The Eschatology of Hope presented in Pannenberg's theology has a special meaning in the Christian eschatology. His eschatology of hope emerged in the historical context which needed a theology of hope in the middle of the 20th century. At that time, the Christian theology came to a crisis with emerging the radical theologies, such as theology of the death of God, the secular theology, after the era of the Neo-orthodox theology(or the existential theology). Therefore the theology of hope was required. Advocates of the theology of hope have emphasized the fact that there is a hope in the kingdom of God which will be coming in the future. Pannenberg presented the kingdom of God in the framework of universal geschichte. The universal geschichte means history as a whole, that is a history connected the past and the present from the future. In this viewpoint of the universal geschichte, history becomes to be a revelation of God, that is “revelation as history.” There is a great hope in our history, because human history is open to the future. According to Pannenberg, the kingdom of God as a ultimate hope of human history is in the future. However the hope has already been expected in the event of Christ's resurrection. The universal geschichte and the resurrection of Christ make Pannenberg's theology into the eschatology of hope. Through the theology, he emphasized that the Christian eschatology should be a theology of hope. The eschatology of Pannenberg as a theology of hope has led the Christian eschatology of 20th century to the hope for the future. The theology has overcome the theology of crisis and has solved the challenge of the radical theology. But it has failed to make Christianity as a movement of hope substantially. His eschatology of hope has been criticized as a historical optimism, because the universal geschichte presented by his revelation as history seemed to be the metaphysics of history. Furthermore, his theology of hope couldn't fulfill historic meaning of the Christian eschatology since the eschatology failed to embody the vision of the kingdom of God and the mission to realize it. In spite of the limitation, his theoretic insight of the eschatology of hope has become an element of the Christian theological hope.

음악사 쓰기는 해석학적으로 연주와 유사한 구조를 가지고 있다. 쓰여진 텍스트를 읽어내 어야 한다는 점에서 뿐만 아니라 컨텍스트를 함께 고려해야 한다는 점에서 그러하다. 사변론 적 이론의 순환 속에서 실행을 해야 한다는 점도 그렇다. 전통과 재료에 근거한 상상력을 펼 쳐야 하며 결과물이 나름대로의 응집성과 일관성을 가진 형상을 이루어야 한다는 점에서도 유사하다. 뿐만 아니라 최종적이고 유일한 답을 추구하는 것이 아니라 다양한 답을 긍정한다 는 점에서도 흡사하다. 뿐만 아니라 타자를 배려하여 대상이 최대한 총체적인 모습으로 드러 나게 해야 한다는 점에서도 닮았다. 이러한 점에서 연주와 연주가 갖는 고유한 문제들은 역 사 쓰기의 여러 문제들을 재고할 수 있도록 해 준다.

‘식물의 광합성'은 생명 과학 영역에서 다루는 개념이지만, 실험을 통해 출입하는 기체를 확인하기 위해서는 BTB 용액의 색변화에 대한 화학적 이해가 바탕이 되어야 한다. 이 연구의 목적은 BTB 용액을 사용한 광합성 실험에서 BTB 용액의 변색 과정과 관련하여 ’광합성' 실험의 문제를 살펴보고, 이를 개선하기 위한 자료를 제공하는 것이다. 이를 위해『2007 개정 과학과 교육과정』에 따른 중학교 「과학 1」교과서 8종과 『7차 과학과 교육과정』에 따른 중학교 「과학 2」교과서 8종을 대상으로 실험에 사용된 BTB 용액의 색변화와 이에 대한 설명을 분석하였고, 예비교사 202명을 대상으로 설문을 실시하였다. 교과서 분석 결과, ‘광합성’ 실험에 사용한 BTB 용액의 초기 색깔은 청색과 녹색 두 가지로 나타났으며, 색깔이 같은 BTB 용액을 사용하였음에도 불구하고 광합성 이후의 색변화에 있어서 교과서 별로 다르게 제시하고 있어 적절한 BTB 용액의 선정과 색변화를 판단하는데 혼동의 여지가 있었다. 또한 BTB의 변색에 대한 교과서의 설명은 이산화탄소의 양에 따른 색을 제시하는 방식, 액성에 따른 색을 제시하는 방식 등으로 분류할 수 있었으나, 각 방식은 화학적 이해를 돕기에 미흡한 점이 있었다. 예비 교사들의 BTB 용액의 변색에 대한 응답은 초기 BTB 용액의 색깔이 청색이거나 녹색인 것과 상관없이 광합성 후에 청색으로 된다는 유형 1, 모두 녹색으로 돌아간다는 유형 2, 처음 사용한 BTB 용액의 색깔 즉, 청색은 청색으로 녹색은 녹색으로 돌아간다는 유형 3으로 나눌 수 있었다. 이들의 구체적인 변색 이유를 분석한 결과, 유형 1의 경우, 산소의 발생으로 인해 용액의 액성이 염기성이 된다고 생각하는 비율이 높았으며, 유형 2의 경우, 초기 용액의 액성에 대한 고려 없이 이산화탄소가 사라지면 중성이 되기 때문이라고 인식하고 있었다. 유형별로 화학적 이해의 수준이 다르게 나타났으며, 예비교사의 전공에 따라 유형별 비율은 차이가 있었다. BTB 용액의 색변화에 대한 혼동과 불완전한 이해를 개선하기 위해서는 광합성 실험에 적합한 표준 BTB 용액의 제조 방법을 개발하고, 교과서에서 BTB 용액의 변색 이유에 대한 화학적 설명이 추가적으로 제시될 필요가 있다.

