In this work, the sulfonic acid group was introduced into the resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) microspheres by the addition of p-phenolsulfonic acid during the polycondensation process of RF. The hydrophilicity of the sulfonated RF allowed KOH to infiltrate inside the microspheres, which enhanced the formation of mesopores in the carbon microspheres during the activation process by KOH. SEM and TEM observations and N2 adsorption measurements verified the formation of abundant mesopores in the porous carbon microspheres. The BET surface area of these mesoporous carbons exceeded 2000 m2/ g. In 17 m NaClO4 “water-in-salt” (WIS) electrolyte-based supercapacitor, the synthesized mesoporous carbon exhibited high specific capacitance of 170 F/g at current density of 0.5 A/g, comparable to those in regular KOH electrolyte. When graphite was used as current collectors, the symmetric cell could operate at 2.5 V, and the mesoporous carbon exhibited an energy density of 43 Wh/kg at power density of 0.25 kW/kg, and 25 Wh/kg at power density of 6.25 kW/kg, respectively, which were superior to those using Pt or stainless steel as current collectors. The mesoporous carbon/graphite was an excellent electrode in new-generation “WIS” electrolyte-based high-voltage supercapacitor due to their high energy and power density.

The Korean Ritual Studies Series is a compilation of the works about Korean ritual studies, which makes a great contribution to scholarship in this area. Relying on a number of major national programs in China and South Korea, digital collation and research the Korean Ritual Studies Series was made to create into a “literature database of Korean ritual studies” by cooperation between the Center for the Study and Application of Chinese Characters (CSACC) of East China Normal University (ECNU) which is a key research institute of humanities and social science approved by the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, and the research institutions of Kyungsung University including the Center for the Study of Chinese Characters in Korea, the Research Society of Korean Ritual Studies and the Academy of Korean Studies. The basic framework of the database contains six sub-databases, which are fully correlated with each other according to relevant attributes. The database provides search capability, with three search functions, including catalog index, full-text retrieval and a word index. It is a major achievement of an international cooperation program supported by a multilevel international platform. It provides a large sustainable development space for the “literature database of Korean ritual studies”, which is an indispensable and important part of the “public database of Chinese characters” created by the Center for the Study and Application of Chinese Characters (CSACC) of East China Normal University (ECNU). The three key breakthroughs are needed for its further development: (I) Achieving the data association, comparative research and web publishing of Chinese and Korean ritual literature, establishing an Asian big data ritual research and application platform, supporting the research of Chinese and Korean ritual cultures, the communication history of ritual culture, the development history of Chinese characters and the research of many other disciplines, and meeting the multi-functional needs of ritual research, teaching and communication while completing a comprehensive digital connection of the internal resources of the database. (II) Deeply tapping into the massive Chinese character writing and memory data to create a 21st century database for written texts in the Sinosphere on the basis of digital processing and research of Korean ritual literature. (III) Realizing the multidimensional intelligent automatic recognition and interpretation of original literature written and memorized in Chinese characters such as ancient Chinese and Korean ritual literature, family mottoes and letters of noble families and great clans as well as folk handcopied books, and opening a new era of intelligent interpretation and research of the written texts in the Sinosphere through image recognition technology.

This short article examines whether China has incurred responsibility for violating a general due diligence obligation in customary international law or specific obligations under the WHO’s International Health Regulations and the WHO Constitution in a context of Covid-19. It is submitted that due diligence is merely a notion to describe a primary obligation, or a standard by which a particular primary obligation is assessed. It cannot serve as the basis for holding a State responsible. Regarding the WHO regime, actions taken by China after December 2019 neatly fit into the staggered requirements of Articles 6 and 7 of the International Health Regulations, which do not set out clear standards for the evaluation of a health emergency. On a more general level, we reflect upon the role of international law in global pandemic control and caution against the politicization of international health law.

