Straw board is renewable natural building material with the advantages of green environmental protection, strong applicability. But it hadn't been promoted because of many reasons such as technology and economy. Through the analysis ofthe unique advantages and the recent new cases of straw board buildings in Harbin, and the current obstacles to application. The effective ways and the feasible solutions to promote sustainable straw board buildings are summarized.

Insect cuticle is a complex biocomposite material consisting of three major morphologically distinct layers, the waterproofing envelope, the protein-rich epicuticle and the chitin/protein-rich procuticle. Structural cuticular proteins (CPs) and the polysaccharide chitin are the major components of the exo- and endocuticular layers that comprise the procuticle. During cuticle tanning (sclerotization and pigmentation), CPs are cross-linked by quinones derived from the oxidation of catechols, resulting in hardening of the exoskeleton. However, the factors that lead to synthesis and assembly of cuticular regions with differing mechanical properties are not well understood. To gain a better understanding of the development and differentiation of rigid cuticle, we performed transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis of elytral cuticle (highly sclerotized and pigmented forewing) from 2 d-old pupae to 9 d-old adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. In 2-3 d-old pupae, pupal cuticle separated from the underlining epidermal cells (apolysis), and outermost envelope and protein-rich epicuticle begun to form. A numerous horizontal chitinous laminae and vertical pore canals were evident in the procuticle of 4-5 d-old pupae. By one day after adult eclosion, less-compact horizontal chitinous laminae were deposited, followed by block-type cuticular layers with no horizontal laminae were formed by 9 days. These results will lead to a) a better understanding of insect cuticle formation, structure and mechanics, b) the potential for development of novel insect control agents that target cuticle physiology, and c) the production of biomimetic materials with physical properties like those of the insect exoskeleton for use in biomedical or other technological devices. This work was supported by NRF (NRF-2012R1A2A1A01006467).

This paper describes the application method of bumper area defined in the ship domain theory and it is to identify risky sectors in VTS(Vessel Traffic Services) area. The final goal of this work is to develop early warning system providing the location information with high traffic risks in Mokpo VTS area and to prevent the human errors of VTS Officer(VTSO). The current goal of this paper is to find evaluation and detection method of risky sectors. The ratio between overlapped bumper area of each vessels and the summing area of a designated sector, Ratio to Evaluate Risk(RER) r is used as one of evaluation and detection parameter. The usability of overlapped bumper area is testified through three kinds of scenarios for various traffic situations. The marine traffic data used in the experiments is collected by AIS(Automatic Identification System) receiver and then compiled in the SQL(Structured Query Language) Server. Through the analysis of passing vessel‘s tracks within the boundary of Mokpo VTS area, the total of 11 sectors are identified as evaluation unit sector. As experiment results from risk evaluation for the 11 sectors, it is clearly known that the proposed method with RER r can provide the location information of high risky sectors which are need to keep traffic tracks of vessel movements and to maintain traffic monitoring by VTSO.

Materials with appropriate surface roughness and low surface energy can form superhy-drophobic surfaces, displaying water contact angles greater than 150°. Superhydrophobic carbon-based materials are particularly interesting due to their exceptional physicochemical properties. This review discusses the various techniques used to produce superhydrophobic carbon-based materials such as carbon fibers,carbon nanotubes, graphene, amorphous car-bons, etc. Recent advances in emerging fieldssuch as energy, environmental remediation, and thermal management in relation to these materials are also discussed.

In recent days composite bridge decks are increasingly used to new and rehabilitated bridges due to their many advantages such as light weight, high strength, high durability, low maintenance costs and fast installation. To further promote usage of composite bridge decks, the authors have developed decks of new profile having innovative vertical snap-fit connection. Through this development, significant enhancement of constructability and economy are obtained by overcoming the drawbacks of conventional composite decks of tongue-and-groove connection. The paper introduces some research results and notable applications for the developed composite decks of snap-fit connection using for pedestrian bridges. Owing to their considerable advantages of the developed composite decks, increasing number of applications is currently underway in Korea.

