along with host plant volatiles -pinene and ethanol on attracting M. alternatus at a pine forest in Pohang, Korea from May, 2014 to July, 2014. To sustain the volatility of 2-(undecyloxy)ethanol and host plant volatiles, a superabsorbent polymer based on polyacrylic acids and water were added to the pheromone mixture. A total of 46 M. alternatus were collected from two field bioassays. Our results indicate that 2-(undecyloxy)ethanol is effective in attracting M. alternatus in Korea. Our study suggests that the aggregation pheromone could be used for detection and population monitoring of the beetles as well as for the effective mass trapping in outbreak situations.

Urbanization is one of the leading causes of habitat loss, habitat degradation, and fragmentation. Urban development negatively affects biodiversity. This study aimed to clarify the change of butterfly communities on effect of urbanization in urban green areas. Butterfly survey was conducted using the line transect methods from April to October in 2012. A total of 59 species and 1,465 individuals of butterflies were observed in four urban green areas: Namsan Park (NS), Ewha Womans University (EW), Bukseoul Dream Forest (BD), and Hongneung Forest (HF), and natural forest: Gwangneung Forest (GF). The category of land use around study site was determined based on GIS data. Species richness and abundance of niche breadth and habitat type in urban green areas differed significantly from those in GF. Estimated species richness and species diversity (H’) in four urban green areas were significantly lower than those in GF. Species richness and abundance of forest interior species and specialist were positively correlated with paddy, field, and forest, whereas those of forest interior species and specialist were negatively correlated with urban area and road. Butterfly communities in four urban green area differed from that in GF. The result suggests that the decrease of paddy, field, and forest associated with increase of urban area and road negatively influences species composition and changes butterfly communities.

The Diadegma fenestrale is known as parasitoid on potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella and diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. The Diadegma genus is reported to have symbiotic virus, ichnovirus, D. fenestrale Ichnovirus (DfIV) was identified from this species which is a first report. DfIV showed typical ichnovirus shape with two membranes surrounding the virus capsid. To identify DfIV genes, whole genome sequencing based on GS-FLX was conducted using purified total DfIV genomic DNA extracted from D. fenestrale calyx. About sixty ORFs were analyzed and several typical ichnovirus gene families were detected such as cys-motif, repeat element, vinnexin and vankyrin. Present study was focused on the gene expression patterns in two different lepidopteran hosts.

The Diadegma fenestrale was known as parasitoid on potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella and diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. This species, genus Diadegma are first reported from Korea. DfIV showed typical ichnovirus shape which two membranes surround virus capsids. The genome contents of DfIV consist about sixteen double-stranded DNA segments ranging 2 to 6 kb. To identify DfIV genes, whole genome sequencing based on GS-FLX was conducted using purified total viral DNA extracted from D. fenestrale calyx. About sixty ORFs were analyzed and several typical polydna virus gene family detected such as cys-motif, rep, vinnexin and vankyrin. This is the first report of DfIV and these lepidopteran host immune suppression genes will be deeply identified.

To induce the enhanced mutants of dinitroaniline herbicide pendimethalin degrading bacterium, Bacillus sp. MS202 was irradiated with gamma radiation at the dose of LD99 (3.35 kGy). Three enhanced mutants (MS202m7, MS202m14, MS202m18) were isolated fr

소의 도체로부터 사태, 갈비 및 등심을 분리하고 8℃에 저장하면서 actomyosin을 추출하여 부위별 저장기간에 따라 추출성 및 ATPase활성을 비교하였다. Actin과 myosin이 유리되어 형성된 actomyosin의 추출성은 저장초기 사태, 갈비 및 등심이 각각 36.74, 72.55 및 56.77㎎/g이었으며, 저장기간에 의한 추출양상은 갈비와 등심이 비슷하였고, 사태는 이들과 다르게 진행되었다. 사태의 Mg- 및 Ca-ATPase활성은 저장 3일까지 상승하다가 6일째 감소하였고, 갈비는 저장기간 동안 비슷하였으며, 등심은 저장기간에 따라 조금씩 낮아지는 경향이었다. 그리고 Mg- 및 Ca-ATPase활성은 사태, 등심 및 갈비의 순으로 크게 나타났다. 사태와 갈비의 EDTA-ATPase활성은 저장기간과 이온강도에 따라 차이를 보였지만 등심은 이온강도가 커짐에 따라 계속 상승하였다.

재료를 달리하여 6가지 김치를 제조한 다음 25℃에서 보관하면서 김치의 발효 중 미생물의 변화 및 화학적 변화를 관찰하였다. 김치는 호기성세균이 발효 첫날부터 이틀째까지 급격히 감소하다 그후 완만하게 감소하였다. 젖산균은 발효 첫날에 급격히 증가한 후 발효 후기까지 큰 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 김치 재료에 따른 미생물들의 증식의 차이는 크지 않았으나 멸치젓과 새우젓을 비롯하여 모든 재료가 첨가된 김치에서 발효 후기의 젖산균의 수가 가장 낮았다. 저장중 pH의 변화는 발효초기에는 멸치젓과 생강이 들어 있지 않은 김치가 가장 낮았으나 발효 후기에서는 김치별로 큰 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 발효 후기의 김치별 산의 생성정도는 젖산균의 증식정도와 밀접한 관계를 나타냈다.