경극(琼剧)은 기세차고 폭넓은 중국 전통문화의 배경하에 해 남에 전해진 중국 희곡의 여러 연극 종류가 충돌되면서 교류하 고 융합되고, 특히 월극(粤剧) 및 영남의 민속풍습과 융합된 후 지역의 민간소조(小调), 가무팔음(歌舞八音), 도운악곡(道坛乐 曲) 등 해남의 해남 문화요소를 흡수하였다. 이를 기반으로 하 여 경제 문화 융합의 배경하에 지역 방언을 위주로 하고 지속 적인 발전을 거쳐 최종적으로 우세 보완과 상부상조를 구현하 여 점차적으로 형성된 일종의 지역문화가 농후하고 지역적 특 색이 있는 해남도 본토 출신의 새로운 연극 종류이며, 중국 희 곡 백화원에 활짝 핀 하나의 기이한 꽃이다. 경극은 본토 대중들로부터 사랑을 받고 해남 지역에서 널리 유전되며 대중들이 즐겨 듣고 일상생활을 풍부하게 하며 영적 수요를 충족시키는 중요한 문화 형식이다. 오늘에까지 발전해 오면서 중국 해남도의 유일무이한 음악형식이 되었으며 해남음 악문화의 한 부호이다. 본 논문은 주로 경극의 무대공연형식 및 그 예술에 대해 자 세히 탐구하고자 한다.

Nanoporous silica aerogel insulation material is both lightweight and efficient; it has important value in the fields of aerospace, petrochemicals, electric metallurgy, shipbuilding, precision instruments, and so on. A theoretical calculation model and experimental measurement of equivalent thermal conductivity for nanoporous silica aerogel insulation material are introduced in this paper. The heat transfer characteristics and thermal insulation principle of aerogel nano are analyzed. The methods of SiO2 aerogel production are compared. The pressure range of SiO2 aerogel is 1Pa-atmospheric pressure; the temperature range is room temperature-900K. The pore diameter range of particle SiO2 aerogel is about 5 to 100 nm, and the average pore diameter range of about 20 ~ 40 nm. These results show that experimental measurements are in good agreement with theoretical calculation values. For nanoporous silica aerogel insulation material, the heat transfer calculation method suitable for nanotechnology can precisely calculate the equivalent thermal conductivity of aerogel nano insulation materials. The network structure is the reason why the thermal conductivity of the aerogel is very low. Heat transfer of materials is mainly realized by convection, radiation, and heat transfer. Therefore, the thermal conductivity of the heat transfer path in aerogel can be reduced by nanotechnology.

With the development of social media, nowadays, people connect to each other more frequently and timely. In this article, we want to discuss this interactive communication in Chinese social media, i.e., WeChat, Weibo and Xianhongshu, between the Chinese immigrants in France (French Chinese) and Chinese in China. The intent of this article is to explore if there is a significant difference between high-acculturated and low-acculturated French Chinese in the use of word-of-mouth (WOM) in response to the purchase of product categories high in social signaling value. The article helps firms plan their international marketing strategy in terms of how they will benefit from WOM where French Chinese consumers comprise a significant part of the target market. Additionally, this research helps firms develop effective virtual interaction tools to build a strong long-term brand relationship with ethnic groups.

The long-term development of a mobile gaming application (app) depends on its continued use by its users. The aim of this study is to investigate the determinants of a mobile gaming app’s continuance intention among users. The expectation-confirmation model of IS continuance was used as the basic framework, to which bi-dimensional consumption emotions were added to help better explain satisfaction judgment and continuance intention in the context of mobile gaming app use. To test the expanded IS continuance model, we conducted an online survey among mobile gaming app users; 271 valid responses were collected. The data were analyzed using structural equation models (SEM). The effects of positive emotions (PE) and negative emotions (NE) were examined, respectively, in model 1 and model 2. Competing models (models 3, 4 and 5) were also examined in order to compare the proposed models. Both positive and negative emotions have a significant effect on the satisfaction of mobile gaming app users and their continued usage intention, a finding that represents an important contribution to the extension of technology continuance theory. Comparison with the IS continuance model shows that the new model can explain significantly more variance in continuance intention. This study presents two extensions to the expectation-confirmation model of IS continuance. First, this paper presents and tests a theoretical model, derived from the IS continuance model, in which emotions play an important role in measuring customer satisfaction and subsequent long-term behavioral intention. The proposed model can be used to predict the satisfaction and continuance intention of situations in which a consumer’s emotional expectations and reactions are a core part of the consumption experience. Second, we ground the expectation-confirmation model of IS continuance in the context of mobile gaming apps, which involves both utilitarian (cognitive) and hedonic (affective) components. This study offers insight into the role of emotions in forming continuance intentions toward mobile gaming app use in China, a topic that has not previously been investigated. The findings have important implications for practice in the mobile gaming app sector. Special attention should be given to users’ consumption emotions, since emotions have been found to be strongly related to satisfaction and subsequent continued usage intention. For instance, mobile games firms should make efforts to develop strategies to enhance game players’ positive emotions (such as feeling joyful, interested, cheerful, excited, active, attentive) during the games because game players’ emotional fulfillment leads to satisfaction and minimizes negative emotions (such as feeling distressed, ashamed, afraid, nervous, upset or lonely); such negative emotions have been shown to have a direct and strong effect on satisfaction as well as an indirect effect continuance intention via satisfaction.

