주요 수출버섯인 큰느타리버섯의 적합한 수확 후관리방법을 개발하기 위해 저온 저장 후 유통온도와갈변방지처리에 따른 품질변화를 분석한 결과, 수확후 예냉단계에서 ClO₂ 처리를 하여 포장하여 저온저장 후 20°C 유통시 무처리보다 신선도가 우수했으며,10~15°C에서 유통할 때는 18일까지 판매가능한 신선도가 유지되어 무처리보다 3~6일 연장되어 농가에서출하 후 매장까지 신선도 유지에는 낮은 온도관리가가장 주요한 요인임을 확인할 수 있었다.

We investigated treatments for the browning prevention of black carrot extracts and determined the characteristics and qualities of jelly supplemented with black carrot extract. Ascorbic acid, citric acid, and NaCl were added to black carrot extract and changes in color, texture, and anthocyanin content were evaluated. Changes were also determined and a sensory evaluation was performed for jelly supplemented with black carrot extract. The addition of 0.15 and 0.20% ascorbic acid prevented the browning of black carrot extracts and decreased anthocyanin content during the storage period. However, citric acid did not have a preventative effect, despite decreasing the pH below 5.0. Similar to results on the extract, 0.15% ascorbic acid maintained a reddish-violet color in jelly supplemented with black carrot extract by lowering browning during the storage period. Jelly supplemented with 0.15% ascorbic acid had an increased elasticity, gumminess, and chewiness, but jelly supplemented with 0.15% ascorbic acid+0.05% NaCl had a lowered hardness compared with the control during the storage period. In a sensory evaluation, the overall preference, in descending order, was: 0.15% ascorbic acid+0.05% NaCl > 0.15% ascorbic acid > control. In conclusion, 0.15~0.20% ascorbic acid prevented the browning of black carrot extract and inhibited a decrease in anthocyanin content. Jelly supplemented with black carrot extract and 0.15% ascorbic acid+0.05% NaCl were optimal for producing a soft jelly texture.

Mushroom is cultivated as one of the major economical crops in many areas in Korea. The total production has steadily increased from approximately 186,400 M/T in 2007 to 190,111 M/T in 2011. The button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, showed the 5th production to 13,052 M/T in 2011. Several bacteria are known as the causal agents of diseases of the cultivated button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Pseudomonas agarici is the causal agent of browning disease of commercial mushrooms. Colonization of mushroom caps by the bacterium results in development of browning lesions on pileus. These lesions are superficial brown spots and can be round or spreading. But P. agarici never caused sunken lesions and rotting of the mushroom tissues. Antagonists against P. tolaasii, HC42 were selected and their control efficacy of browning disease was investigated in this study. Antagonists against P. agarici, HC42 were selected and their control efficacy of browning disease was investigated in this study. After proceeding antagonistic test, HC42 was selected as a strong antagonist against P. agarici and the HC42 strain was identified as P. safensis with the cultural, physiological and biochemical properties and analysis of the 16S rRNA. The optimal culture medium for the antagonistic bacteria growth was determined as follows: 1.5% D-galactose, 1.5% yest extract, 1% NH4Cl, 1.5% KCl, and 1.0% L-asparagin at pH 6.0 at 25℃. Control efficacy of browning disease by HC42 treatment was 66% on Agaricus bisporus..

Mushroom is cultivated as one of the major economical crops in many areas in Korea. The total production has steadily increased from approximately 186,400 M/T in 2007 to 190,111 M/T in 2011. The button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, showed the 5th production to 13,052 M/T in 2011. Several bacteria are known as the causal agents of diseases of the cultivated button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Pseudomonas agarici is the causal agent of browning disease of commercial mushrooms. In this study, antagonistic bacteria to P. agarici were selected in vitro tests using confrontation bioassay and paper disk diffusion assay. The most active bacteria, HC12 were selected and their control efficacy of brown blotch disease was investigated in this study. After proceeding antagonistic test, HC12 was selected as a strong antagonist against P. agarici and the HC12 strain was identified as Alcaligenes sp. with the cultural, physiological and biochemical properties and analysis of the 16S rRNA. The optimal culture medium for the antagonistic bacteria growth was determined as follows: 0.5% dextrin, 1.5% yest extract, 1% NaNO3, 0.5% KH2PO4, and 1.5% L-asparagin at pH 9.0 at 30℃. Control efficacy of browning disease by HC12 treatment was 63% on Agaricus bisporus..

