Hazardous air pollutants such as NO2, VOCs and PM10 were measured Daegu, Korea in major micro-environments,where housewives spend the most of their time, and personal exposure times were estimated by using time activitypatterns and exposure scenarios. The major microenvironments of housewives were selected using the ‘Time-UseSurvey’ conducted by the National Statistical Office in Korea in 2009. A total of 4,514 (weekdays) and 3,063(weekends) housewives were recruited for the ‘Time-Use Survey.’ It seems that housewives are spending about80% of their time in the house, and about 5% of their time outdoors during weekdays and weekends. The indoor/outdoor ratio of the average concentration of NO2 was more than 1, which indicated that the source was indoors.Toluene was shown to have higher concentrations indoors than outdoors. Ethylbenzene and xylene displayedsimilar characteristics to toluene, and the concentration ratio for indoor/outdoor was shown to be 1.29 ± 0.76 and1.04 ± 0.45, respectively, higher concentrations indoors. Based on the results of the time activity patterns ofparticipants, 3 kinds of exposure scenarios were formulated. The spent time and air concentration in eachenvironment were assumed as normal and lognormal distribution, respectively. And then the Monte-Carlosimulation was conducted. According to the result of the simulation, the exposures to hazardous air pollutantsrevealed an increasing pattern as housewives visits other indoor environments such as supermarkets.

The main object of this study is to investigate the collection characteristics of wet-type rotating porous disk system experimentally. The experiment is carried out to analyze the pressure drop and collection efficiency for the present system with the experimental parameters such as system inlet velocity, stage number, tube diameter, inlet concentration, etc. In results, for the present system, at 5 stage and υin=1.8 m/s, the pressure drop becomes significantly lower as 64 mmH2O in comparison with that of the conventional wet type scrubber (Venturi scrubber, over 250 mmH2O). The collection efficiencies increase with higher inlet velocity showing 92, 95.7, 98.4%, while SO2 removal efficiencies decrease with increment of inlet velocity as 80, 65, 50% at υin=1.08, 1.44, 1.8 m/s and tube diameter Dt=10 mm, respectively. The present system is to be considered as an effective compact system for a simultaneous removal of particle/gas phase pollutants from marine diesel engines.

The main object of this study was to investigate the collection characteristics of wet-type cyclone with wall cavity. The experiment was executed to analyze the characteristics of pressure drop and collection efficiency for the present system with the experimental parameters such as water spray, water spray type, inlet velocity etc. In results, for the present system of wet-type, the pressure drop represented 35 mmH2O, while in dry-type 33 mmH2O showing lower 6% at vin=21 m/s. In case of vin=21 m/s and water spray 200 mL/min, the collection efficiency of the present system became significantly higher as 96.8% comparing to that of the conventional wet-type scrubber. Additionally, for 200 mL/min, SO2 removal efficiencies decreased with the increment of inlet velocity representing 75.0, 62.5, 50.0%, at vin=6, 9, 12 m/s, respectively.

Day-care center is one of living micro-environments for children. In urban area, day-care centers may be influencedby air pollutants emitted from the vehicle exhaust. In this work, diurnal variation of major pollutants and effectof outdoor air on indoor air quality were investigated using real-time instruments for a day-care center locatednear the heavy road. 48-h continuous monitoring at both indoor and outdoor were made in summer. The day-care center equipped with ceiling system air-conditioners was operated from 7:30 a.m. to 19:30 p.m. Indoor CO₂concentration responded greatly to the human activity. Indoor NO₂ concentration shows a big difference betweendaytime and nighttime, implying that outdoor NO₂ may penetrate into the indoor through opening of doors orwindows during the daytime. Indoor to outdoor concentration ratio of submicron particle surface area is <1 dueto the penetration of outdoor ultrafine particles.

지구 대기에서의 편광 현상을 촬영하기 위해 태양이 지평선에 걸친 순간 편광필터와 전천 카메라를 이용하여 전천 사진을 촬영하였다. 사진으로부터 편광 현상에서의 편광비와 편광폭을 정의하고 이를 측정하는 방법을 개발하였다. 편광비와 편광폭의 시계열 촬영을 통해 기상 조건에 따라 매일 달라지는 편광 현상을 정량적으로 분석할 수 있게 되었고, 이것이 기상 요소 중 대기 오염 물질과 의미 있는 상관 관계를 보이고 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 대기 편광 현상은 대기 중 대기 오염 물질의 영향을 받는데 오염 물질이 많을수록 편광비는 작아지고 편광폭은 커지는 경향을 보였다. 이는 오염 물질이 광자를 더욱 산란시켜서 편광 현상을 관찰하는 하늘의 넓은 영역으로 퍼지게 하는 효과인 것으로 추측한다.