Since Korean War, even though Kim Chai-choon, Han Gyung-Jik and Park Hyong-Ryong had manifested their anti-communism, their understanding for it was quite different one another. For, they have experienced the communism in the different situations. For Kim Chai-choon, he manifested himself as an anticommunist but he had a deideological understanding in his deep aspect. He criticized the dogmatism of communism, not but communism itself. Thus, Kim’s understanding for communism is considered as deideological one. The reason that he had deideological understanding was that he was influenced from Reinhold Niebuhr. In 1950’s, right after the end of the Korean War, he expressed the very vigorous view against the communism. However, it was because Song Chang-gun, his supporter as well as his friend, was kidnapped by North Korea. Meanwhile, Han was the strong view against the communism and he was an anticommunist. He imparted a “red dragon” to the communism, which was the religious meaning. Right after the independence, Han established the Christian Social-democratic Party in a bid for political activities. But his activities caused the conflicts with communists. So, he came to South Korea. After the Korean War, he worked as a senior pastor for Bethany Church(it became Young-Rak Church afterwards), which was consisted of many North Korean refugees. This was the main reason why he became a very vigorous anticommunist. Therefore, Han’s understanding for communism was called an “ideological understanding for communism based on personal experiences.” Park Hyong-ryong was also an anticommunist but not so much as Han. Because he had been working in South Korea right after Independence, he had no chance to have confliction with communists. He understood the communism as “God’s punishment against sinful people” and such an understanding was very normal at that time. However, in 1959, since third division of Presbyterian churches, he has had cold war ideological understanding. NAE, in which he played a central role and WCC, in which Han played a central role, crashed each other. At that time, Park accused Han of pro-communist and since then, he started understanding “New Theology” and “Communism” in the same category. Since then, Park has interchanged with Carl McIntyre, who was an anticommunist as well as an extreme right Christian leader. As a result, Park had the cold war ideological understanding against communism. Kim Chai-choon, Han Gyung-Jik and Park Hyong-Ryong experienced the Korean War and their experiences made themselves anticommunists but the reason that their views were quite different was that they had very different experiences.

This thesis analyses the most popular Korean Protestant magazines “The Youth” and “The Christian News” during the colonial era, in order to examine the Korean Protestant understanding of war and peace of the time. This war, utilizing modern scientific knowledge for military weapons, was an unprecedented disaster that forced Korean Protestants to realize and acknowledge the importance of ‘war’. As Protestantism sought the cause of war in state-ism, scientism, and capitalistic competition, it started to critically view the limitations, contradictions, and necessity for reformation of modern Western civilization, which used to be a role-model. On the other hand, there was critical revision towards historical practices of Christianity, and also search for the ideal Christian response towards war. In general, the human crisis-war-and Christianity was understood as conflicting concepts and Christianity needed to maintain a non-belligerent stance. The philosophies of Tolstoy and Ghandi’s non-violent social disobedience were also introduced. It is debatable how much their philosophies were understood, but it holds true that there was an introduction to the Korean Protestantism at the time of the philosophical thought that rejected the capitalistic liberalism ideals, that sought the future ideal society in villagecommunities represented by small farmers, and that practiced this through non-violence social disobedience. But such philosophical thought and search towards peace decreases with the Manchurian Incident in 1931. Eras of Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific war was dominated by arguments of Holy Wars based on definitions of self as absolute right and the enemies as absolute evil. Such Holy War theories become vastly spread throughout Korean Protestantism during the Korean War and the Vietnam War, generalized as the Korean Protestant response towards war. Today, the Korean peninsula where North and South Korea are hostile towards each other, is a power cake of the world and the possibility of war increases with North Korea’s possession of nuclear weapons. In order to realize the Christian ideals of ‘respect towards life’ and ‘realization of peace’ under such circumstances, there must be critical analysis about the peaceful traditions of colonial times and also the arguments of ‘righteous war’ in order to define what allows wars to be righteous. For Christianity to mediate conflicts of interest and politics, there needs to be much more meditation on what Christianity can do to actively build peace. Moreover, there is a critical need to continuously find and review peaceful movements within church history, such as the ‘The World Day of Prayer for Women Incident’ conducted by women of a nameless church during the Pacific wars, at a time in which the Holy War theory was dominant.

