This study aimed to describe the mechanism and reaction characteristics of the adhered mortar removal of recycled aggregate (RA) using microwave irradiation (700 W) and a mixed solution of HCl and H2O2. The HOCl concentration increased to 29.7 M at 35oC and 40 min of reaction time without RA in the mixed solution, which shows that HCl reacts with H2O2 to form HOCl and water. However, after nitrogen purging, the HOCl concentration decreased to 2.71 M in 20 min, which proves indirectly that HOCl reacts with HCl to form Cl2 and water. The HOCl concentration decreased from 29.7 M to 1.88 M at 35oC in 40 min with RA in the mixed solution, and the Ca2+ concentration increased to 9,750 mg/L, which demonstrates indirectly that mortar mainly composed of Ca(OH)2 reacts with Cl2 to form Ca(OCl)2 and CaCl2. The reaction rate (k) with microwave heating was about 2.3 times faster than that with conventional heating, and k at a reaction temperature of 50oC was about 1.3 times faster than that at 35oC. The treated RA was improved in density, water absorption, abrasion loss, and absolute volume.

Purpose: This study was to verify the difference between reaction time of information processing and decision making information related with physical activity according to exercise self-schema. So it would have the hypothesis that exercise self-schema affected to judgement, remember and expectation of the content related with physical activity. Methods: The participants of experiment were 36(male:15, female21,Mage=21.25). Task was presented at computer screen. Participants reaction time and contents were saved automatically. And it was measured the physical activity’s amount for 7 days through questionnaire. All anaysis were conducted by SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18. Results: It was shown that the participants who had higher exercise self-schema had faster information processing about physical activity content than the participants who had lower exercise self-schema. Also group of higher exercise self-schema had more vocabulary comments. And at the expect behavior related physical activity, the group of higher exercise-self schema seek more physical activity than the group of lower exercise self-schema. Finally, higher exercise self-schema group had more physical activity. Conclusion: it had identified that exercise self-schema was significant factor at information processing related physical activity. So it is needed to study and develop the program which help developing exercise self-schema.

To evaluate the possibility of negative reaction at seismic isolation bearings subject to seismic load, seismic records of El-Centro and artificial earthquake wave were applied to a single-plate girder bridge with various analytical parameters of curvature radii and skew angles. It is found that seismic analysis using those parameters should be carried out to prevent negative reaction at support.

Domestic sewerage treatment plant is operated by activated sludge method and its modified method by using microorganism. In most cases, a method of using microorganism is directly controlled by the operator based on individual judgment through factors of DO, pH and ORP. In addition, under aerobic condition in bioreactor, energy consumption including excessive air injection is learned to be somewhat plenty. In order to solve this problem, in most of the process, improvement of internal recycling and activated environmental factor of microorganism were researched extensively. However, as factors are changed depending on various conditions, it is not sufficient as an indicator of judgment. As such, a research on operation of bioreactor that measures metabolic change in short time by directly measuring activated condition of microorganism using NADH fluorometer is required in reality.It is considered that the method like this could supplement problem of energy consumption being occurred in the existing treatment method and operational optimization of bioreactor would be enabled by controlling optimal air volume. Therefore, in this study, in order to obtain optimal operational indicator of bioreactor, proper air volume control test was performed and through batch test and site evaluation, possibility of NADH sensor being utilized as operational control indicator of bioreactor is intended to be analyzed. In order to compare with measured value, DO, ORP that are operational control indicator of existing bioreactor were used. As MLSS concentration was increased through batch test, NADH value was increased and site evaluation also showed similar tendency to batch test. Resultantly, it could be confirmed that changing level of NADH fluorometer was a sensor that could measure bioreactor condition effectively and optimized scale of bioreactor is considered to be utilized.