We estimated decreasing rate of indoor air pollutants with are airborne bacteria, airborne fungi, formaldehyde, total volatile organic compounds, PM10, and PM2.5 in 10 children’s hospitals and 6 childbirth houses located in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do from November to December in 2012. Sectional period was respectively divided for operating and non-operating the air cleaners. There was a trend that concentration of surveyed pollutants in children’s hospitals and childbirth houses during operating period decreased among indoor air. We used Monte-Calro simulation to remove uncertainty and identify efficiency of eliminated pollutants such as surveyed pollutants by the air cleaners. Average efficiency of removal were 61.39 ± 21.42% for airborne bacteria, 71.77 ± 19.65% for airborne fungi, 73.37 ± 24.62% for formaldehyde, 71.20 ± 25.96% for total volatile organic compounds, 65.16 ± 23.80% for PM10, and 71.06 ± 23.97% for PM2.5.

Information on time spent in microenvironments has a critical role in individuals’ exposure assessment. Time-activity studies have become an integral part of comprehensive exposure assessment and personal exposure modeling. The aims of this study were to estimate the exposure level of NO₂, PM₁₀ and VOCs, and to compare the estimated exposure by using time-activity pattern and indoor air concentration. This study was performed upon 28 university students living in Daegu. We measured air pollutants of NO₂, PM₁₀ and VOCs at houses where the university students spent most their times. In this study, according to the summer and winter, time-activity patterns of university students were different. The 28 university students average spending times in house indoors and other indoors time were 11.52±2.14 and 7.63±2.65 hours in summer, and 14.78±3.30 and 6.59±3.03 hours in winter, respectively. The university students personal exposure NO₂ concentrations were average 21.62±5.88 ppb and I/O ratio was 0.89±0.27. Personal average exposure of PM₁₀ concentration was between house indoors and outdoors concentrations which indoor house concentration was 37.68±7.57 μg/m³ and outdoor house concentration was 43.85±9.80 μg/m³ with 0.88±0.17 of I/O ratio. Personal exposure to benzene and the average concentration of benzene did not exceed in atmosphere environmental standard (annual 1.5 ppb) and the outdoor houses concentration was much higher than indoor houses.

This study was surveyed to evaluate and recognize the distribution characteristics of indoor air pollutants(IAPs) such as the total volatile organic compounds(VOCs), formaldehyde(HCHO), PM10, carbon dioxide(CO2), nitrogen dioxide(NO2), ozone(O3) and radon in 10 elementary schools located in urban, rural, and industrial complex area from November 2005 to February 2006. The average concentration of IAPs were 117.9㎍/㎥ as in PM10, 1,971ppm as in CO2, 486.6㎍/㎥ as in TVOC. These chemical's concentration was exceeded the indoor air standards of the Department of Education in Korea. The indoor concentrations of ozone and toluene was lower than that of outdoor and other pollutants showed the opposite tendency. In schools located industrial complex area, the outdoor concentration of TVOC was higher than that of urban and rural area. Based on the results above, PM10, CO2, TVOC have to be in the order of priority to improve the indoor environment in school. Also it should be performed in the detailed survey considered by the seasonal variation because this study showed cross-sectional results.

Burning mosquito coils in indoor environments maygenerate smoke that can control mosquito effectively. This practice has been used in numerous households in Korea. However the smoke may contain air pollutants of health concern. We conducted the present study to characterize the emission from two common brands of mosquito coils from Vietnam and Malaysia, respectively. We measured mass emission of air pollutants of nitrogen oxides (NOx), fine particulate(PM2.5), formaldehyde (HCHO), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in completely closed chamber. Air pollutants concentrations resulting from burning mosquito coils could substantially exceed health-based air quality standards orguidelines. Under the same condition, air pollutants were measured by cigarette smoking to compare mosquito coil. Burning one mosquito coil would release the same amount of PM2.5 mass as burning 20~58 cigarettes. The emission of HCHO from burning one coil can be as high as that released from burning 27 cigarettes.

