Oyster mushrooms are one of the most popular edible mushrooms in Korea. The ‘Santari’ cultivar bred in this study, which belongs to the species Pleurotus pulmonarius, is a new oyster mushroom cultivar for bottle culture. It was bred by mating monokaryons isolated from ‘GMPO20404’ and ‘Hosan’. The optimum temperature for ‘Santari’ mycelial growth was 26–29℃ on PDA medium, and the temperatures for primordium formation and for growth of the fruit body on sawdust medium were 22℃ and 20℃, respectively. It took 34 days to complete the spawn run, 3 days to form primordia, and 3 days to finish fruit body growth in the bottle culture. The fruit body pilei were round in shape and brownish, whereas the stipes were long, thick, and white. The yield per bottle of ‘Santari’ was 172 g/1,100 mL, which was 43% higher than that of the reference cultivar (‘Hosan’). The springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and brittleness of the stipe tissue were 87%, 82%, 193 g, and 16 kg, respectively. These physical property values of ‘Santari’ were lower than those of the control cultivar, except for the cohesiveness.

The Pleurotus tuoliensis is a mushroom named Chinese ‘Bai-Ling-Gu’ from species of Pleurotus nebrodensis. we are mated for selection of cytoplasmic hybrid by mitochondria microsatellite marker and the method of Mon-Mon mating between monokaryotic strains derived from Pleurotus ferula ASI 0629 (Beesan No.1) and Pleurotus tuoliensis ASI 0663 (Baekryung 20). The cytoplasmic hybrids were identified 8 strains contained nuclear DNA bands of 'Baekryung 20' and mitochondrial DNA of monokaryon strains derived from Pleurotus ferula ASI 0629 (beesan No.1). The KiMB-Plft-15-81 was shown the best cultural characteristics, selected to be a new cultivar and designed as 'Baekwhang'. The 'Baekwhang' cab be grown without an extra after-ripening period, can utilize bottle cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii. And also the ‘Seolwon’ is similar to the existing Pleurotus tuoliensis in shape and physiological characteristics, formed high stipe. We therefore expect that this new strains will substitutional goods of Pleurotus eryngii.

There are three kinds of Pleurotus eryngii : P. eryngii var. eryngii (P. eryngii), P. eryngii var. ferula (P. ferula : A-Wei-Mo) P. eryngii var. nebrodensis (P. nebrodensis : Bai-Ling-Gu). We bred P. ferula using Di-Mon mating and physiological assay and selected as follow (1) ‘Beesan No.1’ produced high yields, (2) ‘Beesan No.2’ was excellent morphological shape and anti-adipogenic Activit, (3) ‘Ergo’ included high ergothioneine such as anto-oxidant material, (4) ‘GW10-45’ included highest ergothioneine such as anto-oxidant material, (5) ‘Maeksong’ included high ergothioneine and effect of anti-inflammatory. We suggest that there are able to food-medicine materials.

Oyster mushrooms are one of the most famous mushrooms for foods in Korea. ‘Santari’ developed on this study is P. pulmonarius of oyster mushroom species. ‘Santari’ is a new variety of oyster mushroom for the bottle culture. It was bred by mating with monokaryons isolated from ‘GMPO20404’ and ‘Hosan’. The optimum temperature for the mycelial growth was 26～29°C on PDA medium and that for the primordia formation and the growth of fruiting body of ‘Santari’ was 22°C and 20°C on sawdust media. It took 34 days to finish spawn running, 3 days to finish primordia formation, 3 days to finish fruitbody growth in the bottle culture. In the characteristics of fruit body, pilei were round type and brownish, stipe color was white and stipe shape was long and thick. The yield per bottle was 172g/1,100ml and was 43% higher than that of control variety(Hosan). As results of the physical properties of fruit body, springness, cohesive, gumminess and brittleness of stipe tissue were 87%, 82%, 193g and 16kg, respectively. The values of them are lower than those of control except cohesive.

