The status of maritime features is one of the core issues in the South China Sea Arbitration. The essence of this issue is territorial sovereignty and maritime delimitation disputes between China and the Philippines. Based on the interception of certain facts and evidence, the Tribunal did not interpret the China’s diplomatic position as it wanted, and it had an intensely subjective interpretation of Article 121(3) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982. Combined with the Chinese government’s positions before and after the publicity surrounding the Award, this paper, which takes the logical approaches of the Award as the main line, focuses on chapter 6 of the Award, raising questions about disputes on the status of maritime features, analyzing the treaty interpretations related to the status of maritime features, and clarifying the defections.

Most of the literature on modern-day slavery focuses on women and children as victims of the sex industry. This disproportionate emphasis on sexual exploitation has resulted in conflation of the term trafficking with prostitution, which has led to an understanding of human trafficking issues as separate from other workplace abuses that amount to slavery. By exploring modern-day slavery in the Southeast Asian fishing industry, this paper may fill a research gap within the study of human trafficking as well as sharpen our awareness of slavery practices, not only in the sex industry, but also in workplaces like fishing vessels and seafood processing factories. This paper will argue that the proximity of modern slavery to sexual exploitation and the lack of differentiation between smuggling and trafficking crime has led to the ignorance of contemporary slavery practices in other sectors.

In the South China Sea Arbitration, the Chinese term-“li shi xing quan li” was mistranslated into “historic rights short of title,” regardless of the official English translation provided by Chinese government and preserved by international organizations. ‘quan li’ connotes a categorical meaning covering sovereignty and non-sovereignty rights, while “li shi xing” relates to claims and conduct historically before 1982. China’s “li shi xing quan li” in the SCS developed with the history of the general category of historic rights-an umbrella concept connoting both exclusive historic title and non-exclusive historic sovereign rights. It included China’s exclusive sovereignty over nansha qundao in the SCS and its non-exclusive sovereign rights in part of SCS. The Arbitral Tribunal’s negligence of the conceptual difference led to uncertainty in China’s maximum maritime entitlements in the SCS and reasonable doubt about its decision on the Philippines’ Submissions 1 and 2.

The reproduction characteristics of hagfish Eptatretus burgeri were examined using individuals caught in the South Sea of Korea. The spawning season and size at minimum sexual maturity of this species were characterized based on a gonad-somatic index (GSI) and monthly variation egg size (long axis). From monthly variation of GSI, the spawning season was estimated to be from August to September. Developing eggs larger than 10 mm were found in March, and the largest egg size was found in July. The first spawning length was 34.2 cm TL. Batch fecundity ranged from 13 to 117 eggs for hagfish sized from 34.2 cm TL to 77.0 cm TL, respectively, and increased linearly with total length.

In the area around Jeju Island, the squid jigging fishery and the hair-tail angling are popular. Therefore, the study on the characteristics of the formation and shift of fishing grounds is very important. We have received and analyzed AIS data of all vessels around Jeju Island from October 16, 2016 to October 16, 2017, and extracted the positions of the fishing vessels with the same operational characteristics as the fishing vessels of their fisheries. The distribution chart of the frequency of fishing vessels appearing in each predefined fishing grid (1 NM × 1 NM) was analyzed. So we took a analogy with the monthly shift of fishing grounds. Many fishing vessels appeared in the seas around Jeju Island from November 2016 to January 2017, and the frequency of their appearance was maintained. In November, however, fishing vessels were mostly concentrated in coastal waters. Yet, the density gradually weakened as they moved into January. From February, the frequency itself began to decline, making it the worst in April. The high concentration of fishing vessels in the waters leading from Jeju Island's northwest coast to south coast in November is believed to be related to the yellowtail fishery that are formed annually in the coastal waters off the island of Marado. In May 2017, the appearance frequency of fishing vessels increased and began to show a concentration in coastal waters around Jeju Island. Fishing vessels began to flock in waters northwest of Jeju Island beginning in July and peaked in August, and by September, fishing vessels were moving south along the coast of Jeju Island, weakening the density and spreading out. Between July and August, fishing vessels were concentrated in waters surrounding Jeju Island, which is believed to be related to the operations of fishing vessels for the squid jigging fishery and the hair-tail angling.