This study was to investigate distribution characteristics for air pollutants and to assess probability of health effect for children in kindergartens from August, 2006 to January, 2007. The mean concentrations for standards of maintenance in kindergartens were 91.5 ㎍/㎥ for PM10, 1,185 ppm for CO2, 69.3㎍/㎥ for formaldehyde, 174 CFU/㎥ for TBC and 0.41 ppm for CO, respectively. For NO2, Rn, TVOC, and O3, the mean concentrations in kindergartens were 29.40 ppb, 1.51 pCi/ℓ, 257.3 ㎍/㎥, and 3.74 ppb, respectively. The I/O ratio of every air pollutants exceeded "1" except for O3. In results of calculated safety factor to assess probability of health effect for children by air pollutants in kindergartens, safety factor for CO2 was 1.2 for fixed point. It means that children have probability of health effect caused by CO2. In cases of Monte-Carlo analysis, safety factor for PM10 was 1.0 and safety factor for CO2 was 1.2.

동아시아에서 광역적인 대기오염 이동과 한반도 유입을 인공위성과 지상 관측을 통해 5개의 사례를 분석하였다. 이 사례들은 주로 중국 대륙의 도시와 산업지대에서 배출된 오염물질들이 황해를 지나 한반도에 상륙 및 통과하는 광역적인 대기오염 이동이다. NOAA인공위성 관측 자료의 분석은 가시영역과 적외선 영역의 3개 채널을 합성하여 영상을 만들고, 황해 위에서 대기오염의 분포와 이동을 구별해 낼 수 있었다. 또한 청원의 배경관측지점에서 대기오염의 지상 관측 자료는 인공위성 관측 자료와 비교하여 검증하는데 매우 가치가 있었다. 특히, 광역적 대기오염의 이동 사례에서는 PM10과 PM2.5 농도의 차이가 적으면서, PM2.5값이 높게 증가한다. 그러나 황사의 경우는 PM10 농도가 훨씬 높게 관측되어 PM2.5와의 차이가 매우 큼이 특징적이다. 2006년 1월 27일의 사례에서는 중국 발원의 광역적 대기오염이 한반도의 중부 및 남서지역으로의 유입을 인공위성뿐 아니라 여러 지상관측소들에서 순차적으로 관측할 수 있었다. 북북서 기류가 제주도 한라산을 넘어서 풍하측 멀리까지 구름을 소산시키고 대기오염을 감소시키며, 카르만 소용돌이를 만들고 있었다.

This study was carried out to evaluate the characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and aldehydes emission as a function of airtight time in new apartment. Sampling was undertaken at 34 new apartments located in 4 different cities of Korea from February to November 2005. The measurement data were collected every one hour from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. toward increasing airtight time in a day. The concentrations of VOCs and aldehydes were analysed by GC/MS and HPLC method, respectively. These methods showed good sensitivity, linearity, and repeatability. In this study, the most abundant compounds at new apartments appeared to be toluene, m,p-xylene, formaldehyde and acetone. Moreover, the concentration variations at a closed rooms progressively increased by airtight time of 5 hours. Airtight time of new apartment was a most important and affective factor which influenced concentration change.

This study performed and re-analysed the articles of exposure assessment for the indoor environment of houses in many environment-related journals published. in Korea since 1990. Based on this comparative study, we estimated the unit health risk on indoor environment. The objective of this study was to offer scientific data for decision-making policy for improvement and management of indoor air quality on Korean house in. The pooled concentrations for the critical air pollutants in the house were 13.93±13.91㎍/m3 (PM10), 680±226 ppm for (CO2), 1.9±1.6 ppm (CO), 419±158 CFU/m3 (bacteria), 0.036 ± 0.002 ppm (NO2), and 104.935 ± 16.424 Bq/m3 (Rn), The pooled concentrations for the volatile organic compounds were 6.9±6.7㎍ /m3 (benzene), 39.3±55.1㎍/m3 (toluene), 4.2±4.0㎍/m3 (ethylbenzene), 11.4±8.3㎍/m3 (m, p-xylene), 4.2 ±1.5㎍/m3 (styrene) and 6.3±4.5㎍/m3 (o-xylene). The unit cancer risk for men and women by inhalation of benzene was 3.7 × 10-5 and 4.8 × 10-6, respectively. In additio