Oyster mushrooms are one of the most famous mushrooms for foods in Korea. ‘Santari’ developed on this study is P. pulmonarius of oyster mushroom species. ‘Santari’ is a new variety of oyster mushroom for the bottle culture. It was bred by mating with monokaryons isolated from ‘GMPO20404’ and ‘Hosan’. The optimum temperature for the mycelial growth was 26~29°C on PDA medium and that for the primordia formation and the growth of fruiting body of ‘Santari’ was 22°C and 20°C on sawdust media. It took 34 days to finish spawn running, 3 days to finish primordia formation, 3 days to finish fruitbody growth in the bottle culture. In the characteristics of fruit body, pilei were round type and brownish, stipe color was white and stipe shape was long and thick. The yield per bottle was 172g/1,100ml and was 43% higher than that of control variety (Hosan). As results of the physical properties of fruit body, springness, cohesive, gumminess and brittleness of stipe tissue were 87%, 82%, 193g and 16kg, respectively. The values of them are lower than those of control except cohesive.

Oyster mushrooms are popular and physiologically beneficial to human health. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of oyster mushrooms such as Pleurotus ostreatus, P. pulmonarius, and P. citrinopileatus on high cholesterol fed rats. Five-week old female Sprague-Dawley albino rats were divided into three groups of 8 rats each. Feeding a diet containing a 5% fruiting body powder of Pleurotus species to high cholesterol fed rats reduced plasma total cholesterol (TG), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Feeding each oyster mushroom also significantly reduced body weight in high cholesterol fed rats. However, it had no adverse effects on plasma albumin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, glucose, total protein or enzyme profiles such as glutamate oxalate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) which are related to kidney function. Feeding each mushroom increased total lipid and cholesterol excretion in feces. A histological study of hepatic cells by conventional red O staining showed normal findings in mushroom-fed hyperlipidemic rats. These results suggested that diet supplementation of 5% fruiting body power of Pleurotus species provided health benefits by acting on the atherogenic lipid profile in high cholesterol fed rats.

Worldwide production of mushrooms has been increasing by 10–20% every year. Recently, Pleurotus eryngii and P. nebrodensis have become popular mushroom species for cultivation. In particular, China exceeded 8.7 million tons in 2002, which accounted for 71.5% of total world output. A similar trend was also observed in Korea. Two kinds of mushrooms— Gumji (金芝; Ganoderma) and Seoji—are described in the ancient book 'Samguksagi' (History of the three kingdoms; B.C 57~A.D 668; written by Bu Sik Kim in 1145) during the Korea-dynasty. Many kinds of mushrooms are also described in more than 17 ancient books during the Chosun-dynasty (1392~1910) in Korea. Approximately 200 commercial strains of 38 species of mushrooms were developed and distributed to cultivators. The somatic hybrid variety of oyster mushroom, ‘Wonhyeongneutari,’ was developed by protoplast fusion, and distributed to growers in 1989. Further, the production of mushrooms as food was 199,829 metric tons, valued at 850 billion Korean Won (one trillion won if mushroom factory products are included) in 2015. In Korea, the major cultivated species are P. ostreatus, P. eryngii, Flammulina velutipes, Lentinula edodes, Agaricus bisporus, and Ganoderma lucidum, which account for 90% of the total production. Since mushroom export was initiated in 1960, the export and import of mushrooms have increased in Korea. Technology was developed for liquid spawn production, and automatic cultivation systems led to the reduction of production cost, resulting in the increase in mushroom export. However, some species were imported owing to high production costs for effective cultivation methods. In academia, RDA scientists have conducted mushroom genome projects since 1997. One of the main outcomes is the whole genome sequencing of Flammulina velutipes for molecular breeding. With regard to medicinal mushrooms, we have been conducting genome research on Cordyceps and its related species for developing functional foods. There are various kinds of beneficial substances in mushrooms; mushroom products, including pharmaceuticals, tonics, healthy beverages, functional biotransformants, and processed foods have also became available on the market. In addition, compost and feed can likewise be made from mushroom substrates after harvest.