With the development of social media, nowadays, people connect to each other more frequently and timely. In this article, we want to discuss this interactive communication in Chinese social media, i.e., WeChat, Weibo and Xianhongshu, between the Chinese immigrants in France (French Chinese) and Chinese in China. The intent of this article is to explore if there is a significant difference between high-acculturated and low-acculturated French Chinese in the use of word-of-mouth (WOM) in response to the purchase of product categories high in social signaling value. The article helps firms plan their international marketing strategy in terms of how they will benefit from WOM where French Chinese consumers comprise a significant part of the target market. Additionally, this research helps firms develop effective virtual interaction tools to build a strong long-term brand relationship with ethnic groups.

High resolution reconstruction technology is developed to help enhance the spatial resolution of observational images for ground-based solar telescopes, such as speckle masking. Near real-time reconstruction performance is achieved on a high performance cluster using the Message Passing Interface (MPI). However, much time is spent in reconstructing solar subimages in such a speckle reconstruction. We design and implement a novel parallel method for speckle masking reconstruction of solar subimage on a shared memory machine using the OpenMP. Real tests are performed to verify the correctness of our codes. We present the details of several parallel reconstruction steps. The parallel implementation between various modules shows a great speed increase as compared to single thread serial implementation, and a speedup of about 2.5 is achieved in one subimage reconstruction. The timing result for reconstructing one subimage with 256×256 pixels shows a clear advantage with greater number of threads. This novel parallel method can be valuable in real-time reconstruction of solar images, especially after porting to a high performance cluster.

Lots of companies and private persons struggle to attract attention to their products, services or artistic activity on the internet. The concept of ROI has been modified. It’ll not be profit understood by gain in cash, but rather popularity increase like growing fan base, more people devoted to a specific case, stronger impact on the Internet community. Academic literature focuses mainly on applying various online marketing techniques to help companies establish their online presence and increase visibility. There are studies that provide entrepreneurs and business owners with ideas on how to attract more visitors to their websites and improve their search engine ranking. However, there is still a gap in academic literature when it comes to promoting non- profit art websites. In-depth interviews with 7 participants were performed to analyze their impressions on the web comic. 119 Internet users participated in the survey designed to get insights on their perceptions of web comics in order to identify areas for improvement. On the basis of the research carried out on the topic of a website visibility, this paper provides an insight into the possible causes of the problems of web comic with visibility. They lay within three areas related to each other: The quality of content, the website and promotional activities.

Carbon source, an essential nutrient for plant growth, mainly includes exogenous sugar and CO2 of the environment in vitro. Therefore, the exogenous sugar and CO2 of the environment make the important roles in tissue culture. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different sugar concentrations (0, 10, 15 and 30 g·L-1) on the growth of colored Zantedeschia in vitro under certain CO2 concentration and explore the optimal sugar concentration. The plantlets in vitro of colored Zantedeschia had the largest root number, root weight, and root vigor under 0 g·L-1 (sugar-free culture) treatment. And they had the largest plant height, leaf length and leaf chlorophyll content, but p oor r oot v igor under 3 0 g·L-1 sugar. This study indicated that the optimal condition for proliferation and seedling culture of colored Zantedeschia plantlets in vitro was MS medium with 30 g·L-1 sugar, and the suitable medium for rooting culture and transplanting of colored Zantedeschia was MS medium with sugar-free culture under CO2 enrichment condition.