Activated carbon fiber (ACF) filters are widely used to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air cleaning devices. The performance of ACF filters could be enhanced combining adsorption process with photodegradation process. In this study, to investigate this enhancement effect, a duct-type reactor was made and TiO2 was i㎜obilized on a co㎜ercialized ACF filter. Benzene, toluene, and m-xylene (BTX) were chosen as target compounds. Removal experiments for BTX were done under different air velocity and upstream concentration conditions. The range of inlet concentration was 200～1,400 ppb and the air velocities were 0.4, 0.7 and 1.0 m/s. Adsorption by an ACF filter alone showed high removal efficiency of BTX, depending on the BTX species, the upstream concentration, and the air velocity. The combination of TiO2 and ACF filter significantly increased removal of benzene which was less removed than other pollutants by an ACF filter alone. It was found that the combination effect was small in removal test of toluene and m-xylene. Removal efficiency in the tested experimental conditions was decreased in order of toluene > m-xylene > benzene.

The work of hairdressers includes washing, coloring, bleaching, permanent waving, conditioning, and cutting scalp hair. Hairdressers are subjected to a number of physical and toxicological hazards. The toxicological hazards are those resulting from exposure to a wide range of chemicals and from chemicals are usually classified active processes. In this study, twenty beauty shops were selected to assess the exposure to indoor air pollutants such as VOCs and particulate matter (PM10) during one month from September 1 to September 30, 2003. Indoor air quality of beauty shops might be worse by vehicle emissions because the beauty shops were generally located near roadway. Personal exposures to VOCs and PM10 were related to indoor concentrations of beauty shops, respectively. According to questionnaire, hairdressers responded sore throat, eye irritation, and nervousness as health effect symptoms. Conclusively, users as well as workers in beauty shop might be highly exposed to air pollutants from indoor sources and outdoor sources. Therefore, proper methods should be prepared to improve the indoor air quality in beauty shop.

최근 도시기후를 고려한 도시계획이 많은 나라에서 실용화되고 있다. 도시기후의 고려는 주로 도시의 바람 길 조성이라는 개념으로 구체화되고 있다. 도시의 바람 길 조성은 주로 하계에 도시지역의 열적 쾌적성을 개선하는 것을 목표로 한다. 아울러, 과학적 조사에 근거하여 도시의 단지계획을 합리적으로 함으로써 청정한 냉기류의 도심유입을 원활히 하여 도심의 대기오염을 저감하고자 하는 것도 목적으로 한다. 이 연구에서는, 수치실험을 통하여 전형적인 난후기일을 대상으로 대구지역의 국지순환풍이 지나는 바람의 길을 조사하였다. 그리고 이 바람에 의한 대기오염의 수송도 조사하였다. 수치실험에 사용한 모형은 RAMS(지역규모 대기모델)이다. 수치실험의 관심지역은 대구광역시 일대(약900km2)이다. 수평규모는 약 30km이다. 수치실험은 일반풍이 약하고 쾌청한 일기조건을 갖는 늦봄의 기상조건 하에서 수행되었다. 수치실험의 결과 다음과 같은 3가지 결과를 얻었다: (1) 대구의 대표적 산지인 팔공산과 앞산에서 야간에 산정에서 복사냉각으로 생성된 국지풍이 지나는 길을 발견할 수 있었다. 그 바람은 대구의 동쪽 지역에서 중력류의 형태로 계곡을 따라서 흘러내렸다. (2) 평지에서는, 그 바람이 대구의 중심지를 지나 서쪽으로 흘러갔다. (3) 그 결과로, 대기오염물질은 야간에 국지풍에 의해 서쪽지역으로 수송되어졌다.

Currently, Ministry of Environment has promulgated and executed 'the legislation of indoor air quality for public facilities' but the data of indoor air pollutant for public facilities of this law was very insufficient. Therefore, collection of data for indoor air pollutants and execution for risk assessment in order to offer scientific data for decision-making of policy to present reasonable standards and preventive techniques of engineering were required. Therefore, this study collected and re-analysed the articles of exposure assessment for indoor environment in journals related environment in Korea since 1990 and estimated the safety factor on residents in public facilities. The objective of this study was to offer scientific data for decision-making of policy for improvement and management of indoor air quality in Korea. As the results of this study, the risk assessment for the critical pollutants in CTE (central tendency exposure) showed that safety factors according to pollutants were less than 1 which means safe level in micro-environments. It was investigated that the safety factors of CO in hospital, NO2 in terminal, PM10 and NO2 in subway station respectively were over than 1 in RME (reasonable maximum exposure). Through the results, it was investigated that health risk by inhalation of criteria and guideline air pollutants in domestic public facilities was not high. It should be considered effect of inhalation by other hazardous air pollutants because this study was examined just partial pollutants. Presentation of scientific data for expansion of study is requisite and active research of health risk assessment about indoor air quality.