The dual effectiveness of Opuntia ficus indica extracts for browning inhibition and microbial inactivation on fresh-cut apples was investigated. Prepared apple slices were treated with 25, 50, 100, 200 mg/mL Opuntia ficus indica extracts, packaged in polyethylene bags, and stored for 10 days at 4, 21oC. Results indicate that Opuntia ficus indica extracts significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the browning reaction of fresh-cut apples. This treatment also reduced peroxidase activities. The populations of Staphylococcus aureus significantly decreased with increasing extract concentration (p < 0.05). In particular, S. aureus was reduced to non-detectable levels after 2 days in 100 mg/mL treatment at 4oC and 21oC. Opuntia ficus indica extracts therefore have antibacterial and antibrowning effects. The results suggest that Opuntia ficus indica extracts could be useful as a natural food preservative.

표고균사에서 갈변시기를 조절하고 확인할 수 있는 유전공학적 시스템을 개발하여 톱밥재배용 표고균주를 조기에 선별할 수 있도록 표고균사가 갈변되는 동안 균사상태에서 특이적으로 발현되는 유전자를 분리하기 위하여 갈변되지 않은 균사와 갈변이 완전히 이루어진 균사에서 differential display를 실시하였다. 그 결과 이들 균사로부터 특이적으로 발현되는 두 개의 1.6kb 와 1.2kb의 cDNA clone을 선발하여 염기서열을 분석하였다. 이 중 1.6kb의 cDNA단편은 Dugenia polichroa로부터 분리된 microsatellites 유전자와 100%의 상동성을 나타냈다. 그러나 1.2kb의 cDNA 단편은 3´부위에 poly A tail과 5 부위에 partial open reading frame를 가지고 있어 이를 primer로 제작한 후 갈변되지 않은 균사와 갈변이 이루어진 균사에서 RT-PCR을 실시하여 본 결과 갈변이 되지 않은 백색의 균사에서 발현이 확인되었다. 1.2kb의 cDNA 단편의 5’ 부위의 염기서열 분석은 110개의 아미노산으로 구성된 partial open reading frame으로 나타났다. 이 유전자를 DNASIS database에서 상동성을 비교해 본 결과 Arabidopsis thaliata에서 분리된 dTDP-glucose 4,6- dehydratases 유전자와 DNA 수준에서는 66.7%, 아미노산 수준에서는 69.2%의 높은 상동성을 나타내었다. 갈변에 관련된 특이 유전자(BCR gene)를 확인하였다. 이 유전자는 산화 stress에 대해 저항성을 나타내는 기능을 가진 것으로 알려져 있어 표고 균사가 갈변될 때 repressor로서 작용할 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 이 유전자를 BCR (Brown Color Repressor) 유전자라고 명명하였다.

표고 수집균주의 특성을 파악하고 재배적 특성과 갈변과의 상관관계를 알아봄으로써 표고 톱밥재배를 안정적으로 실시하고 재배기간을 단축시킬 수 있는 방법을 모색하고자 하였다. 한천배지에서의 균사생장은 균주와 배지에 따라 다르게 나타났으며, MEA와 PDA에서는 큰 차이가 없었다. 균사생장 최적온도는 20∼25℃ 이었다. 200lux의 광조건에서 갈변패턴에 따라 균주를 분류할 수 있었다. 갈변기간은 한천배지에서는 30-40일, 톱밥봉지에서는 70∼100일이 소요되었다. 자실체 특성을 관찰한 결과 300g 이상 수량을 보이는 균주가 12균주였으며, 자실체 수량 및 재배특성을 고려할 때 ASI 3046이 가장 우수한 것으로 판단되었다. 균사생장과 갈변 간의 유의성은 인정되지 않았으며, PDA배지와 톱밥 균사생장과는 유의성이 인정되었으며, 한천배지에서 갈변되는 기간과 톱밥배지에서 갈변되는 기간과의 관계는 고도 유의 상관을 나타내었다. 따라서 균이 갈변되는 성질은 영양분의 차이보다는 균의 고유한 성질이라고 생각되며 갈변이 빠른 균주를 선발하기 위해서는 한천배지를 이용하여 균을 선발할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 앞으로 톱밥재배에 필수적인 갈변에 대한 이해를 실제 재배에 접목시켜 톱밥재배 기간을 단축시키거나 생산성을 비약적으로 증대시키는 등 톱밥재배를 활성화시킨다면 품질이 높은 생표고를 낮은 가격으로 생산해 낼 수 있으리라 생각된다.

