This study explores how smartphone applications can be used for Russian education. The progresses made in the ICT field, such as smartphones and the wireless Internet, have changed the environment of language education. The rapid development and implementation of smart technology in every aspect of society have led to the generation of the new learning environment called ‘smart learning’, applying those technologies in education. The definition of smart learning, however, is still evolving, while some attempts have been made slightly more in technology-oriented rather than pedagogy-oriented direction. But the importance of smart learning is that it can make it possible for learners to do self-directed learning utilizing ICT. Recently, in particular, smartphones have captured tremendous attention of foreign language teachers and learners as an ideal tool for satisfying new needs of the mobile learning era. Especially, the launch of iphone service has brought in a massive amount of educational applications to the market. Research has shown that many applications for Russian language education have been made in various categories. Despite some problems, using applications in learning the Russian language has bright prospects.

In this paper, two kinds of advanced powder processing techniques Metal Injection Molding (MIM) and Direct Laser Forming (DLF) are introduced to fabricate complex shaped Ti alloy parts which are widely used for med- ical and aerospace applications. The MIM process is used to strengthen Ti-6Al-4V alloy compacts by addition of fine Mo, Fe or Cr powders. Enhanced tensile strength of 1030 MPa with 15.1% elongation was obtained by an addition of 4 mass%Cr because of the microstructural modification and also the solution strengthening in beta phase. However, their fatigue strength was lower compared to wrought materials, but was improved by HIP. Subsequently, the effect of feed- ing layer height (FLH) on the characteristics of the DLF compacts was investigated. In the case of 100 µm FLH, sur- face roughness was improved and nearly full density (99.8%) was obtained. Also, tensile strength of 1080 MPa was obtained, which is higher than the ASTM value.

Straw board is renewable natural building material with the advantages of green environmental protection, strong applicability. But it hadn’t been promoted because of many reasons such as technology and economy. Through the analysis of the unique advantages and the recent new cases of straw board buildings in Harbin, and the current obstacles to application, The effective ways and the feasible solutions to promote sustainable straw board buildings are summarized.

PURPOSES : Lately, a traffic information market has been developed with a rapid speed owing to information and communications. In this situation, a study on the use intention and the satisfaction of mobile transportation information applications of users will be diverse implications and a strategic foundation to local governments and transportation information related enterprises that should provide satisfactory info as public goods to much more users. METHODS : Going along with the flow, this study establishes features of the mobile transportation information applications aiming to the users and analyzes empirical causality for effects of the use intension and the satisfaction. Through this study's analysis, targeting users having experienced transportation information applications among smart phone users, a survey was conducted and characteristics of the transportation information applications were lighted and the effects of the use intention and the satisfaction were analyzed using a technology acceptance model. RESULTS : The analysis result was that Accuracy, Riskiness, Ubiquity and Interactivity as all attributes of transportation information applications have a significant effect on Perceived usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use respectively. The Perceived usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use have affected significantly users' satisfaction respectively, so consequentially this shows effect relationship leading to reuse intention. CONCLUSIONS : The Perceived usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use all for the transportation information applications were shown to influence significantly on the satisfaction. With this kind of result, if users obtain positive outcomes such as travel time reduction or effective roles on their tasks through the transportation information applications, they feel the satisfaction for using and eventually these affect positively to the reuse intention of those transportation information applications.

The carbon nanotube (CNT) represents one of the most unique inventions in the field of nanotechnology. CNTs have been studied closely over the last two decades by many researchers around the world due to their great potential in different fields. CNTs are rolled graphene with SP2 hybridization. The important aspects of CNTs are their light weight, small size with a high aspect ratio, good tensile strength, and good conducting characteristics, which make them useful as fillers in different materials such as polymers, metallic surfaces and ceramics. CNTs also have potential applications in the field of nanotechnology, nanomedicine, transistors, actuators, sensors, membranes, and capacitors. There are various techniques which can be used for the synthesis of CNTs. These include the arc-discharge method, chemical vaporize deposition (CVD), the laser ablation method, and the sol gel method. CNTs can be single-walled, double-walled and multi-walled. CNTs have unique mechanical, electrical and optical properties, all of which have been extensively studied. The present review is focused on the synthesis, functionalization, properties and applications of CNTs. The toxic effect of CNTs is also presented in a summarized form.