This paper aims at showing Calvin’s position against Jews. In Calvinstudies it is admitted that it is difficult to present his perspective about Jews, because it is unlikely that Calvin had met any Jews in France. In addition, he never wrote any books or texts on the Jewish people in his life. There is only one text that has been published after his death. Therefore, I will divide his life in to three parts, and then I analyse his texts and his biblical commentaries published during his life. I observe his attitude toward the Jews as a chosen people in the Old Testament and the Jews living in his contemporary. In this analysis I present that Calvin’s position has changed. In other words, this means that there is a linguistic difference between his books and his biblical commentaries published in his lifetime and the text ‘Ad quaestiones et obiecta cuiusdam repsonsio’ published after his death. Therefore, by tracing the date of this text, I will attempt to show the reasons, why Calvin had changed.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the differences of recognition of the actual conditions, performances, problems and issues of the Direct Payment Program for Rural Landscape Conservation(DPPRLC) between interest groups who are residents, officials and experts. In the results of this study, there were differences in awareness of DPPRLC depending on interest groups and whether the program participation. It is determined to be caused the limitations of the program that the target district farmers recognised the program as a source of income and seldom act to manage the rural landscape except cultivating "landscape crops". Therefore, the efforts will be demanded to clarify and share the goals, contents of the project. The following measures are proposed in this study for the direction of improvement of DPPRLC: First, the various efforts are needed to overcome the differences on the interest group's recognition for goals, contents, performance of the Direct Payment Program for rural landscape conservation. Second, it is needed to conduct the program based on the rural landscape plan and participant's capabilities. Third, the various programs to attract voluntary participation from residents should be implemented. Forth, it demands the entrusted implementation to professional organizations to support resident's voluntary activities of surveying rural landscape resources, planning rural landscape conservation, execution of village landscape conservation, etc. Fifth, the various programs to strengthen participant's capabilities should be implemented.

이 연구의 목적은 기술․가정 교과 ‘전통 기술의 이해’ 단원에서 ‘모형 거중기 만들기’를 주제로 STEAM 교육을 위한 수업 자료를 개발하는데 있다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 통합교육 이론 및 STEAM 이론을 고찰하고, ‘전통 기술의 이해’ 단원을 분석하였으며 선행 연구에서 주제 선정 기준을 분석하여 STEAM 수업자료 개발을 위한 주제 선정 기준을 정하였다. 그리고 수업자료 개발 모형에 따라 ‘전통 기술의 이해’ 단원에서의 STEAM 수업자료를 개발하였다. STEAM 수업 자료의 개발을 위한 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 이 수업자료의 통합적 접근은 간학문적․활동중심 통합방식에 따랐으며 이를 통해 STEAM 통합교육 및 체험교육이 될 수 있었다. 둘째, 이 수업자료는 거미줄망 작성을 통해 교과간 내용 연계와 학습내용을 선정하고 조직하였다. 셋째, 이 연구에서 개발된 STEAM 수업자료는 ‘모형 거중기 만들기’를 활동 과제로 한 수업 과정안, 학생 활동지, 활동지 해설, 파워포인트 자료 등으로 구성되어 있다.

In his essay “Hamlet and His Problems”(1919), Eliot analyses Shakespeare’s Hamlet, and evaluates Macbeth, Coriolanus, and Antony and Cleopatra favorably. To Eliot, Hamlet is not as good as Macbeth, because it has no objective correlatives. Macbeth is the work, in which he can find suitable correlatives. Unlike Hamlet, Coriolanus and Antony and Cleopatra seem to him to be an artistic success. This article investigates Eliot’s evaluation of Antony and Cleopatra based on his objective correlative theory. Eliot claims that an author’s emotions should not be in his works, and that instead he should present them objectively. Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra is the best example of this theory, by way of Shakespeare’s various literary conventions, such as paradox, overtone, image, symbol, etc.