‘Mantari’ is a new variety of oyster mushroom for the bottle culture. It was bred by mating with monokaryons isolated from ‘DM11732’ and ‘Chunchu-2ho’. The optimum temperature for the mycelial growth was 26~29°C on PDA medium and that for the primordia formation and the growth of fruiting body of ‘Mantari’ was 18°C and 16°C on sawdust media. It took 32 days to finish spawn running, 4 days to finish primordia formation, 3 days to finish fruitbody growth in the bottle culture. In the characteristics of fruit body, pilei were round type and dark grayish, stipe color was gray-white color and stipe shape was long and thin. The yield per bottle was 179g/900ml and was 5% higher than that of control veriety(Chunchu-2ho). As results of the physical properties of fruit body, springness, cohesive, gumminess and brittleness of stipe tissue were 96%, 76%, 160g and 15kg, respectively.

본 연구는 큰느타리버섯 수확후배지 발효사료에 적합한 생균제를 개발하고 큰느타리버섯 수확후배지 발효사료 급여가 비육한우에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 큰느타리버섯 수확후배지 발효사료를 제조하기 위하여 큰느타리버섯 수확후배지로부터 cellulase, xylanase 활성이 우수하면서 Asp. flavus에 대해 항균활성을 나타내는 균주를 선발하여 Bacillus subtilis CS21로 명명하고 버섯수확후배지 발효사료용 생균제로 사용하였다. 사양시험은 13개월령 비육한우 20두를 공시하여 29-30개월령까지 수행하였다. 공시동물은 성장단계(육성기, 비육전기, 비육후기)에 따라 배합비를 조절한 TMR 사료를 급여한 대조구와 30%의 큰느타리버섯 수확후배지 발효사료가 첨가된 TMR 사료(30% F-SMS TMR)를 급여한 처리구로 나누어 수용하였다. 시험기간 동안 총 증체량과 일당 사료섭취량은 대조구보다 30% F-SMS TMR 급여구에서 약간 높게 나타났다. 육질등급에서는 대조구와 30% F-SMS TMR 급여구 모두 1등급 이상 출현율이 100%를 나타내었으나 육량등급의 A등급 출현율은 대조구(57%)가 30% F-SMS TMR 급여구(41.67%)보다 높은 경향을 나타내었으며 C등급 출현율은 대조구(0%)보다 30% F-SMS TMR 첨가구(25%)에서 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 발효공정을 거쳐 기호성과 저장성이 개선된 큰느타리버섯 수확후배지 발효사료 급여는 육질등급에서는 대조구와 비슷하였지만 증체량은 대조구보다 30% F-SMS TMR 급여구가 높은 반면 육량등급의 A등급 출현율은 낮고 C등급 출현율은 높은 경향을 나타내었으므로 육량등급을 높일 수 있도록 배합사료 조성비를 개선한다면 큰느타리버섯 수확후배지는 비육한우의 대체사료자원으로 이용될 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 사료비절감 효과를 기대할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

The primary objective of the present study is the characterization of the hybrids of dikaryon-monokaryon(di-mono) and monokaryon-monokaryon(mono-mono) crosses in mushroom breeding. We employed this technique for developing develop superior species from Pleurotus spp. varieties with 56 Di-mono intraspecific hybrids of 14 combinations and 85 mono-mono intraspecific hybrids of 7 combinations between six Pleurotus ostreatus varieties and one Pleurotus florida variety. In this study, the results of analysis on hybridization rate, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA patterns, and colors and yields of fruit-bodies, are presented as follows. In di-mono crosses, hybrids between Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus florida showed 100% of crossability as seen in those between Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus ostreatus indicating that nuclei and mitochondria of a dikaryon migrated to a recipient of monokaryon. The mitochondrial DNA patterns of the hybrid strain were composed of 75% dikaryon donors and 25% monokaryon recipient. The crossability between mono-mono crossing ranges between 50 and 93.75%. 82.4% of the hybrid strain showed mitochondrial DNA patterns predominated by either parent, while the remaining 17.6% had recombinant or half-and-half combined patterns of both parents.