Since sewage sludge has low heating value as an energy source, it is desirable that sewage sludge is mixed with woody waste to enhance energy potential. Among thermal methods for waste to energy, carbonization process is used in this study. In order to estimate reaction kinetics for carbonization process using mixture of woody waste and sewage sludge, the content of sewage sludge is varied from 10 ~ 30% in mixture of woody waste and sewage sludge in carbonization process. Carbonization time is changed from 10 min to 50 min and carbonization temperature is varied from 250oC to 350oC. The carbonization process for mixture of woody waste and sewage sludge was optimized at carbonization temperature of 300oC for 20 min, 20% of sewage sludge content. As increased carbonization temperature, reaction rate constant, frequency factor and degree of carbonization were increased. As increased the content of sewage sludge, conversion, ash content and degree of carbonization were decreased. At optimal conditions for carbonization process, frequency factor and activation energy in Arrhenius equation can be decided by 3.61 × 10−2 min−1, 7,101.8 kcal/kmol respectively.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether yaw head rotational reaction time and premotor time to visual stimuli in central and peripheral visual fields would improve with practice. Method: The task was to make a complete horizontal head rotation regardless of target eccentricity in two response conditions: TOWARD and AWAY conditions. In the TOWARD condition subjects rotated their head in the direction ipsilateral to target appearance for a congruent S-R response. In the AWAY condition subjects rotated their head contralateral to target appearance for an incongruent S-R response. All subjects participated in the following sequence of testing and training: (1) Pre-test, (2) Training (6 days over 2 weeks), and (3) Post-test. Measures associated with yaw head rotations involved with reaction time, premotor time and electromechanical delay. Results: Results revealed shorter yaw head rotation RT in TOWARD and AWAY conditions after 6 days of practice in TOWARD and AWAY conditions. We found the greater observations especially for the centrally placed target. Conclusion: These results suggest greater performance improvements were observed for most subjects when practice and testing were within the same condition, indicating support for the well-known learning specificity phenomena.

The Maillard reaction is a complex reaction that occurs between carbonyl and amine groups during food pro-cessing and storage. In addition, it produces a large number of Maillard reaction products (MRPs), which have an importantrole in determining food characteristics including aroma, color, flavor, and texture. Importantly, recent studies have beenconducted that the Maillard reaction products and their ferments with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) induced specific biologicalcharacteristics including antimicrobial, antioxidative, and antihypertensive activities as well as improved their physiologicalfeatures such as the heat stability and emulsifying properties. Therefore, we described on new insights for enhanced physi-ologic and biologic functions of MRPs through LAB fermentation.

We carried out to investigate of CO2 reaction mechanism in oxy gasification reaction field. Capacity of gasification system is 0.5ton/day and that consists of feeder, gasification reactor assembled ash melting function, multi cyclone, wet scrubber, combustion chamber, heat exchanger, bag filter, ID fan and noncatalyst (steam reformer)/catalyst reformer. Gasification temperature was about 1,400~1,450℃ and RPF was used as a input material. We confirmed to possibility of Boudouard Reaction at the oxy gasification system. Boudouard Reaction is a reaction between carbon(soot) and carbon monoxide in the reaction field. We can find that the more Boudouard Reaction, the more residence time. For optimal reforming conditions such as temperature, amount of steam and residential time were investigated. It can be acquired that conditions of 45% H2 concentration and 3.0 H2/CO ratio in non-catalyst syngas reforming test and conditions of 60% H2 and 35% CO2 concentration in catalyst syngas reforming test.

Waste glass powder is efficient materials as a Supplementary Cement Materials(SCM). Recently, A number of waste glass have been occurred in glass-industry as by-products. However, almost previous research were deal with bottles, glass containers. Therefore, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis was carried out to evaluate pozzolan reaction of various waste glass samples. Pozzolan reaction of Waste Glass Sludge(WGS) was more faster than the other waste glass samples, especially in early stage.

This paper attempted to elucidate pyrolysis reaction characteristics of waste paper laminated phenolic-printed circuit board (p-PCB). Thermogravimetric analysis was performed for the pyrolysis kinetic analysis of waste p-PCB and Pyrolyzer-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was also employed to analyze the product distribution of waste p-PCB pyrolysis reaction under isothermal condition (230, 350, 600oC). Kinetic analysis and isothermal Py-GC/MS results showed that the pyrolysis reaction of waste p-PCB has three reaction temperature regions: 1) low temperature decomposition region (< 280oC), 2) medium temperature decomposition region (280 ~ 380oC), 3) high temperature decomposition region (> 380oC). At the first region, triphenyl phosphate used as fire retardant, water, and phenol were vaporized. At the second region, phenolic resin, tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBA), and laminated paper are decomposed and produce phenols, brominated compounds, and levoglucosan which were the specific pyrolysis reaction products of phenolic resin, TBBA, and laminated paper, respectively. In the final region, cresol and alkyl benzene were detected which can be considered as the decomposition products of phenolic resin. By above results, pyrolysis reaction pathway of waste p-PCB is accounted for a series reaction with four independent reactions of phosphate based frame retardant, TBBA, laminated paper, and phenolic resin.