본 연구는 산성비 및 대기오염물질이 수도권지역의 침엽수 잎에 미치는 피해의 조기판단을 위해 피해도지수, 침엽접촉각, 엽내영양물질, 침엽내 wax, 토양의 화학적 성질 등의 항목을 조사.분석하였다. 조사기간은 1990년 6월부터 1년 동안 하였고, 재료는 대기오염에 민감한 수종으로 알려진 독일가문비나무와 전나무를 이용하였으며 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 피해도지수는 1990년 6월에는 무피해지(광릉, 양평), 경피해지(인천, 보라매공원, 서울여대, 안양, 양수리, 과천), 심피해지(남산, 서울시립대, 어린이대공원, 금곡릉)으로 나누어졌다. 그러나, 1990년 12월에는 인천, 과천이 심피해지로 포함되는 등 시간이 경과할수록 피해가 확산되는 경향을 보였다. 침엽의 접촉각에서도 1990년 6월보다 1990년 12월의 값이 감소하였으며, 두수종 모두 1년생잎에서 2, 3년생잎으로 갈수록 접촉각이 낮게 측정되었다. 그리고, 어린묘목일수록 피해가 심하게 나타났다. 피해도지수와 접촉각간에는 고도의 상관관계가 인정되었다. 엽내영양물질분석에서 Ca, Mg, K의 값은 대체로 시간경과에 따라 감소하였으며, 엽령이 높을수록 낮은 값을 보였다. Wax정량분석은 심피해지역에서는 엽령이 높을수록 wax함량이 적었고, 무피해지역에서는 엽령이 높을수록 많았다. 본 연구결과에 의하면 위 항목의 분석방법들이 상호보완적으로 적용되고, 장기간 지속적으로 수행될 경우 보다 좋은 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것이라 판단되었다.

This study was conducted to evaluate the emission characteristics of air pollutants from incineration facilities in Jeollanam-do. We selected 8 incineration facilities depend on type and the 19 items such as dust etc. were measured at the measurement hole for emission gas from air contamination control units. The range of emission concentrations for dust was 2.8 ~ 20.9 mg/Sm3 less than permissible air discharge standards. The results of 10 gaseous contaminants such as SOx was less than permissible air discharge standards. The range of emission concentrations for NOx was 13.4 ~ 120.0 ppm, less than permissible air discharge standards. As G facility was 112.4 ppm, 120.0 ppm, it exceeded emission standard (100 ppm) twice. The range of emission concentrations for HCl was ND ~ 85.300 ppm, B Facilitiy exceeded emission standard (20 ppm) as 85.300 ppm. The range of emission concentrations for NH3 was ND ~ 76.333 ppm, A, D, H Facility exceeded emission standard (30 ppm). The concentration of each facility was 42.416 ppm, 62.930 ppm, 76.333 ppm. The results of heavy metals (5 items) showed within emission standards. G facility is operating in condition that input of urea is 100 L/day. If input of urea were changed to 50 ~ 75 L/day, the operating cost of air pollution prevention facility can be reduced by 25% ~ 50%. In this study, the correlation between urea input and nitrogen oxides was statistically significant, but the correlation between urea input and ammonia showed insignificantly. Our research attempts to evaluate the emission characteristics of air pollutants from incineration facilities and to institute a reduction plan, an effective management of incinerators.

This study attempted to find an optimum operation codition for co-incineration of food waste and industrial wastes, focusing on injection position and rate. As the result of analysis, during injection of food waste incineration facilities, atmospheric pollutant standard satisfied all requirement. However when injected into the primary combustion chamber, the dioxin exceeded emission standard. This result has been determined that contaminants generated as processing the more amount (150 ton/day) than the designed capacity (72 ton/day) emitted and exceeded not completely removed from the control facilities.