Recently, the number of smartphone users has skyrocketed because of a plenty of useful services that smartphone applications provide. In the Information Systems (IS) literature, however, there has been little understanding about the effects of the service quality of smatphone applications on user satisfaction and loyalty. Thereby, this study examined 1) the effects of the service quality of smartphone applications on users beliefs, perceived usefulness and easiness and 2) the effects of the user beliefs as mediating variables on users' attitude, satisfaction, and loyalty. A survey was conducted and SEM was employed to analyze the data. The results showed that the service quality of smartphone applications affect users' attitude, satisfaction, and loyalty through the mediating variables.

Atomic layer deposition(ALD) is a promising deposition method and has been studied and used in many different areas, such as displays, semiconductors, batteries, and solar cells. This method, which is based on a self-limiting growth mechanism, facilitates precise control of film thickness at an atomic level and enables deposition on large and three dimensionally complex surfaces. For instance, ALD technology is very useful for 3D and high aspect ratio structures such as dynamic random access memory(DRAM) and other non-volatile memories(NVMs). In addition, a variety of materials can be deposited using ALD, oxides, nitrides, sulfides, metals, and so on. In conventional ALD, the source and reactant are pulsed into the reaction chamber alternately, one at a time, separated by purging or evacuation periods. Thermal ALD and metal organic ALD are also used, but these have their own advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, plasma-enhanced ALD has come into the spotlight because it has more freedom in processing conditions; it uses highly reactive radicals and ions and for a wider range of material properties than the conventional thermal ALD, which uses H2O and O3 as an oxygen reactant. However, the throughput is still a challenge for a current time divided ALD system. Therefore, a new concept of ALD, fast ALD or spatial ALD, which separate half-reactions spatially, has been extensively under development. In this paper, we reviewed these various kinds of ALD equipment, possible materials using ALD, and recent ALD research applications mainly focused on materials required in microelectronics.

본 연구에서는 고온에서 유기용매를 정제할 수 있는 고온, 고압에서 안정한 상업화 규모의 고효율 중공사 투과증발 막, 막모듈 개발, 상업 규모의 막분리 장치시스템 개발을 수행하였는데 구성 요소기술은 1) 고온 고압 하에서 사용할 수 있는 브레이드 강화 중공사 막제조, 2) 중공사 막모듈 제조, 3) 막 탈수, 정제장치 시스템 설계 및 제작기술등을 개발하였다. 개발 중 공사 투과증발막은 독일의 슐츠막 보다 막 안정성과 막 성능이 우수하였으며, 막면적 4.6 m 2의 고효율 상업적 규모의 중공사 막모듈을 개발하였고, 200 L/hr 이상의 처리용량의 Pilot 규모의 투과증발 막장치 시스템을 개발하였다. 기존 평막 혹은 중공사 막에서 모듈에서 볼 수 있었던 모듈내부에 공급액의 dead volume형성, 공급액의 채널링 현상들을 제거하기 위해서 본 개발 중 공사막과 막모듈의 특징은 고온, 고압의 유기용매를 중공사막 내부로 공급되어 흐르도록 설계되어 있어 막분리 효율이 우수하 며 특히 기존의 막제품의 대비 막모듈 가격이 저렴하고, 막성능 및 치수안정성이 우수하다. 또한 공급액의 열손실 적어 에너지 효율이 우수할 뿐 아니라 막모듈 내에 중공사막 사이의 간격이 일정하여 가해주는 진공이 균일하게 각 중공사막의 투과부 표 면에 전달될 수 있기 때문에 투과된 투과물을 막 표면으로부터 효과적으로 제거할 수 있으므로 투과속도 또한 우수하다.

Recently, many cosmetic researchers have been focused on the development of high functional cosmetics including anti-wrinkle and whitening. In these studies, they couldn't afford to pay a deep attention to stable encapsulations for unstable materials and efficient drug deliveries for them. Particularly, in order to show a degree of instant effects as cosmetics, they can't also ignore moisturizing effect enough to satisfy customers just after applying and its maintenance by improving the function of skin barrier as well as above two effects. Therefore, skin analogue systems have attracted considerable attention in the view of structural and compositional similarity to intercellular membrane in stratum corneum. And, some models for skin analogue composition were developed to improve the function of skin barrier, stably encapsulate unstable materials such as retinol, vitamin B, C, E, etc., and control their skin penetration in order to show good effects as cosmetics. In this study, we suggest the new skin analogue model having the compositional similarity as well as conventional structural ones. Our skin analogue membrane(SAM) is mainly composed of ceramide/ cholesterol/phosphatidylcholin/fatty acids and its structural defects are compensated by including cholesterol amphiphile and controlling the ratio of ceramide/cholesterol. It was possible to confirm the formation of skin analogue membrane having highly-densed multilamella structure and compare them according to the change of each ratio with a polarized microscope, X-ray diffraction. More detaily, we observed their structures with a electron microscope(TEM). Finally, we dispersed them in excess of continuous water phase, observed the formation of maltese-cross liquid crystalline and measured the efficiency of drug deliveries and moisturizing effects.