This study evaluated the standard consistency, setting time, hydration heat, and compressive strength of binary blended cement concrete (general and high strength) using air cooled ladle furnace slag (LFS) of 3, 5, 7, 10wt.% as an admixture for ordinary portland cement (OPC). Results showed that binary blended cements using the LFS of lower than 5wt.% shortened the setting time and reinforced the compressive strength of concrete (general and high-strength) compared to OPC concretes although binary blended cements needed more water to achieve the standard consistency. This indicated that LFS could be used as a useful admixture for manufacturing binary blended cement. Thus, we expected that the upcycling of LFS would be contributed to save energy consumption and reduce the greenhouse gas emission from the field of cement industry.

본 연구는 A 하수처리장 내 혐기 소화 상징액 그리고 농축조 상징액을 대상으로 반응시간에 따른 질소 화합물 성상 변화에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 하수처리장에서 질소 처리는 일반적으로 질산화 – 탈질의 생물학적 처리를 기반으로 하고 있다. 세계적으로 친환경·저에너지 형 기술이 주목받음에 따라 기존의 완전질산화 반응과 비교하여 경제적인 아질산화 반응 및 관련 연계 기술에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 아질산화 반응은 SRT 조절에 따른 nitrite oxidizing bacteria(NOB)의 wash-out 또는 free ammonia(FA)에 의한 저해 작용과 같은 인위적인 조작이 없으면, 자연적 안정적으로 유도되기 어려운 반응으로 알려져 있다. 약 300일에 걸친 실험실 규모 아질산화 반응조 운전을 통하여 운전 SRT 별 반응시간에 따라 반응조 내 질소 화합물의 성상 변화를 분석하였다. 안정적인 아질산화 반응이 유도된 구간에서는 암모니아성 질소가 감소함에 따라 아질산성 질소만 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 하지만 완전질산화가 유도된 구간에서는 일정 반응 시간 암모니아성 질소가 감소함에 따라 아질산성 질소와 질산성 질소가 증가하다 일정 시간 이 후 아질산성 질소가 감소하고 질산성 질소가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이는 완전 질산화가 유도된 구간에서는 상대적으로 긴 SRT로 인해 반응기 내 아질산성 질소로 전환되었던 질소 화합물이 다시 질산성 질소로 전환되는 것을 확인 할 수 있다. 또한, 아질산성 질소가 질산성 질소로 전환되는 시점을 기준으로 아질산화 반응이 유도 가능한 SRT를 파악 할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 실험실 규모 운전 결과를 바탕을 도출된 본 연구의 연구 결과는 실제 하수처리장에 아질산화 반응 도입 시 중요한 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

양성자핵반응에 대한 연구는 현재 핵융합로의 재료 개발을 비롯하여 양성자치료 분야 등을 중심으로 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구는 100 MeV 양성자 빔을 이용한 27Al(p,3p+n)24Na 반응을 통하여 발생되는 지발 감마선(2754, 1386 keV) 스펙트럼을 고순도 HPGe 검출기를 이용하여 측정하였다. 실험에 사용되어진 양성자 빔은 양성자가속기연구센터(KOMAC)에 설치되어 있는 100 MeV 양성자선형가속기를 사용하였다. 측정된 감마선은 기존에 알려진 결과들과 비교분석하였다. 측정된 감마선의 강도는 고에너지 감마선 검출효율을 결정하는데 매우 중요한 정도를 제공 할 것으로 생각되어 진다.