Acoustic surveys were conducted in the seas surround the South Korea (South Sea A, South Sea B (waters around the Jeju Island), West Sea and East Sea) in spring and autumn in 2016. First, the vertical and horizontal distributions of fisheries resources animals were examined. In most cases vertical acoustic biomass was high in surface water and mid-water layers other than South Sea A in autumn and West Sea. The highest vertical acoustic biomass showed at the depth of 70-80 m in the South Sea A in spring (274.4 m2/nmi2) and the lowest one was 10-20 m in the West Sea in autumn (0.4 m2/nmi2). With regard to the horizontal distributions of fisheries resources animals, in the South Sea A, the acoustic biomass was high in eastern and central part of the South Sea and the northeast of Jeju Island (505.4-4099.1 m2/nmi2) in spring while it was high in eastern South Sea and the coastal water of Yeosu in autumn (1046.9-2958.3 m2/nmi2). In the South Sea B, the acoustic biomass was occurred high in the southern and western seas of Jeju Island in spring (201.0-1444.9 m2/nmi2) and in the southern of Jeju Island in autumn (203.7-1440.9 m2/nmi2). On the other hand, the West Sea showed very low acoustic biomass in spring (average NASC of 1.1 m2/nmi2), yet high acoustic biomass in the vicinity of 37 N in autumn (562.6-3764.2 m2/nmi2). The East Sea had high acoustic biomass in the coastal seas of Busan, Ulsan and Pohang in spring (258.7~976.4 m2/nmi2) and of Goseong, Gangneung, Donghae, Pohang and Busan in autumn (267.3-1196.3 m2/nmi2). During survey periods, fish schools were observed only in the South Sea A and the East Sea in spring and the West Sea in autumn. Fish schools in the South Sea A in spring were small size (333.2 ± 763.2 m2) but had a strong SV (–49.5 ± 5.3 dB). In the East Sea, fish schools in spring had low SV (–60.5 ± 14.5 dB) yet had large sizes (537.9 ± 1111.5 m2) and were distributed in the deep water depth (83.5 ± 33.5 m). Fish schools in the West Sea in autumn had strong SV (–49.6 ± 7.4 dB) and large sizes (507.1 ± 941.8 m2). It was the first time for three seas surrounded South Korea to be conducted by acoustic surveys to understand the distribution and aggregation characteristics of fisheries resources animals. The results of this study would be beneficially used for planning a future survey combined acoustic method and mid-water trawling, particularly deciding a survey location, a time period, and a targeting water depth.

Due to the decrease in coastal productivity and deterioration in the quality of ecosystem which result from the excessive overfishing of fisheries resources and the environmental pollution, fisheries resources in the Korean waters hit the dangerous level in respect of quantity and quality. In order to manage sustainable and effective fisheries resources, it is necessary to suggest the potential yield (PY) for clarifying available fisheries resources in the Korean waters. So far, however, there have been few studies on the estimation methods for PY in Korea. In addition, there have been no studies on the comparative analysis of the estimation methods and the substantial estimation methods for PY targeted for large marine ecosystem (LME) For the reasonable management of fisheries resources, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive study on the estimation methods for the PY which combines population dynamics and ecosystem dynamics. To reflect the research need, this study conducts a comparative analysis of estimation methods for the PY in the Korean waters of the East Sea to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and suggests the estimation method which considered both population dynamics and ecosystem dynamics to supplement shortcomings of each method. In this study, the maximum entropy (ME) model of the holistic production method (HPM) is considered to be the most reasonable estimation method due to the high reliability of the estimated parameters. The results of this study are expected to be used as significant basic data to provide indicators and reference points for sustainable and reasonable management of fisheries resources.

This study was conducted to evaluate the hangover relieving effect of algae and plant complex extract. The complex extract showed 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging effect in a concentration-dependent manner and high antioxidant capacity (59.48%) when administered at 120 μg/mL. In addition, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activities were increased according to the concentration of the complex extract. A locomotor activity test with an alcohol-complex extract mouse group showed improved motor activities over that of the alcohol-water group at 120 min post-administration. Blood was harvested from each mouse at 120 min post-administration then concentrations of alcohol and aldehyde were measured. The alcohol-extract treated group showed significantly lower (p<0.0001) alcohol (33.48 ± 0.59 μg/mL) and aldehyde (1.54 ± 0.13 μg/mL) concentrations than the alcohol-water treated group. These results suggest that the hangover relieving effects of complex extract results in increased motor activity of mice, which reduces the alcohol and aldehyde concentration in the blood.