Lentinus giganteus is a edible mushroom cultivated in Asian countries. The present study was initiated to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-α-glucosidase, and free radical scavenging activities from fruiting bodies of L. giganteus extracted with methanol and hot water. The free radical scavenging activities of methanol and hot water extracts on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were 92.26% and 90.17% at 2.0 mg/mL concentration, respectively and comparable with positive control, BHT. The chelating activities of methanol and hot water extracts were significantly higher than the positive control tested. The reducing power of methanol and hot water extracts showed lower activities compared to positive control, BHT. The phenolic and flavonoid contents of hot water extract were 1.56 μg/mg and 24.35 μg/mg, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) produced by lipopolysaccahride (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 cells were significantly inhibited by treatment of methanol and hot water extracts. The methanol extract inhibited the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity by 91.19% at the 2.0 mg/mL concentration, whereas galanthamine, the standard drug, inhibited the AChE activity by 97.80%. The hot water extracts inhibited the α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities by 78.86% and 80.78%, respectively at the 2.0 mg/mL concentration, while acarbose, the positive control, inhibited the activities by 89.91% and 81.81%, respectively at the same concentration. Therefore, it is concluded that fruiting bodies of L. giganteus contain antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase, and anti-diabetic substances, which can be used for natural health food for promoting human health.

The primary objective of the present study is the characterization of the somatic hybrids of dikaryon-monokaryon (di-mono) crosses in mushroom breeding. We employed this technique for developing superior strain from Pleurotus ostreatus strains with 56 intraspecific hybrids of 14 combinations between six Pleurotus ostreatus strains and one Pleurotus florida strain. In this study, the results of analysis on hybridization rate, nuclear DNA patterns, and colors and morphology of fruit-bodies, are presented as follows. In di-mono crosses, somatic hybrids among Pleurotus strains showed 100% of crossability as seen in those among Pleurotus strains indicating that nuclei of a dikaryon migrated to a recipient. 89.3% of the somatic hybrids among Pleurotus strains were similar to the donor dikaryons, and 10.7% had combined DNA patterns of both parents. In the 14.3% di-mono cross between P. ostreatus and P. florida, the nuclear DNA patterns of the all hybrid strain showed the same or similar patterns compared to the donor dikaryons. 75.0% of the hybrid between P. ostreatus and P. ostreatus were similar to the donor dikaryons; 10.7% had combined DNA patterns of both parents. 82.2% of fruiting body morphology of the hybrids among Pleurotus strains were similar to the dikaryons, and 17.8% had combined DNA patterns of both parents. All hybrid strains between dikaryon P. florida and monokaryon P. ostreatus showed the fruiting body whose colors were similar to those of the dikaryon, while the hybrids between dikaryon P. ostreatus and monokaryon P. florida were all showed combined colors of both parents but are more similar to the dikaryon. Therefore, the fruiting body color of P. florida tends to be generally dominant. The present study was able to find out and suggest superior hybrid strains by identifying the nuclear DNA patterns of hybrids between Pleurotus strains as well as the characteristics of their fruiting bodies. This study expects that the advantages of the di-mono crossing are needs to be fully utilized in mushroom breeding and it is better to develop superior strains of Pleurotus strains.