본 연구의 목적은 웨슬리 설교에 나타난 ‘love’를 포함하는 표현들을 분석하고, 이에 대한 교육적 시사점을 찾는 데에 있다. 이를 위하여 죤 웨슬리의 설교 중에 20편이 선정되었다. 콘코던스 프로그램은 AntConc 3.2.0w이 사용되었다. 설교들로부터 워드리스트가 추출되었고, ‘love’ 단어를 포함한 표현들을 조사하였다. 결과로는, 199개의 표현이 발견되었고, 그 연어들의 특징적인 부분을 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 학습자들로 하여금 연어적 지식을 발전시키는 데에 도움을 줄 수 있으며, 영어학습에 있어서 어휘를 확장시킬 수 있게 해 준다. 학습자들은 또한 교수자의 지도하에 스스로 코퍼스 프로그램을 이용할 수도 있겠다.

스마트기기의 보급이 급격히 확대되면서, 법률 업무에 있어서도 스마트기기의 활용이 업무의 효율을 높이는데 필수적인 요소가 되었다. 특히 스마트기기의 경우 각종 어플리케이션(이하‘어플’이라한다)의 선택 및 활용이 중요한데, 스마트기기가 iOS 계열인지 안드로이드 계열인지에 따라 사용할 수 있는 어플의 종류가 다르다. 두 종류의 기기 모두에서 활용할 수 있는 어플로는 국가법령정보(Korea Laws), 로앤비법률정보(LawnB), 법률 영한영 사전, 대법원, 법원도서관, 판례 소법전, 특허정보검색, 발명카페, 구글 독스(Google Docs), 한컴오피스 글, 폴라리스 오피스(Polaris Office), Evernote, CamCard(명함스캐너)등이 있으며, 안드로이드용 어플로는 인터넷등기소, 형법 죄명표, WestlawNext, 해외 지재권 가이드북, 생활법률계산기 등이 있다. iOS용으로는 Black’s Law Dictionary 9th edition, Fastcase 등이 있다. 이들 어플을 잘 활용한다면 법률 업무의 처리에 있어 신속성 및 효율성을 향상시킬 수 있을 것이고 이로써 자신의 경쟁력을 향상시킬 수 있을 것이다.