길경에 대한 면역조절 기능과 항알레르기 물질을 탐색하기 위해서 우선 열수 추출물, 에탄올 추출물 및 다당류 분획물을 추출 회수해서 몇가지 관련된 실험을 수행하였다. 면역 감수성이 우수한 BALB/C 마우스를 통해서 적혈구 응집과 용혈반응, 항체 생성능을 확인하기 위해서 PFC와 RFC 실험, 마크로파아지와 임파구 세포들의 탐식능 실험을 수행 하였던 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 응집소가와 용혈소가는 대조군에 비해서 각각 P-RWE는 4배와 8배, PREE는 PRPE는 2배와 4배의 증강된 결과를 보였으며, 열수 추출물이 가장 높은 값을 보였다. 2. 용혈반과 로젯트형성세포에 있어서는 다당류 분획물이 각각 약160%와 196%의 유의성 있는 증가를 보였으나, PRWE와 PREE는 억제되거나 아무런 영향이 없음을 나타내었다. 3. 탐식능의 결과에서 PREE와 PRPE는 복강침출세포, 비장세포, 말초임파구의 식세포에 대해서 약 150%에서 250% 까지의 유의성 있는 식균작용을 확인하였다. 그러나 PRWE는 이들 식세포에 다소 억제된 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과는 길경이 biological response modifier적 작용 즉 면역증강과 억제작용을 유도하는 성분이 함께 함유되어 있음을 의미한다. 다음 보에 게제될 항알레르기 작용 결과와 전보에서 게제된 길경의 성부분석과^10) 지방대사 연구 결과^11)를 종합해 볼 때 길경은 영양소 만의 기능 뿐만 아니라 식세포와 B세포 등의 생체방어 기구를 활성화 하고 항알레르기원의 역할이 기대되는 면역생리 기능성 자원으로서의 활용이 기대된다.

Brevibactericum속 균주로 부터 N.T.G. 처리하여 1차로 140개의 변이주를 선별하였다. 이들 균주로 부터 2차 확인후 50균주를 선택 생성량을 보았다. 그 중 가장 생성량이 많은 균주 APT-104(phe-) 균주를 다시 N.T.G. 처리하여 PFP 내성 균주 13균주를 분리하여 그 중 가장 생성량 높은 균주를 다시 N.T.G. 처리하여 PFP 농도가 높은 곳에서 내성이 강한 균주를 5균주 선택 하였다. 이상 선택한 균주의 L-tyrosine 생성량을 비교 검토한 결과 PFP-106 균주에서 가장 높은 생성을 보였다. (50mg/l) 따라서 이 균주의 배지조건을 검토하였다. 그 결과 탄소원에서의 영향은 Sucrose 나 glucose 첨가시 76mg/l, 50mg/l 로서 효과적이었으며 그 농도는 10% 농도가 가장 효과적 이었다. 질소원에서는 (NH_4)_2SO_4첨가시가 50mg/l 로 높았고 다른 질소원은 오히려 낮은 생성을 보였다. 그 농도는 3%가 적당하였다. 아미노산의 영향은 glutamic acid와 L-tryptophane 생성에서 각각 106mg/l, 108mg/l로서 가장 효과적이었다. 또한 L-phenylalanine 의 농도는 100mg/l 첨가시 L-tyrosine 생성량이 50mg/l로서 가장 효과적이었다.

Background & Objectives: Methoxychlor(MET), an organochlorine insecticide, has been thought a potent endocrine disrupting chemical. The present study was undertaken to examine whether short-term exposure to MET can alter the onset of puberty and the associated reproductive parameters such as hormone receptor expressions in prepubertal female rats. Method: MET (1, 10 and 100 mg/kg/day) was administered daily from postnatal day 25 (PND 25) through the PND 34, and the animals were sacrificed on the PND 35. The first V.O. day was monitored, and the weights of reproductive tissues were measured. To assess the structural alterations in the ovary and uterus, the tissues were embedded in paraffin and stained for histological analysis. The transcriptional activities of hypothalamic and pituitary genes were measured using quantitative RT-PCRs. The uterine and hypothalamic proteins were extracted and used for the ER western blotting. Results: As a result, 100 mg group showed advanced V.O. than control, 1 mg group and 10 mg group. The wet weights of ovaries from MET-treated animal dose-dependently increased. The uterine weights were increased in 1 mg group and 10 mg group, while the 100 mg group samples were not significantly different from control tissues. The adrenal, kidney, spleen and thymus weights were not shown any significant change. Corpora lutea and fully grown follicles were observed in the ovaries from the 100 mg group, while numerous primary and secondary follicles were observed in the ovaries from control group. Myometrial thickness of MET-treated group was dose-dependently increased. Epithelial hypertrophy and well-developed glands were observed in the uterus from the 10 mg groups. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that the short-term exposure to MET during the critical period of prepubertal stage could activate a reproductive endocrine system, resulting the early onset of puberty in immature female rats. Our study suggests that MET’s disrupting effect might be derived from premature activation of key reproduction-related genes in hypothalamus-pituitary neuroendocrine circuit.