The goal of this study was to determine moisture sorption isotherms of fermented sea tangle powder (FSTP) at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 37 °C by using the static gravimetric technique in a water activity (aw)rangeof0.11to0.93andtheyexhibittypeIII behavior, typical of food products. At constant aw, an equilibrium moisture content (EMC) decreased with increasing temperature. The EMC increased with increasing aw at constant temperature. These moisture sorption isotherms have been fitted using eight different mathematical models. The Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) model presents the best fit in describing equilibrium moisture content and water activity relationships for the FSTP over the entire range of temperatures. Isosteric heat of sorption (IHS) was determined from the equilibrium sorption data using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The IHS decreased from 61.68 to 48.70 kJ/mol with increasing the EMC from 0.14 to 3.22 g/g dry basis, approaching the latent heat of vaporization of pure water (, 45.71 kJ/mol). The obtained IHS indicating intermolecular attractive forces between the moisture vapor and sorption sites is an important factor to predict the drying and storage processes for the FSTP.

해양경찰은 바다라는 극한 환경에서 임무수행 중 빈번히 사망·실종의 위험에 맞닥뜨린다. 사고 발생 시 신속한 신원확인을 위해 해양경찰연구센터는 해양경찰을 대상으로 DNA를 이용한 신원확인 시스템을 구축하였으며 사체가 발견되지 않을 경우를 대비해 국립 묘지 안장이 가능한 장치 또한 마련하였다. 순직· 실종 등 대비 신원확인용 인체유래물 보관사업 운영규칙에 따라 인체유래물의 관리, 보 관, 폐기, 품질검사가 진행되며 이는 관리위원회의 감시하에 행해진다. 한반도 해역에서는 매년 700여건의 해양 변사자가 발생하는데 사체가 늦게 발견되어 부패가 심하거나, 일부분만 발견되어 지문 또는 치아로 개인 식별이 불가능할 경우 해양 변사자의 신원확인을 위한 방법이 필요하다. 해양경찰연구센터가 운영중인 ‘인체유래물 보관사업’을 해양·수산 종사자, 관련 연구자, 해양 레저인에게까지 확대 실행 한다면 해양 변사자 신원확인에 큰 도움이 될 것이다.

지음향 모델은 수중과 해저 음파의 전파에 영향을 미치는 해저 지층의 물성과 음향 특성을 포함한다. 이 연구는 동해 남서부 내대륙붕에 위치한 울산 해역의 SSDP-105 시추 지점에서 심부 지층의 지음향 모델을 처음으로 제시하였다. 수심 79 m의 연안 퇴적 지층에서 52 m 심도의 3개 지음향 모델을 구성하였다. 지음향 모델은 연구 해역의 SSDP-105 심부시추 코어 자료와 스파커 탄성파 단면 자료에 근거한다. 실제 모델링을 위해, 모델의 지음향 특성값은 Hamilton 모델링 방법을 이용하여 해저면 하부 현장 심도의 특성값으로 보정하였다. 이 지음향 모델은 동해 울산 연안해역에서 심부 지층의 지음향 특성을 반영하는 중·저주파수 지음향/수중음향 실험을 위해 활용될 것이다.