본 연구는 기대-가치 모델(Eccles et al., 1983)을 스포츠에 적용하여 운동 정체성과 성취행동 간의 구조적 관계를 검증하고, 또한 스포츠 종목과 운동경력 간 경로 동등성을 비교하였다. 연구대상은 454명의 남자 대학 운동선수들이며, 자료는 구조방정식모델과 다집단 분석을 이용하여 분석되었다. 구조방정식모델 분석의 결과 운동 정체성은 네 가지 가치(내적, 달성, 유용성, 지각된 비용)와 성공기대를 예측하는 변수이며, 달성 가치를 제외한 기대-가치 변인들이 운동 정체성과 성취행동 간의 관계를 부분 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 다집단 분석의 결과 운동 정체성이 달성 가치에, 성공 기대와 지각된 비용이 성취행동에 영향을 미치는 경로가 팀스포츠와 개인종목 선수들 간 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 더욱이, 운동정체성이 내적 가치에, 지각된 비용과 달성 가치와 유용성 가치가 성취행동에 미치는 경로도 운동경력수준에 따라 다른 것으로 나타났다. 본 결과는 대학 운동선수들의 동기와 성취행동을 예측하는 변수로서 긍정적인 운동 정체성을 향상시키는 것이 중요하다는 사실을 시사한다.

Putting aside many themes on Marcion worth studying, this thesis concentrates on his interpreting the OT. Apart from the main stream of the interpretation in his age, he reads OT literally. Relying on this method he can insist, that the God in OT acting cruel, enjoying war and blood, and laying burden like laws on human being is evil(Isa. 45: 7) and so different from the good God by Jesus. This later one has been unknown until the advent of Jesus. He plans to regain the intact Evangelium of the highest god through discarding OT and cleaning the contaminated scriptures he sees as Evangelium, i. e. Gospel of Luke and 10 pauline letters. His theological effort interpreted from his understanding OT is nothing but an establishing the Identity of Christianity. Christianity is for him perfect new, unknown and so unrelated to Judaism. Opposing to the big church accepting the OT as the sola canon, namely one testament, he makes it as the document truly showing the world being evil and it’s cause. His theological effort could have given, as Campenhausen said, the shock to the big church to try to harmonize two testaments. In oder not to say, that both testaments repeat the same truth, the church should find out some picture describing the whole history of the world: Heilsgeschichte. Apart from the evaluating him dogmatically it should be admitted, that in controversy with his theology the Christianity became the Religion, which has the canon consisting of two testaments and at the same time the historical perspective from the beginning of the world to the end of all.

이 연구의 주제는 우리나라의 선도 해항도시(sea port city)이자, 국가 해양수도(ocean capital)의 비전을 지향하는 부산시를 대상으로 하여, 해양행정과 해양정책의 발전방향을 창조적인 해양거버넌스 구축의 관점에서 다루어 보는 것이다. 원래부터 해양이 가진 공유자원적 성격은 불특정 다수 이용자간의 '접촉과 갈등'이 발생하기 쉬우므로, 관련자들의 다양한 이해관계를 조정하는 새로운 '거버넌스(governance)방식'이 필요하다. 해양거버넌스는 비정부 행위자의 참여메커니즘을 전제하고, 상호 신뢰와 협력체제를 축으로 이해관계상의 연계망과 공동생산의 방법을 중요시하는 개념 혹은 기제이다. 정부, 기업, 시민, 전문가를 대상으로 한 조사연구의 결과, 현재 부산에서 나타난 해양거버넌스 형성정도는 보통 이하의 비교적 낮은 수준이었다. 향후 해양거버넌스 형성을 위한 원인으로는 정부차원에서 해양행정(정책)의 최고관리자인 시장의 관심과 중간관리자인 부서장의 태도, 기업차원에서는 경영진의 관심과 태도, 시민차원에서는 해양NGO의 전문성과 신뢰성이 각각 중요한 요인으로 나타났다. 결론에서는 이러한 결과들을 토대로 바람직한 해양거버넌스를 구축할 당위성과 여러 실천적인 대안을 제시하였다.