Polyporus umbellatus (Syn. Grifola umbellata) is a sclerotium forming mushroom belongs to family Poly-poraceae of Polyphorales, Basidiomycota. The sclerotia of P. umbellatus have long been used for traditional medicinesin China, Korea and Japan. This study was initiated to obtain the basic data for artificial sclerotial production of P. umbel-latus. Here, we investigated the favorable conditions for mycelial growth of P. umbellatus and its symbiotic fungus Armill-aria mellea. We also evaluate the favorable carbon and nitrogen sources for sclerotial formation in dual culture betweenP. umbellatus and A. mellea. The favorable conditions for mycelial growth of P. umbellatus were 20°C and pH 4, whileoptimal conditions for mycelial growth of A. mellea were 25°C and pH 6. The carbon sources for optimal mycelial growthof P. umbellatus were fructose and glucose, while carbon sources for favorable mycelial growth of A. mellea were alsofructose and glucose. The nitrogen sources for favorable mycelial growth P. umbellatus were peptone and yeast extract,while optimal mycelial growth of A. mellea were obtained in peptone and yeast extract. When P. umbellatus and A. melleawere dual cultured on carbon sources, sclerotia were induced on basal media supplemented with glucose, fructose andmaltose at pH 4~6, while nitrogen sources inducing sclerotia were basal media supplemented with peptone and yeastextract for 60 days at 20°C under dark condition.

Ganoderma applanatum is a medicinal mushroom belongs to Ganodermataceae of Polyporales, Basidiomycota. This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-xanthine oxidase activities of G. applanatum fruiting bodies extracted with methanol. The antioxidant activities were performed on reducing power, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging, and ferrous ion chelating activities. In addition to this, polyphenol and flavonoid contents were aslo analyzed. The methanol extract showed the good reducing power of 3.5 at the concentration of 4.0 mg/ml. The scavenging activity of methanol extract of G. applanatum 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy radicals was better than those of positive control, BHT and tocopherol. The ferrous ion chelating effect of methanol extract was moe effective than those of positive control, BHT and tocopherol. The antioxidant activities of the G. applanatum were increased with the increasing concentration of the extracts. The xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of methanol extract of G. applanatum was good as positive control, allopurinol. The anti-inflammatory activity of mushroom extract was measured by carrageenan-induced hind paw edema of albino rat. The injection of 50 mg/kg of methanol and hot water extracts significantly reduced the carrageenan-induced paw edema compared with the positive control, indomethacin. The results indicated that fruiting bodies of G. applanatum could be used for natural medicine for anti-inflammatory and anti-xanthine oxidase.

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is a by-product remaining after a crop of mushrooms. The fresh SMS was sample within 24 hours of removal from the production facility in DOJUN farm located in Jinju. About 11 bacterial species were isolated from fresh SMS on TSA medium. Among of them, one isolate, designated YJ02, showed the antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceous producing mycotoxin on PDA medium, potentially. The strain YJ02 was produced cellulase, xylanase, mannanase as hydrolase. The strain YJ02 was identified as members of the genus Bacillus by biochemical characteristics using Bacillus ID kit and VITEK 2 system. Comparative 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain YJ02 formed a distinct phylogenetic tree within the genus Bacillus and was most closely related to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens with 16S rDNA gene sequence similarity of 98.7%. On the basis of its physiological properties, biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain YJ02 was classified within the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YJ02 is proposed.

버섯 생산 후 발생되는 부산물인 새송이버섯 수확 후 배지로부터 surfactin을 생성하는 4종의 균주를 분리하였으며 이 중 곰팡이 독소를 생성하는 A. flavus와 A. ochraceous 에 대한 항균활성이 우수한 균주를 최종 선발하여 YJ07로 명명하였다. Bacillus ID kit와 VITEK 2 system를 이용하여 분리균 YJ07의 생리적·생화학적 특성을 조사한 결과 분리균은 B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens와 유사한 생리적·생화학적 특성을 나타내었으며 16S rDNA 염기서열 분석을 통한 계통학적 유연관계에서도 B. amyloliquefaciens와 99.5%의 상동성을 나타내었다. 이와 같은 결과를 종합하여 분리균 YJ07은 B. amyloliquefaciens YJ07로 동정되었으며 분리균 YJ07이 생성하는 항균물질은 TLC와 HPLC 분석에서 reference 물질로 사용한 srfactin과 유사한 특성을 나타내었다.