해상풍은 장기간동안 인공위성 산란계와 마이크로파 복사계를 주로 활용하여 관측되어왔다. 반면 위성 고도계산출 풍속 자료의 중요성은 산란계의 탁월한 해상풍 관측 성능으로 인해 거의 부각되지 않았다. 인공위성 고도계 풍속 자료는 해수면고도를 산출하기 위한 해상상태편차(sea state bias) 보정항의 입력 자료로서 활용됨에 따라 높은 정확도가 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 인공위성 고도계(GFO, Jason-1, Envisat, Jason-2, Cryosat-2, SARAL) 풍속을 검증하고 오차 특성을 분석하기 위하여 이어도 해양과학기지와 마라도, 외연도 해양기상부이의 풍속 자료를 활용하여 2007년 12월부터 2016년 5월까지 총 1504개의 일치점 자료를 생성하였다. 해양실측 풍속에 대한 고도계 풍속은 1.59 m s−1의 평균 제곱근오차와 −0.35 m s−1의 음의 편차를 보였다. 해양실측 풍속에 대한 고도계 해상풍 오차를 분석한 결과 고도계 해상풍은 풍속이 약할 때 과대추정되며 풍속이 강할 때 과소추정되는 특징을 보였다. 위성-실측 자료 간의 거리에 따른 고도계 풍속 오차를 분석한 결과 구간별 오차의 최댓값과 최솟값의 차는 거리에 따라 점차 증가하였다. 고도계 풍속의 정확도 향상을 위하여 분석된 오차 특성을 기반으로 보정식을 유도한 후 고도계 풍속을 보정하였다. 보정 전후의 풍속 자료를 활용하여 해상상태편차를 산출하였으며 Jason-1의 해상상태편차에 대한 해상풍 오차 보정의 영향을 확인하였다.

근래 남중국해는 중국과 필리핀, 베트남, 미국 등 주변 연안국과 기타 여러 관련 국가들의 이해관계가 첨예하게 대립되는 소위 ‘갈등의 바다’가 되었다. 2016년 7월 12일 국제상설중재재판소의 판결에도 불구하고 중국은 남중국해의 도서 영유권과 구단선(九段線)내의 해역에 대한 관할권 주장을 고수하면서 인 공섬과 군사기지 건설을 통하여 실효적 지배를 강화하고 있다. 미국은 남중국해에서 군함에 의한 ‘항행의 자유 작전’을 수행하면서 중국의 영유권 주장을 인정하지 않고 있으나, 중국은 지난 2017년 2월 현행 「해상교통 안전법」의 전면 개정을 시도하면서 남중국해 수역을 포함하여 과도한 해양관 할권 주장의 근거가 될 수 있는 또 하나의 국내적 법제를 마련하고 있다. 그렇지만 해상교통안전법 개정(안)에는 몇가지 외교적 분쟁을 야기할 수 있는 국제법적 쟁점사항을 내포하고 있다. 즉, 적용범위에서 규정하고 있는 중국이 관할하는 기타 수역이 구체적으로 어디인지 모호하고, 남중국해에서 영해의 범위도 불명확하다. 그리고 해양법협약의 무해통항권을 저해할 수 있는 조항이 일부 신설되었으며, 또한 추적권을 행사할 수 있는 위법행위의 내용이 모호하고 무리한 내용도 포함되어 있다. 이 논문은 이러한 현행법의 개정(안)과 해양법협약의 관련 조항들을 비교·분석하여 개정(안)에 포함된 국제법적 쟁점사항을 고찰하였다.

The maturation and spawning of black scraper, Thamnaconus modestus were studied using samples collected monthly from March, 2015 to February, 2016 in the coastal waters off Middle East Sea, Korea. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) of female was the highest in June. The spawning periods lasted from March to September based on histological observation of female gonad development. The percentage of sexually mature females estimated from a logistic function was over 50% for the size group 18.02 cm (total length, TL). The size of eggs spawned was between 0.40 to 0.58 mm. Fecundity varied between 185,648 and 9,747,250 eggs. The relationship between the fecundity and TL of the fish was expressed in the fecundity equation as F = 0.0297TL5.4835.

The age and growth of Pleurogrammus azonus in the coastal of Gangwon-do, East Sea were determined, from monthly samples of commercial catches, caught by the gill net and set net fishery from January to December in 2008. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) began to increase in September, and reached the maximum between November and December. After spawning GSI began to decrease from January. The annuli of P. azonus are formed once a year, with the boundary between opaque and translucent zones forming from December to January. The relationships between fork length (FL) and body weight (BW) were BW = 0.005 FL3.240(R2 = 0.963) for females and BW = 0.006 FL3.238(R2 = 0.946) for males. The FLs at annuli formation in otoliths were back-calculated from the otolith-length relationship and were adjusted to von Bertalanffy growth curves to FLt = 70.54 (1–exp(-0.099(t+1.188))) for females and FLt = 51.87 (1–exp(-0.135(t+1.697))) for males. Until the age of 3 years, males grew faster than females; however, from the age of 4 years, females grew faster than males. In the future, we want to study the relationship between early growth and water temperature changes in the East Sea