Perceived risk associated with online shopping has a critical effect on consumer decision making. Cultural values provide a good theoretical basis for understanding perceived risk. Given the rapid globalization of online shopping, an understanding of the mechanism of perceived online shopping risk and consumer repurchase intention in different cultures is crucial. The research question furnishing the main impetus for this study is: What are the different effects of various determinants of perceived risk in the context of online clothing shopping. We will study this question through the lens of Chinese and French cultural differences. A total of 195 and 221 questionnaires used for the analysis were collected from Chinese and French respondents respectively. Structural equation models with the maximum likelihood estimation method were employed to test all the hypothesized relationships. The research produced the following findings. Privacy concerns, security protection, and website retailer reputation have different effects (too large) on consumer perception of non-personal risk and personal risk as a result of cultural differences. Additionally, for both the Chinese and French samples, non-personal perceived risk significantly effects intention to repurchase. We found personal perceived risk has a significant effect only on Chinese consumer intention to repurchase.

Temperature is known to play a crucial role in the population dynamics of insects. Insects have evolved different mechanisms to resist unfavorable temperatures. In recent years, western flower thrips (WFTs), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) have caused serious damage to vegetable crops, so that, a study about the effects of heat stress on the thrips species is warranted. We exposed various developmental stages of WFTs to 41°C, 43°C, or 45°C for 2 h to determine the effects of heat stress on survival rates, the parental reproduction, and its offspring, the activity of acetylcholinesterase and the trehalose level. Prepupae and pupae have the highest level against heat resistance than larvae and adults with higher survival rates after exposure at 41 or 43°C for 2h, but that of adults was higher at 45°C. The survival rates of larvae were lowest. Longevity of female adults and the quantity of larvae and adults in the first generation decreased significantly after exposure to high temperature. Activities of acetylcholinesterase were significant higher after heat stress treated, but the activity of acetylcholinesterase of pupa was significant lower after been exposed to 45°C for 2h. The trehalose levels in different developmental stages were significant lower after heat stress treatment. The activity of acetylcholinesterase and the trehalose level in the first progeny generation changed obviously after exposure the parental individual. These results support the hypothesis that heat stress may be used to control WFTs.

As Overturned-bowl Stupa of India, the origin of Stupa, is accepted by neighboring countries, pure form and local characteristics combined to bring change in unique style for each country. Such change is established as new style through combination with contemporary tradition in China. In this thesis, pattern of Stupa shown in Longmen Grottoes’ Relief-Stupa relieves. Since study on how Indian Stupa was introduced into China has been partially undertaken, this study focuses on the pattern of Stupas from that perspective. 40 Stupas were explored during field work with naked eyes, among about 50 stupas reported on the research data by Longmen Grottoes Institute. Relief-Stupa relieves of Longmen Grottoes are as important as Yungang Grottoes. While Yungang Grottoes were built during a period when Gandhara style and Occidental expression were adopted and integrated with Chinese culture and Buddhism, building of Longmen Grottoes can be called a starting point of ‘Chinese’ style of Buddhist culture and Stupa, fully integrated with Chinese culture.

In order to clarify the wear resistance as cutting tools, the effect of oxygen addition on oxidation behavior of the β-Si3N4 ceramics with 5 mass% Y2O3 and 2 or 4 mass% Al2O3 was investigated by performing oxidation tests in air at 1300° to 1400°C and cutting performance tests. From test results, we could conclude that the mechanical properties of β-Si3N4 ceramics depending on oxygen introduction are much effective on cutting performance improvements of β-Si3N4 ceramics.

Sintered Ti(C,N)-based cermets were treated with hot isostatic pressing (HIP) at different nitrogen pressures. The tribological properties of the treated cermets have been evaluated. The results show that a hard near-surface area rich in TiN formed after HIP treatment. The cermets treated at higher pressure had a relatively lower friction coefficient and specific wear rate. In all cases the microhardness of treated cermets is higher than that without HIP natridation. The wear mechanisms of cermets were hard particle flaking-off and ploughing. It was also found that the HIP natridation is well-suited for improving the tribological properties of cermets.