In order to isolate thermophilic compost-promoting bacteria with high activity of cellulase and xylanase, spent mushroom substrates with sawdust were collected from mushroom cultivation farm, Jinju, Gyeongnam in Korea. Among of the isolates, one strain, designated HJ01 was selected by agar diffusion method. The strain HJ01 was identified as members of the Bacillus subtilis by biochemical characteristics using Bacillus ID kit and VITEK 2 system. Comparative 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain HJ01 formed a distinct phylogenetic tree within the genus Bacillus and was most closely related to Bacillus subtilis with 16S rDNA gene sequence similarity of 99.3%. On the basis of its physiological properties, biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain HJ01 was classified within the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus subtilis HJ0 is proposed. The cellulase and xylanase activity of B. subtilis HJ0 was slightly increased according to bacterial population from exponential phase to stationary phase in growth curve for B. subtilis HJ01.

Spent mushroom substrate(SMS) is a by-product remaining after a crop of mushrooms. About 9 thermophilic strains were isolated from SMS(Flammulina velvtipes). Among of them, one isolate, designated UJ09, showed the antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceous producing mycotoxin on PDA medium, potentially. The strain UJ09 was produced cellulase and xylanase as hydrolase. The strain UJ21 was identified as members of the genus Bacillus by biochemical characteristics using Bacillus ID kit and VITEK 2 system. Comparative 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain UJ09 formed a distinct phylogenetic tree within the genus Bacillus and was most closely related to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens with 16S rDNA gene sequence similarity of 99.2%. On the basis of its physiological properties, biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain UJ09 was classified within the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus amyloliquefaciens UJ09 is proposed.

Pleurotus citrinopileatus was successfully cultivated and commercially available in Korea. The antioxidant, xanthine oxidase, tyrosinase inhibitory activities and polyphenol contents of fruiting bodies of Pleurotus citrinopileatus extracted with acetone, hot water and methanol (hereinafter referred to Fr. Ace, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH). The antioxidant activities on β-carotene-linoleic acid in the Fr. Ace, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH were 96.12%, 94.21% and 96.52%, respectively at the concentration of 20 mg/ml. Xanthine oxidase inhibition activity in the Fr. Ace, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH were 30.12%, 35.42% and 29.02%, respectively at the concentration of 5 mg/ml. Tyrosinase inhibition activity in the Fr. Ace, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH were 58.78%, 49.25% and 63.29%, respectively at the concentration of 1.0 mg/ml. Total polyphenol contents in the Fr. Ace, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH were 18.99 mgGAEs/g, 16.73 mgGAEs/g and 18.66 mgGAEs/g. These experimental results suggested that fruiting bodies of P. citrinopileatus contained good physio-chemical substances for promoting human health.

The antioxidant, xanthine oxidase, tyrosinase inhibitory activities and polyphenol contents of the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus cornucopae extracted with acetone, hot water and methanol (hereinafter referred to Fr. Ace, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH). The antioxidant activities in the Fr. Ace, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH were 93.23%, 89.55% and 92.58%, respectively at the concentration of 2.0 mg/ml. Xanthine oxidase inhibition activity in the Fr. Ace, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH were 45.84%, 46.50% and 45.60%, respectively at the concentration of 5 mg/ml. Tyrosinase inhibition activity in the Fr. Ace, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH were 52.11%, 50.12% and 55.81%, respectively at the concentration of 1.0 mg/ml. Total polyphenol contents in the Fr. Ace, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH were 18.99 mgGAEs/ g, 16.73 mgGAEs/g and 18.66 mgGAEs/g. These experimental results suggested that fruiting bodies of P. cornucopae contained good physio-chemical substances for promoting human health.