본 연구에서는 발아된 녹두 추출물의 항염증 효능 및 화장품 응용에 관한 연구이다. 동일 농도인 250 ㎍/㎖ 에서 산화질소 생성 억제 비교시 발아 녹두 추출물이 가장 높은 억제 효과를 보였다. 또한 수용성 용매에 따른 결과를 비교하였을 때 1,3-부틸렌글라이콜을 사용하고, 5일간 발아시킨 녹두를 추출한 것이 가장 높은 산화질소 억제 효과를 나타내었다. 염증 반응이 많이 일어나는 염모제에 발아 녹두 추출물을 적용한 결과 발아 녹두 추출물을 포함한 염모제가 포함하지 않은 것 보다 높은 산화 질소 억제 효과를 보였다. 따라서 발아 녹두 추출물은 화장품에 자극 완화제와 항염증 소재로 응용이 기대된다.

오염된 식품으로부터 바이러스를 효과적으로 검출하기 위해서는 식품에 부착된 바이러스를 효과적으로 elute시키는 것이 결정적으로 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 채소류에 공통적으로 적용할 수 있는 elution용액을 찾기 위해 폴리오 바이러스를 인위적으로 오염시킨 1가지 엽채류 (깻잎) 와 3가지 근채류 (당근, 양파, 무) 로부터 바이러스 회수율을 조사한 후, 최적의 바이러스 회수조건을 찾기 위해 기보고된 상추와 양배추의 회수율을 함께 분석하였다. 바이러스의 회수율은 식품의 matrix와 사용된 elution용액의 종류에 따라 차이가 컸으나 0.25M threonine / 0.3M NaCl (pH 9.5) 또는 0.25M glycine / 0.14M NaCl (pH 9.5)을 사용하였을 때 6가지 채소 중 5가지로부터 폴리오바이러스를 효과적으로 elute 할 수 있었다. 0.25M threonine / 0.3M NaCl (pH 9.5)를 노로바이러스 검출에 적용해 본 결과 근채류인 당근보다 엽채류인 깻잎으로부터 노로바이러스 GII를 더 잘 검출할 수 있었다. 이 같은 공통 elution용액을 사용할 경우 다양한 종류의 채소류에 오염된 노로바이러스를 포함한 소화기바이러스의 검출을 용이하게 해 줄 것이다.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the singularity of visual encyclopedia applications which utilize digital images with gameness and storytelling as the center. Due to the popularization of smart devices, visual encyclopedia applications are actively used in education. In the case of the visual encyclopedia applications, while they inherit some features of paperback visual encyclopedia, they make use of interactive features of the smart media. After analyzing information reconstruct method of the visual encyclopedia applications which distinguish between applications and paperback, this paper extracts the characteristics of interactive storytelling. In this process, the analysis of this paper focuses on themes and play elements that have been extended by visual encyclopedia applications through the digital virtual theory which is Vilem Flusser suggested. Therefore, visual encyclopedia applications provide new educational experiences by providing the method of reproduction and configuration of information through the interactive participation of infant, which was limited to intertextual participation in existing paperback visual encyclopedias.

본 연구는 사회복지적 차원에서 다문화가족을 위하여 교류분석을 적용하여 효과적으로 원조하는 방법을 찾고자 하는 탐색적인 연구이다. 문헌연구 및 다문화가족 실천현장의 전문가를 대상으로 다문화가족에 대한 인식을 묻는 포커스 그룹 인터뷰를 실시하였다. 그리고 인터뷰 결과를 근거로 교류분석적 프로그램을 구성하였으며, 다문화가족지원센터에서 전문가에 의해 실시되는 다문화가족의 구성원들을 대상으로 한 교류분석적 프로그램의 진행과정을 관찰하였고 참가자들의 프로그램 만족도를 평가하였다. 따라서 다문화가족들이 갖는 의사소통의 어려움, 문화적 차이, 생활양식의 차이에서 나타나는 문제들을 대처하기 위해 교류분석적 프로그램을 운영하였더니 교류분석적 프로그램뿐만 아니라 전반적인 집단프로그램에 대한 만족도가 높게 나왔으며, 다문화가족의 문제점 해결 가능성을 예측할 수 있는 효과가 나타났다. 또한 교류분석적 프로그램은 다문화가족의 의사소통능력 향상과 문화적 차이와 생활양식의 차이 이해에 영향을 줄 수 있다고 예측할 수 있다.