방정식에 대한 많은 학생들의 이해는 단순한 기호적인 표현의 조작에서 비롯된다고 할 수 있다. 지금까지의 교육 과정에서는 학생들이 방정식단원 후에 공부하는 그래프가 포함된 함수 단원이 앞서 공부했던 방정식과는 서로간의 연결 고리 없이 지도되고 있다고 볼 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 그래픽 계산기를 한 번도 사용해 본적이 없는 중학교 학생들로 하여금 대수적 표현, 표, 그래프를 사용하여 다양한 표현 방법으로 방정식을 이해하도록 하는데 있다. 그 결과로서 그래픽 계산기가 각각의 관련성 있는 도메인에서 깊이 있는 연결고리를 만들어 준다는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 학생들의 반응 또한 긍정적임을 알 수 있었다. 그래픽 계산기의 가치는 교사로 하여금 이러한 연결고리를 명확하게 하며, 교육적으로 더욱 깊이 있는 지도를 가능하게 하여 바탕 그림이 될 수 있는 개념적 관계와 수학의 개념적 구조의 본질을 스키마의 중심에 놓이게 한다고 볼 수 있다. 그래픽 계산기를 이용한 접근방식을 사용함으로써 학생들로 하여금 ‘개념적인 스키마’와 ‘수치적 기호만을 사용하는 계산위주의 지식’을 연결하는 연결고리를 만들 수 있다는 데에 의의가 있다고 할 수 있다.

The purpose of this study is to understand Liszt's music using the intertextuality theory of Kristeva. The intertextuality theory is based on post-structuralism that there might not be a purely new work on any composer's. It is a mere fabricated thing which is reflected by unconsciousness of composer's experiences. Liszt is one of the most influenced composers by literature, philosophy, and art. Especially he composed not a few piano works on poets. 《Mazeppa》is the one he composed using poem of Victor Hugo. It comprised intertextual elements of carnaval languages and 'menippea' which Kisteva suggested for analyzing literature. The other conception of 'chora sémiotique' was also involved in his work. As the result of this study, the conversion of diachrony into synchrony in turn and the distinction between carnaval languages and menipea were found to be able to apply to music not only literature. This result would suggest a new significant method, as an alternative of traditional method, in music understandings.

본 연구는 식물키트를 활용한 식물 재배·관찰 활동이 초등학교 학생들의 과학흥미도와 식물의 한 살이 이해도에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 식물관찰키트는 과학 교과 4학년 1학기 ‘식물의 한 살이’ 단원을 실습할 수 있도록 서울 소재 2개 초등학교의 4학년 2개 반에 학생 1인당 1개씩 제공되었다. 식물관찰키트는 심지관수 용기와 상토, 심지, 씨앗, 관찰일지로 구성되었으며 용기는 발아과정과 뿌리관찰이 가능하도록 투명한 자재로 제작하였다. 식물관찰키트를 활용한 실험군 전체 평균과 식물관찰키트를 활용하지 않은 대조군 전체의 평균 및 실험군 d과 대조군 d, 실험군 y와 대조군 y의 과학흥미도 점수 사이에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 식물의 한살이 이해도의 변화를 실험군 전체와 대조군 전체 집단 간 비교를 해본 결과, 실험군의 평균 87.01점과 대조군의 평균 78.61점 간에는 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다(P=0.002). 실험군 1과 대조군 1의 경우, 실험군 1의 점수가 약간 높았지만 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았고, 실험군 2와 대조군 2에서는 실험군 2가 85.38점, 대조군 2가 69.62점으로 통계적으로 매우 유의한 차이를 나타냈다(P=0.000).

This study reviews the existing discourses on church disunity of the Korean Presbyterian Churches. It aims to examine the structure and logic of the discourses rather than criticising the discourses themselves. In doing so, it first accepts the existing discourses as such through suspension of judgment, and then clarifies the limitation of the discourses and suggests the feasible, if any, solutions. In the existing discourses on church disunity, it is said that the following issues are most important for each groups: the discipline issue for the Presbyterian Church in Korea, Koshin (Koshin group), the issue of the doctrine of the Bible for the Presbyterian Church of the Republic of Korea (PROK, Kijang group), the issue of the ecumenical movement for the Presbyterian Church in Korea (Hapdong group), and the personality issue for the Presbyterian Church of Korea (Tonghap group). Although different Korean Presbyterian denominations delivered their own discourses on church disunity, we came to notice the discrepancy between their argument and the reality of the churches when examining their church history. Such discrepancy, however, strongly suggests that in the Korean Presbyterian Churches there can be possibilities to change the course of history. As the Early Church took the opportunity for unity and development, facing church disunity, the Korean Church, particularly the Korean Presbyterian Churches, is expected to do the same.