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum amount of Artemisia annua L. powder for adding rice flour. The A. annua powder was added to the rice flour at ratios of 1% (30 g/3 kg), 2% (60 g/3 kg), 3% (90 g/3 kg, w/w). As the amount of A. annua powder in rice cake dough increased, carbohydrate, ash content, total amino acid, and dietary fiber contents increased whereas the moisture content decreased. Hunter’s L value decreased as A. annua powder content increased. On the contrary, the a- and b values increased. The sensory score of the rice cakes containing 30 g of A. annua powder was the highest of all the rice cakes tested. Based on these results, adding A. annua powder could improve the quality and sensory characteristics of rice cake.

Recent release of whole genome draft sequences in legume species have led comparative genome studies among legume plants including Glycine max, G. soja, Cajanus cajan and Medicago truncatula. The majority of comparative genomic researches have been conducted based on synteny of coding sequences and coding sequence variations may be one of major forces for speciation and evolution. However, non-coding sequences have been also reported to be important phenotypic regulators. Especially, since short sequence motifs in the promoter regions are highly conserved, they are suggested to be another resources of interests in comparative studies. In this study, we predicted the conserved short sequence motifs by BLASTN algorithm using dicot promoter database from Softberry (http://www.softberry.com). A total of 37,396 conserved short sequence motifs were identified onto 2 kb upstreams of 46,367 high confident gene model of G. max (cv. Williams 82). Meanwhile, whole genome of 7 soybean landraces (G. max) and 7 wild soybean genotypes (G. soja) were sequenced at low depth of less than ten using Illumina Hiseq 2000. Among these genotypes, nucleotide variations were identified in predicted conserved regulatory motifs by mapping of short reads to the reference genome sequence using the Samtools program (http://samtools.sourceforge.net/). Fifteen and two genes, which have SNPs in regulatory motifs and no SNP in coding sequence, were identified by comparisons of inter-species and intra-species, respectively. qRT-PCR experiments are in progress for investigating differences of these 17 genes expressions at transcriptional level.

As soybean (Glycine max) is known for its high nutritional value of oil and protein, soybean has been domesticated and cultivated by one specific character trait based on human selection. Importantly, tracing back in time where G. max and G. soja, the undomesticated ancestor of G. max have diverged plays an important role in studying of genetic diversity and in investigating the common ancestor of soybean. In this study, we sequenced 6 G. max and 6 G. soja using Illumina’s Hiseq 2000 with a low coverage sequencing technology to estimate the divergence of times between genotypes and populations. A total of the 12 genotypes were sequenced at the average depth of 6.5 and resulted 892.5 Mb and 903.3 MB consensus sequences with the coverage of 91.54% and 92.65% for G. max and G. soja, respectively. The whole genome SNP analysis showed that G. max had lower frequency levels of polymorphism (~0.1%) than G. soja (~0.25%). And, a high number of SNPs located in introns were found among 6 G. soja genotypes as SNPs were approximately twice than those found in 6 G max. The number of SNPs in G. max intronic regions was 53,134, whereas a total of 133,329 SNPs were discovered in G. soja introns. Almost an equal number of SNPs were discovered in 5’ UTR and exon regions; however, different numbers of SNP in CDS and 3′ UTR were identified. By the rate of nonsynonymous change, divergence of time between G. soja and G. max would be investigated.

The excellence of pigmented rice with respect to its nutritional composition was proven and the physicochemical properties of five kinds of rice (Jindo black rice, Jindo jeongmi, Boseong black rice, red rice, and green rice) were compared. The crude protein content of black rice harvested in Boseong (10.15%) were higher than that of the other varieties. The crude fat contents of pigmented rice (black, red, and green) were higher than those of polished rice (Jindo-jeongmi and black rice). Boseong black rice had the highest crude fat content. The major free sugar types in the rice varieties were maltose and glucose. The major mineral contents of the unpolished rice (pigmented rice) varieties were as follows: of P, 361.32～570.11 mg%; K, 196.63～210.04 mg%; Mg, 104.11～128.02 mg%; Na, 2.49～8.14 mg%; and Ca, 12.10～16.82 mg%. The major fatty acids in the five kinds of rice were linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid. The fatty acid contents of the rice varieties did not differ significantly. The black rice (Boseong) had a higher amino acid content than the other varieties. The hunter color values of rice varieties were affected by the colors of tha samples. The L (lightness) value of black rice (Jindo, Boseong) was lower than that of the other samples. The thiamine and riboflavin contents of the red rice (0.48 mg/100 g and 0.14 mg/100 g, respectively) were higher than those of the other varieties (thiamine: 0.36～0.24 mg/100 g and riboflavin: 0.09～0.06 mg/100 g). The hardness of the rice varieties differed significantly (10.75～14.64 ㎏).