고준위폐기물의 심지층 처분을 위해 완충재인 벤토나이트가 반드시 필요하고, 지하 환경에서 이 물질의 장기적 특성 변화를 아는 것은 매우 중요하다. 본 실험에서 폐기물 금속용기의 구리코팅 성분이 부식되면서 구리이온 농도가 증가한다고 가정하였을 때, 완충재인 벤토나이트 점토(몬모릴로나이트)의 층간 양이온들의 이온교환 및 용출 특성 등을 실험을 통해 살펴보았다. 용존 구리와 벤토나이트와의 반응실험에서 팽창성 점토의 Na가 선택적으로 먼저 Cu에 의해 치환되었고 Ca는 상대적으로 시간을 두고 이온교환되었다. 그리고 구리로 치환된 몬모릴로나이트는 X-선회절 분석결과 원시료에 비해 층간간격이 다소 줄어든 특징적인 비대칭 회절형태로 관찰되었다. 이러한 실험결과는 지하처분조건에서 고유 벤토나이트 성질의 점진적인 변화를 간접적으로 지시하는 것으로, 향후 다양한 추가실험을 통해 처분장 완충재의 화학적 광물학적 특성 변화를 연구할 계획이다.

In this study, an analysis model with circular arc on the plane is chosen as a representative section of the steel box girder. The steel box girder has thin-walled cross section. When working load is increased in the outer sector, the behavior of the negative reaction and overturning moment are shown up. Curved bridge has a central angle from about 4 to 26 degree. Negative reaction and overturning moment are analyzed according to increase of a central angle from 4 to 26 degree as well as shape factor.

Reaction degree of ground granulated blast furnace slag(GGBFS) in cement paste was measured by water-binder ratio and GGBFS replacement ratio, curing temperature with ages using selective dissolution. In result of experimental, when water-binder ratio and curing temperature were high and replace ratio of GGBFS was low, reaction degree was estimated high.

This study suggested an improvement of expansion joint and asphalt pavement construction to prevent pavement and bridges damage due to alkali silica reaction. First, for the case study of alkali silica reaction, we conducted a field survey of expressway 15 Mokpo - Muan. As a result, those following damages were investigated such as abutment tensile cracks, pavement crazing and rising, joint contractions and localized damage etc. To prevent this, we applied those following improvements to Muan2 bridge and Samjeong bridge of expressway 15 and confirmed improvement effectiveness by monitoring. 1) Installing an expansion joint on a bridge near pavement slabs(3 points), 2) constructing asphalt pavement after removing concrete pavement(6m). In conclusion, through such improvements suggested above, we expect that we will be able to effectively prevent bridges damage due to Alkali Silica Reaction. Consequentially, it will also contribute improving the safety of vehicles in the expressway.

사장교는 다수의 케이블에 의해 지지되어 복잡한 거동을 하는 구조체이며, 측경간 케이블에 의해 단부교각에서 부반력이 발생한다. 이를 해결하기 위해 적절한 측경간비를 설정해야 하고 앵커교각의 부반력 대책을 강구해야 한다. 부반력 제어 대책으로는 중간교각, 카운터 웨이트 등을 설치하는 방안이 있으며 이에 따라 사장교의 구조계가 결정된다. 밤콩교량은 타당성 검토 단계에서 5경간 사장교로 계획되었다.하지만 시공성 및 경제성 등의 문제로 실시설계 단계에서 3경간 사장교로 변경되었다. 시공성을 확보하기 위하여 중간교각을 배제하였고, 이에 따른 부반력을 제어하기 위해 측경간비를 증가시켰다. 그 결과, 원안 설계에 비하여 시공성, 구조적 안전성, 효율성을 확보할 수 있었다.

Genetically modified (GM) papaya (Carica papaya L.) line 55-1 (55-1), which is resistant to papaya ringspot virus infection, has been marketed internationally. Many countries such as the European Union, Japan, and Korea have a mandatory safety assessment, approval and labeling regulations for GM foods. Thus, there is a need for specific methods for detecting 55-1. In this study, we established a real-time PCR detection method applicable to 55-1 for a variety of papaya products. The limit of detection was possible for fresh papaya fruit up to dilutions of 0.005% and 0.01% (weight per weight [w/w]) for homozygous SunUp and heterozygous Rainbow cultivars, respectively, in non-GM papaya. The 55-1 event-specific detection method observed parallelism (r2>0.99) between the concentration of line 55-1 cultivars and Ct values obtained in amplification plots at concentrations of 0.005-10% for SunUp DNA and 0.01-10% for Rainbow DNA. The method was applicable to the qualitative detection in various types of processed products (cocktail fruit, dried fruit, juice, etc.) containing papaya as a main ingredient. Monitoring papaya products for the presence of GM papaya were demonstrated using a P35S and T-nos real-time PCR detection method but no amplification signals were detected.