This study explores how smartphone applications can be used for Russian education. The progresses made in the ICT field, such as smartphones and the wireless Internet, have changed the environment of language education. The rapid development and implementation of smart technology in every aspect of society have led to the generation of the new learning environment called ‘smart learning’, applying those technologies in education. The definition of smart learning, however, is still evolving, while some attempts have been made slightly more in technology-oriented rather than pedagogy-oriented direction. But the importance of smart learning is that it can make it possible for learners to do self-directed learning utilizing ICT. Recently, in particular, smartphones have captured tremendous attention of foreign language teachers and learners as an ideal tool for satisfying new needs of the mobile learning era. Especially, the launch of iphone service has brought in a massive amount of educational applications to the market. Research has shown that many applications for Russian language education have been made in various categories. Despite some problems, using applications in learning the Russian language has bright prospects.

In this paper, two kinds of advanced powder processing techniques Metal Injection Molding (MIM) and Direct Laser Forming (DLF) are introduced to fabricate complex shaped Ti alloy parts which are widely used for med- ical and aerospace applications. The MIM process is used to strengthen Ti-6Al-4V alloy compacts by addition of fine Mo, Fe or Cr powders. Enhanced tensile strength of 1030 MPa with 15.1% elongation was obtained by an addition of 4 mass%Cr because of the microstructural modification and also the solution strengthening in beta phase. However, their fatigue strength was lower compared to wrought materials, but was improved by HIP. Subsequently, the effect of feed- ing layer height (FLH) on the characteristics of the DLF compacts was investigated. In the case of 100 µm FLH, sur- face roughness was improved and nearly full density (99.8%) was obtained. Also, tensile strength of 1080 MPa was obtained, which is higher than the ASTM value.

Straw board is renewable natural building material with the advantages of green environmental protection, strong applicability. But it hadn’t been promoted because of many reasons such as technology and economy. Through the analysis of the unique advantages and the recent new cases of straw board buildings in Harbin, and the current obstacles to application, The effective ways and the feasible solutions to promote sustainable straw board buildings are summarized.

PURPOSES : Lately, a traffic information market has been developed with a rapid speed owing to information and communications. In this situation, a study on the use intention and the satisfaction of mobile transportation information applications of users will be diverse implications and a strategic foundation to local governments and transportation information related enterprises that should provide satisfactory info as public goods to much more users. METHODS : Going along with the flow, this study establishes features of the mobile transportation information applications aiming to the users and analyzes empirical causality for effects of the use intension and the satisfaction. Through this study's analysis, targeting users having experienced transportation information applications among smart phone users, a survey was conducted and characteristics of the transportation information applications were lighted and the effects of the use intention and the satisfaction were analyzed using a technology acceptance model. RESULTS : The analysis result was that Accuracy, Riskiness, Ubiquity and Interactivity as all attributes of transportation information applications have a significant effect on Perceived usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use respectively. The Perceived usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use have affected significantly users' satisfaction respectively, so consequentially this shows effect relationship leading to reuse intention. CONCLUSIONS : The Perceived usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use all for the transportation information applications were shown to influence significantly on the satisfaction. With this kind of result, if users obtain positive outcomes such as travel time reduction or effective roles on their tasks through the transportation information applications, they feel the satisfaction for using and eventually these affect positively to the reuse intention of those transportation information applications.

The carbon nanotube (CNT) represents one of the most unique inventions in the field of nanotechnology. CNTs have been studied closely over the last two decades by many researchers around the world due to their great potential in different fields. CNTs are rolled graphene with SP2 hybridization. The important aspects of CNTs are their light weight, small size with a high aspect ratio, good tensile strength, and good conducting characteristics, which make them useful as fillers in different materials such as polymers, metallic surfaces and ceramics. CNTs also have potential applications in the field of nanotechnology, nanomedicine, transistors, actuators, sensors, membranes, and capacitors. There are various techniques which can be used for the synthesis of CNTs. These include the arc-discharge method, chemical vaporize deposition (CVD), the laser ablation method, and the sol gel method. CNTs can be single-walled, double-walled and multi-walled. CNTs have unique mechanical, electrical and optical properties, all of which have been extensively studied. The present review is focused on the synthesis, functionalization, properties and applications of CNTs. The toxic effect of CNTs is also presented in a summarized form.