Several bacteria have been known as the causal agents of certain diseases of the cultivated button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). It is well known as bacterial diseases of the cultivated mushroom such as brown blotch, mummy disease, bacterial pit, bacterial rot and weeping disease, ginger blotch, and drippy gill. Brown blotch is the most critical cause of crop loss in the commercial mushroom industry. The classical bacterial blotch disease of mushrooms is caused by a fluorescent pseudomonad, Pseudomonas tolaasii. Affected mushrooms show lesions which become dark chocolate-brown, are wet, and deeply pit the caps and stalks. Although Pseudomonas tolaasii has been known as the casual agent of bacterial blotch, much controversy exists regarding the identification of this bacterium and whether blotch may be caused by more than one organism. This study was carried out to investigate characterization and biological control of Pseudomonas tolaasi and other possible browning pathogens isolated from cultivated mushrooms. One hundred seventy four bacteria were isolated from the cultivated mushroom and collected from main producing districts throughout the country. The isolates were classified into Pseudomonas tolaasii(20 strains), Pseudomonas gingeri(1 strains), Pseudomonas agarici(4 strains), Pseudomonas putida(11 strains), Pseudomonas sp.(46 strains), Ewingella americana(14 strains), Stenotrophomonas sp.(4 strains), and others(74 strains) on the basis of 16 rDNA analysis. The most dominants of these species were Pseudomonas tolaasii and Ewingella americana. Pseudomonad isolates were mainly divided into two groups in white line test and a sharply defined white line of precipitate forms in Pseudomonas agar F(Difco) between the opaque white colonies of P. tolaasii and translucent colonies of certain unidentified pseudomonads. The white line test was positive when 20 isolates of P. tolaasi from different countries were examined, whereas 62 isolates of pseudomonads did not give the white line reaction with a reacting translucent colony Pseudomonas. All the isolates tested for white line forming bacteria including P. tolaasi were highly pathogenic to mushroom tissue. Although browning of mushrooms in host tests does not perfectly help in the identification of P. tolaasi, a conspicuous pitting produced at the cut surface of mushroom tissue is as specific as the white line test in detecting P. tolaasii in suspension in distilled water. URP2F primers of 20-mer were used to assess the genetic diversity of white line forming bacteria. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by using the neighbor-joining method. In the analysis of RAPD pattern, all isolates of white line precipitate have some of the different genetic traits as collected districts. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA revealed that twenty isolates including white line forming bacteria were closely related to P. tolaasii and showed high similarity. To biological control on bacterial browning disease of cultivated mushrooms, six hundreds plant extracts (332 EtOH extracts, 268 water extracts) was used for control of mushroom disease. Thirty plant extracts in bacterial disease(Pseudomonas tolaasii, P. agarici, B. gladioli, E. americana) and thirty three in fungus disease(T. harzianum, C. mycophilum, V. fungicola) showed strong anti-microbes activity. They showed stronger anti-microbes activity at ethanol extracts than water extracts. MIC of extract BCW128 on Pseudomonas tolaasii was 700ppm and HDE17 was 330ppm. MIC of extract YCE107 on P. agarici was 330ppm, JGE96 was 330ppm and BCW128 was 700ppm. The bacteria inhibit tolaasin secreted by Pseudomonas tolaasii was selected three genus(Bacillus sp. etc). Now we are carrying out more research on these bacteria.