The sea between the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago is mainly called “Sea of Japan” in the international society. Concerning this, two Koreas have raised complaint under the rationale of the historical background and the international norms. The complaint of the Korean people concerning the naming issue most deeply lies in the fact that the name “Sea of Japan” which is “favorable” to Japan has been used as the (sole) official international name, whereas the name “East Sea” which is “favorable” to Korea has not been adopted even as the second official international name, regardless of its exact historical background. In the naming dispute like this, the best solution is to create a neutral single name through negotiations by the countries concerned. In case the countries concerned fail to create a neutral single name, the second-best solution is to use multiple names. From this kind of viewpoint, concerning the naming dispute, this article requests three countries, Japan, South Korea and North Korea, to negotiate to create a neutral single name.

Recently, the migration of refugees has been drastically increasing and became a global issue which indirectly affects the shipmasters, authorities and shipowners during rescue operations. The objective of this paper is to study the challenges or difficulties in rescuing refugees at sea from the perspectives of shipmasters, authorities and shipowners in Malaysia. In this study, the key challenges faced by these three groups of individuals are collected and classified based on the primary data reviewed. The interview sessions were conducted with selected expertise and the data collected are analyzed based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) or precisely the pair-wise comparison methods. Through the calculations, the challenges are ranked from the most important challenges to the least important challenges. Furthermore, the data is analyzed by using expert judgments focusing on the relatively most important challenges faced by the three groups of individuals. Finally, the most important challenge faced by shipmasters is the safety of ships and crews, while for authorities, the most important challenge faced is delays in the initiation of rescue operations. For ship-owners, the most important challenge faced is time sensitive cargo loss. Ultimately, two suggestions have been proposed to encounter the most important challenge faced by these groups.

매오징어 Watasenia scintillans 유생분포양상을 알아보기 위해 2015년 8, 9, 11월 R/V 탐구 21호로 동해 남서부연안 28개 정점 에 대해 CTD관측 및 IKMT(망목: 500 μm)를 사용하여 저층(최대 수심 100 m)에서 표층까지 경사채집을 실시한 결과, 채집된 매오징어 유생의 개체수는 총 238개체로 외투장(ML) 범위는 0.6 ~ 18.5 였다. 조사기간 중 8월이 9월과 11월보다 유생의 출현정점 수, 출현개체 수, 유생분포밀도에서 현저히 높았다. 특히 8월에 냉수괴가 분포하는 포항 ~평해까지의 동해연안에서 가장 높은 밀도를 보였다. 유생이 채집된 정점의 연직수온분포에서 매오징어의 부화수온(6 ~ 16 )은 주로 40 ~ 180 m의 수심에 위치하였다.

2017년 추계에 남해 전선역을 파악하고, 알칼리 인산분해 효소(Alkaline Phosphatase; APase) 활성을 이용하여 제한 영양염과 제한 영양염의 시간적인 변화를 평가하였다. 전선역이 형성된 인근해역의 경우, 용존무기인(dissolved inorganic phosphorus; DIP)의 농도와 용존무 기질소(dissolved inorganic nitrogen; DIN): DIP 비가 각각 0.2 μM 이하와 최대 23.2로, DIP가 제한된 환경임에도 불구하고 Chlorophyll a(Chl.-a)가 0.2 μg/L로 높은 생물생산력을 보였다. APase와 DIP는 중요한 역의 상관관계(r = -0.81; P<0.001)를 보여, DIP가 제한되어진 해역임을 알 수 있 었으며, APase와 Chl-a 관계는 APase의 60%가 식물플랑크톤, 40%가 박테리아 기원인 것으로 평가되었다. 용존태 APase와 입자태 APase의 분포로부터 전선역은 장기간 DIP가 제한된 해역이며, 그 외의 해역은 최근에 DIP 제한이 해소된 것으로 판단되었다. 따라서 전선역에서 APase와 같이 가수분해효소의 측정은 제한 영양염의 시공간적인 변화 특성을 평가할 수 있으며, 전선역에서 생지화학 순환의 이해를 높일 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.