Recently, the number of smartphone users has skyrocketed because of a plenty of useful services that smartphone applications provide. In the Information Systems (IS) literature, however, there has been little understanding about the effects of the service quality of smatphone applications on user satisfaction and loyalty. Thereby, this study examined 1) the effects of the service quality of smartphone applications on users beliefs, perceived usefulness and easiness and 2) the effects of the user beliefs as mediating variables on users' attitude, satisfaction, and loyalty. A survey was conducted and SEM was employed to analyze the data. The results showed that the service quality of smartphone applications affect users' attitude, satisfaction, and loyalty through the mediating variables.

Atomic layer deposition(ALD) is a promising deposition method and has been studied and used in many different areas, such as displays, semiconductors, batteries, and solar cells. This method, which is based on a self-limiting growth mechanism, facilitates precise control of film thickness at an atomic level and enables deposition on large and three dimensionally complex surfaces. For instance, ALD technology is very useful for 3D and high aspect ratio structures such as dynamic random access memory(DRAM) and other non-volatile memories(NVMs). In addition, a variety of materials can be deposited using ALD, oxides, nitrides, sulfides, metals, and so on. In conventional ALD, the source and reactant are pulsed into the reaction chamber alternately, one at a time, separated by purging or evacuation periods. Thermal ALD and metal organic ALD are also used, but these have their own advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, plasma-enhanced ALD has come into the spotlight because it has more freedom in processing conditions; it uses highly reactive radicals and ions and for a wider range of material properties than the conventional thermal ALD, which uses H2O and O3 as an oxygen reactant. However, the throughput is still a challenge for a current time divided ALD system. Therefore, a new concept of ALD, fast ALD or spatial ALD, which separate half-reactions spatially, has been extensively under development. In this paper, we reviewed these various kinds of ALD equipment, possible materials using ALD, and recent ALD research applications mainly focused on materials required in microelectronics.

본 연구에서는 고온에서 유기용매를 정제할 수 있는 고온, 고압에서 안정한 상업화 규모의 고효율 중공사 투과증발 막, 막모듈 개발, 상업 규모의 막분리 장치시스템 개발을 수행하였는데 구성 요소기술은 1) 고온 고압 하에서 사용할 수 있는 브레이드 강화 중공사 막제조, 2) 중공사 막모듈 제조, 3) 막 탈수, 정제장치 시스템 설계 및 제작기술등을 개발하였다. 개발 중 공사 투과증발막은 독일의 슐츠막 보다 막 안정성과 막 성능이 우수하였으며, 막면적 4.6 m 2의 고효율 상업적 규모의 중공사 막모듈을 개발하였고, 200 L/hr 이상의 처리용량의 Pilot 규모의 투과증발 막장치 시스템을 개발하였다. 기존 평막 혹은 중공사 막에서 모듈에서 볼 수 있었던 모듈내부에 공급액의 dead volume형성, 공급액의 채널링 현상들을 제거하기 위해서 본 개발 중 공사막과 막모듈의 특징은 고온, 고압의 유기용매를 중공사막 내부로 공급되어 흐르도록 설계되어 있어 막분리 효율이 우수하 며 특히 기존의 막제품의 대비 막모듈 가격이 저렴하고, 막성능 및 치수안정성이 우수하다. 또한 공급액의 열손실 적어 에너지 효율이 우수할 뿐 아니라 막모듈 내에 중공사막 사이의 간격이 일정하여 가해주는 진공이 균일하게 각 중공사막의 투과부 표 면에 전달될 수 있기 때문에 투과된 투과물을 막 표면으로부터 효과적으로 제거할 수 있으므로 투과속도 또한 우수하다.