We attempted to isolate the bacterial strains from the fruiting bodies of Agaricus brazilensis and determined their effects on browning and distortions of mushrooms. No bacterial strains were isolated when the middle of browning regions of A. brazilensis were used. Total 125 bacterial strains were obtained from the surface of browning regions and classified into 17 different genera and 29 species by using MIDI methods. Most common genus were Pseudomonas (26), Yersinia (29), and Cedecea (29).High lytic activity were detected when Pseudomonas strains were tested, while relatively low lytic activity were observed with both Yersinia and Cedecea strains.Therefore, we believed the distortion of mushroom could be the result of bacterial infections. Also, the development of brownish color was detected in large number of A. brazilensis strains only by incubation at 4C, suggesting no specific correlation between bacterial strains and brownish color development. Also, it is considered that the development of brownish color can be the normal changes of A. brazilensis.

추출방법과 β-cyclodextrin, soluble starch 및 calcium chloride 혼합용액(MIX) 처리가 양파추출물의 색도에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과 추출방법에 관계없이 처리구가 대조구보다 L(명도) 값은 크게 나타났으며 a(적색도)와 b(황색도)는 작은 값을 나타내었다. 갈변도는 100oC 열수추출의 경우 대조구와 처리구의 O.D.값은 각각 0.296 과 0.093으로서 처리구가 대조구의 약 31%의 O.D.값을 보였다. 열수추출과 초음파추출 모두 대조구가 처리구보다 높은 pyruvic acid 함량을 나타내었다. 관능검사의 갈변정도와 매운맛 강도에서는 대조구가 처리구에 비하여 높은 값을 보였다. 양파추출물의 총균수와 대장균군수는 저장기간이 길어짐에 따라서 계속적으로 증가를 보였고 저장기간 내내 처리구가 대조구보다 매우 적은 수치를 나타내었다.

표고 톱밥배지의 갈변을 촉진시키기 위하여 광을 조사한 결과 100Lux 이상의 광처리에서 원하는 수량을 얻을 수 있었으며 암상태에서의 자실체의 발생은 기형버섯율이 높았으며 수량도 저조하였다. 그러나 갈변은 200 Lux이상의 광에서 정상적으로 이루어졌으며 가장 빨리 갈변이 되기 시작하였다. 온도별 처리에서는 25℃의 배양온도를 유지하여 배양한 것이 갈변시작일도 가장 빨랐고 갈변도 가장 많이 진행되었으며 수량과 개체중량도 가장 높았으며 정상적인 수량을 나타낸 처리 중 기형버섯의 발생량도 가장 적었다. 배지내에 통기성이 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 솜마개의 크기를 달리하여 처리한 결과 마개의 크기가 클수록 균사의 생장량도 빨랐으며 갈변이 이루어지는 시기도 빨랐다. 그러나 자실체의 수량은 솜마개의 직경이 16mm일 때 가장 높았으며 마개가 클수록 배지내의 CO2함량은 낮았으며 배양기간 중 갈변이 진행되는 8주에서 14주 사이에서 CO2함량이 가장 높았다. 배양기간 중 C2H4함량은 8mm의 솜마개에서 가장 많이 발생하였으며 12, 16, 20, 0, 4mm의 솜마개으로 발생하였다. C2H4함량도 CO2함량과 같이 8주에서 14주사이의 배양기간에서 가장 높았다. 침수시간에 따른 자실체의 발생효과를 구명하기 위하여 침수시간별로 자실체의 수량과 효소들의 활성을 조사하였다. 침수를 하지 않은 배지는 수량이 침수를 한 배지에 비하여 약 40%가 감소하였다. 침수시간은 4시간과 15시간 침수한 것이 각각 165g/1000ml, 175g/1000ml이었다. 침수시 cellulose분해효소는 침수에 따른 변화가 없으나 lignin 분해효소인 laccase는 침수시간에 따라 약 4 배정도까지 효소의 활력이 증가되었다.