논의 99Tc 오염 시 소석회와 유기질 비료의 토양 첨가가 쌀알 내 99Tc 농도 저감 대책으로서 유용한지 알아보기 위하여 온실 내에서 두 가지 논토양에 대해 포트실험을 수행하였다. 모내기 15 일 전에 약 20 cm 깊이에 해당하는 상부 토양을 상기 농용 물질과 99Tc로 처리하였다. 처리 효과는 토양 중 농도에 대한 작물체 내 농도의 비로 정의되는 전이계수(TF)로 비교하였다. 대조 작물체의 경우 두 토양에서 현미 TF 값은 4.1×10-4 및 4.3×10-4였다. 각종 유형의 첨가 중에서 한 토양에 대해 60%정도의 TF 값 감소를 나타낸 소석회 저수준 첨가(약 0.6 kg m-2)만이 대책으로서 이용 가능성이 있을 것으로 판단되었다. 다른 한 토양에서는 동 첨가의 효과가 거의 없었으므로 다수의 토양에 대한 평균적인 효과를 알아내는 것이 중요하다. 두 가지 다른 수준의 유기질 비료의 첨가는 모두 TF 값을 증가시켰다. 위보다 더 낮은 수준의 소석회 첨가에 대해 실험을 수행할 필요가 있을 것으로 사료되었다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the applicability of the economic approach to mission studies. In fact, the economic approach to religion was already attempted by some sociologists and economists. Sociologists noticed the phenomenon of marketization in religion and explained it in terms of the theory of secularization. According to this theory, modernity causes a plurality of worldviews, which in turn reduces religion to a private sphere. As religion becomes a matter of choice, religious decline, they argue, will be inevitable. Since the middle of 20th century, however, they have confronted with a somewhat unexpected situation. Namely, religious resurgence in secularized societies. Contrary to their expectation, not only Islam but also evangelical churches have grown remarkably all over the world. Furthermore, scholars have observed that neoliberalism and free trade also in the late 20th century have been influencing the marketization and privatization in public services, such as law, education, health care, and even religion. All these unexpected situations have requested a new paradigm in religious studies. After all, the socalled new paradigm thinkers attempted to explain all these issues in terms of the economic approach. They concluded that the decline of religion, has nothing to do with secularization. To explain the resurgence of religion in the modern period, furthermore, they have shifted their interest from the demand side to the supply side of religion. For them, religious competition and plurality do not decrease religious vitality; rather, they increase it. To deduce this conclusion, they have used two main key concepts: 1) rational choice theory and 2) religious market model. The former theory assumes that people act rationally to maximize their selfinterest. This applies equally to choices about religion. After evaluating costs and rewards, people decide what religion they will choose. Of course, religious organizations also act rationally in order to increase their membership and maximize their interests. After all, religious deals between religious buyers and suppliers establish religious market. Religious market model has been developed from this context. Then, is it possible to adopt above perspective and theories in mission studies? Simply, we may assume two different positions: 1) positive and 2) negative. The former position considers economic theories in a positive light, focusing on the phenomenon of marketization in mission. In many cases, competition with other religions or among Christian denominations often drive a mission field to a market context. In this context, people choose this religion or that denomination rationally just as they do when choosing a car or buying a computer. To meet their needs and attract more believers, missionaries use various strategies just as commercial firms do. Viewed in the light of economics, the natives and missionaries may correspond to the demand and supply side; religion or denomination can be considered as a religious product or brand. In mission studies, this economic approach will be useful in mapping out the mission strategy. Especially, the religious market model of this approach is very helpful in grasping religious terrain, religious market structure, and degree of government regulation of religion in the mission field. Furthermore, the economic approach can contribute to the study of denominationalism or ecumenics as well in a different angle. For instance, while theologians and missiologists see these issues in terms of ideology or theology, economists of religion see them in terms of a kind of religious cartel or spinoff. This perspective can give mission studies different but more effective insights regarding denominational split or unity. On the contrary, others may have a negative position to adopt the economic approach in mission studies. While the former position prefers to take a social scientific or valuefree attitude, this position prefers to take an ethical or normative attitude, assuming that there is no common ground between Christianity and economics. Especially, they may criticize this economic approach for the reductionist way of thinking in religion. The concept of ‘Homo Economicus’ or universal applicability of the theories also are likely to be criticized. In spite of some controversial issues mentioned above, it is obvious that the economic approach to religion has made great contributions to religious studies. Unfortunately, this approach has not been much discussed so far in mission studies. As we saw before, many areas of mission studies can receive help from the academic achievements of the economic approach to religion. In that sense, I suggest taking further discussion on the economic approach to mission.

비정형 초고층 건물의 계획 및 시공이 늘어남에 따라 이 연구에서는 프로토타입 모델에 대한 시공단계해석의 적용을 통하여 비정형 초고층 건물의 시공 중 구조적 거동을 분석하고자 하였다. 비틀림 초고층 건물을 대상으로 횡력저항시스템, 비틀림각도, 공법 조건에 따른 총 18개의 모델을 선정하였다. 횡력저항시스템으로는 다이아그리드 시스템과 가새튜브 시스템을 적용하였으며, 각 횡력저항시스템별로 0〫, 1〫, 2〫 비틀림각도를 갖는 세 가지 평면 형태와 외곽 튜브와 내부 골조의 시공순서에 따른 세 가지 공법을 가정하였다. 시공 중인 초고층 건물의 구조적 성능은 시공단계해석의 횡변위 결과를 통하여 분석되었으며, 골조 공기와 최대 양중량과 같은 시공성능이 함께 비교되었다.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have exceptional mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties compared with those of commercialized high-performance fibers. For use in the form of fabrics that can maintain such properties, individual CNTs should be held together in fibers or made into yarns twisted out of the fibers. Typical methods that are used for such purposes include (a) surfactant-based coagulation spinning, which injects a polymeric binder between CNTs to form fibers; (b) liquid-crystalline spinning, which uses the nature of CNTs to form liquid crystals under certain conditions; (c) direct spinning, which can produce CNT fibers or yarns at the same time as synthesis by introducing a carbon source into a vertical furnace; and (d) forest spinning, which draws and twists CNTs grown vertically on a substrate. However, it is difficult for those CNT fibers to express the excellent properties of individual CNTs as they are. As solutions to this problem, post-treatment processes are under development for improving the production process of CNT fibers or enhancing their properties. This paper discusses the recent methods of fabricating CNT fibers and examines some post-treatment processes for property enhancement and their applications.