표고균사가 액체배지나 한천배지에서 생장하여 숙성되는 동안 갈변되는 현상을 나타낸다. 표고균사는 접종 25일부터 갈변이 시작되어 30일부터 균총 전반에 걸쳐 이루어지기 시작해 접종 40일까지 갈변이 완전히 이루어진다. 이때 균사내의 효소의 활력을 조사한 결과 phenloxidase계통의 효소들은 laccase는 접종 15일에 가장 높았으며 갈변이 되면서 점점 감소되었으나 tyrosinase는 갈변이 이루어지는 30일부터 급격히 증가하였고 peroxidase는 등전점 전기영동에 의하여 조사한 바 갈변이 이루어지는 30일부터 서서히 증가하였다. 등전점전기영동에 의해 조사된 phosphatase효소는 esterase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase를 조사하였으며 균사의 갈변이 일어나기 시작하는 접종 30일까지는 증가되었으나 그 이후 갈변이 이루어지는 과정에서는 급격히 감소되었다.

Non processed onion (Allium cepa L.) powder or onion powder processed with β-cyclodextrin+1% calcium chloride+1% soluble starch solution was added to the diet of 16 week old Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) for 5 weeks. 36 SHR and Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 diet groups, each of six. They were named control, NPO (non processed onion), PO (processed onion). The rats of the control group were fed diet without onion powder. To NPO and PO groups were added 5% of non processed onion and processed onion, respectively. Body weight gain, food efficiency ratio (FER), blood pressure, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity and Na excretion of urine and feces were analyzed. The processed onion and non processed onion diet reduced body weight gain without affeting the total food intake in Wistar rats (p〈0.05). The body weight gain was lowest in Wistar rats fed with a diet with processed onion powder. The rats fed with diet containing PO or NPO had lower blood systolic blood pressure in SHR (p〈0.05). The effect of onion powder on decreasing the blood pressure was not significant in Wistar rats. The ACE activity in lung was lowered in the SHR fed with either PO or NPO (p〈0.05) compared to those fed with control diet. The urinary Na excretion was significantly lower in SHR than Wistar rats. The effects of PO and NPO on increasing the urinary and fecal excretion of Na were significant (p〈0.05). These results suggest that onion processed with β-cyclodextrin+1%+1% calcium chloride+1% soluble starch solution to reduce volatile flavor, browning and caking preserves an antihypertensive effect of non processed onion.

This paper focuses on the similarities and differences between Robert Browning's dramatic monologue and W. B. Yeats's mask theory. Even though two poets were not contemporaries, it is very interesting that they show some similarities in poetic skills and subjects. Unlike Romantics revealing a poet's subjective feeling directly in their poems, Robert Browning created the dramatic monologue to develop the field of the objective expression. In his “dramatic monologue,” a character instead of the poet utters the speech that makes up the whole of the poem, in a specific situation at a critical moment. This person addresses and interacts with other people and we know of his presence, as well as what they say and do, only from the clues in the discourse of the single speaker. In his “My Last Duchess” the Duke is negotiating with an emissary for a second marriage, and the reader can know the speaker's cruel character and intentions. In his “Andrea Del Sarto,” though Andrea was one of the greatest painters in the Renaissance period, he was a failure as an artist because of his artistic passion and indomitable spirit. Excusing his artistic frustration, he once more tries to believe his wife's lies. When Yeats entered art school in Dublin in 1884, he was an enthusiastic reader of English poetry, especially Browning. Yeats was an admiring reader of Browning's poetry, and Browning was one of the nineteenth-century forefather poets of Yeats. He explored, as Browning did, the themes of creative men divided within themselves and struggling to unify their inspirations toward love and intellect, aesthetic contemplation and heroic action. In this process, Yeats developed the concept of masks from the other self in contrast to the natural self perceiving a man as the conflicting existence between subjectivity and objectivity. In his doctrine of mask, Yeats provided a formal aesthetic for the poet's need to speak dramatically through the masks of other personalities; Browning had long practised dramatic poetry in principle in which he donned the masks of personalities totally unlike his own. Browning tended to hide his interests behind the masks of his characters, whereas Yeats more openly voiced a variety of mystical and antithetical thoughts. Yeats happened to find an occasional, almost incidental similarity of language and a shared attitude toward the sources of poetic inspiration with Browning's. By 1929, when he was sixty-four years old, rewriting and revising his poetry with an eye to a collected edition, he announced that he would be turned from Browning. Yeats was an appreciative reader of the older poet, but the great achievement of Yeats's poetry transformed and transcended the influence of Browning.