Government-driven informatization support projects for small and medium companies turn into collaborative information technology alliances between mother companies and their suppliers. These collaboration efforts are driven by a mother company that can

The transesterifications of beef tallow and the mixture of beef tallow and rapeseed oil were conducted at 65℃ respectively using TMAH, NaOH and their mixed catalysts. The reactants were emulsified with 1vol% emulsifier and propylene glycol. The overall conversion of beef tallow was 95% at such optimum conditions as the 1:8 of molar ratio and 0.8 wt% TMAH. The overall conversion of mixed fat at the 1:8 of molar ratio and mixed catalyst of 70 wt% TMAH 30 wt% NaOH was close to 97% which appeared at 0.8 wt% TMAH in 80min. And the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel mixture using the mixed catalyst was 6.5mm2/s at 40℃.

The esterification of palmitic acid in rapeseed oil and methanol emulsified by propylene glycol with PTSA(p-toluene sulfonic acid) was followed by the transesterification of rapeseed oil into biodiesel with 1(w/v)% GMS(glycerol monostearate) as an emulsifier using TMAH(tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide) catalysts at 60℃. The former reaction was optimized at the 1:20 of molar ratio of oil to methanol and 5wt% PTSA, and the latter was optimized at the 1:8 of molar ratio of oil to methanol and 0.8wt% TMAH. The overall conversion into biodiesel was 98% after 60min of reaction time at the 1:8 of molar ratio, 0.8wt% TMAH and 60℃. TMAH was a good catalyst to control the viscosity of biodiesel mixture.

This study is an attempt to prove a relationship between Le Corbusier's utopian attitude towards nature and architectural ideology and ideology by a form of inquiry into sociological interests. That is to find out contradictions and limitations in Le Corbusier's architectural world, namely particularity of his ideology by exploring the base entangled with special interests in the society up until formation of his architectural language. A process of this study is by; 1. Examining of background which affected Le Corbusier's attitude towards nature until the nature became his architectural language; 2. An analysis of Le Corbusier's architectural works. That is, this study's main interest is on formation of Le Corbusier's architectural language by his attitude towards nature which present in residential field especially focused on Villa Meyer and Villa Savoye, two best examples of his villa. 3. This study have a goal to investigate that utopian and ideological conception in architecture of Le Corbusier have a dialectic relationship between them. This goal can be achieved by observing in what ways Le Corbusier's utopian attitude towards nature is expressed in residential architectural language and researching into his inconsistent architectural ideology derived from applying architectural language present in villa to pre-fabricated apartment houses.

Biodiesel as methyl esters derived from vegetable oils has considerable advantages in terms of environmental protetion. In the present work, methyl esters were produced from soybean oil by lipase-catalyzed transesterification. To reduce inactivation of commercial immobilized lipases emulsified two-step process was developed using the stepwise addition of methanol with 4:1 molar ratio at 4h intervals. Also with immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica(Novozym 435) high conversion of 98.5 percent was possible at 45℃ of reaction temperature with 4:1 of methanol-to-oil molar ratio and 1%(v/v) methyl glucoside oleic polyester as an emulsifier in the presence of cosolvent.

Emulsified transesterification of soybean oil into biodiesel was investigated using potassium hydroxide and sodium methoxide catalysts with methyl glucoside oleic polyester as a methanol-in-oil emulsifier. The transesterification reaction conditions were optimized to obtain high yields of fatty acid methyl esters of the quality defined by biodiesel standards. The developed process resulted in 95~96% of overall yield from soybean oil by alkali-catalyzed methanolysis at 45℃ of reaction temperature with 6:1 of methanol-to-oil molar ratio and 1(v/v)% methyl glucoside oleic polyester in the presense of 0.8wt% KOH and 1.2wt% NaOCH3.

CTA ester bonds in TG molecules were not attacked by pancreatic lipase and lipases produced by microbes such as Candida cylindracea, Chromobacterium viscosum, Geotricum candidium, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Rhizophus delemar, R. arrhizus and Mucor miehei. An aliquot of total TG of all the seed oils and each TG fraction of the oils collected from HPLC runs were deuterated prior to partial hydrolysis with Grignard reagent, because CTA molecule was destroyed with treatment of Grignard reagent. Deuterated TG (dTG) was hydrolyzed partially to a mixture of deuterated diacylglycerols (dDG), which were subsequently reacted with (S)-(+)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl isocyanate to derivatize into dDG-NEUs. Purified dDG-NEUs were resolved into 1, 3-, 1, 2- and 2, 3-dDG-NEU on silica columns in tandem of HPLC using a solvent of 0.4% propan-1-o1 (containing 2% water)-hexane. An aliquot of each dDG-NEU fraction was hydrolyzed and (fatty acid-PFB ester). These derivatives showed a diagnostic carboxylate ion, (M-1)-, as parent peak and a minor peak at m/z 196 (PFB-CH3)- on NICI mass spectra. In the mass spectra of the fatty acid-PFB esters of dTGs derived from the seed oils of T. kilirowii and M. charantia, peaks at m/z 285, 287, 289 and 317 were observed, which corresponded to (M-1)- of deuterized oleic acid (d2-C18:0), linoleic acid (d4-C18:0), punicic acid (d6-C18:0) and eicosamonoenoic acid (d2-C20:0), respectively. Fatty acid compositions of deuterized total TG of each oil measured by relative intensities of (M-1)- ion peaks were similar with those of intact TG of the oils by GLC. The composition of fatty acid-PFB esters of total dTG derived from the seed oils of T. kilirowii are as follows; C16:0, 4.6 mole % (4.8 mole %, intact TG by GLC), C18:0, 3.0 mole % (3.1 mole %), d2C18:0, 11.9 mole % (12.5 mole %, sum of C18:1Ω9 and C18:1Ω7), d4-C18:0, 39.3 mole % (38.9 mole %, sum of C18:2Ω6 and its isomer), d6-C18:0, 41.1 mole % (40.5 mole %, sum of C18:3 9c,11t,13c, C18:3 9c,11t,13r and C18:3 9t,11t,13c), d2-C20:0, 0.1 mole % (0.2 mole % of C20:1Ω9). In total dTG derived from the seed oils of M. charantia, the fatty acid components are C16:0, 1.5 mole % (1.8 mole %, intact TG by GLC), C18:0, 12.0 mole % (12.3 mole %), d2-C18:0, 16.9 mole % (17.4 mole %, sum of C18:1Ω9), d4-C18:0, 11.0 mole % (10.6 mole %, sum of C18:2Ω6), d6-C18:0, 58.6 mole % (57.5 mole %, sum of C18:3 9c,11t,13t and C18:3 9c,11t,13c). In the case of Aleurites fordii, C16:0; 2.2 mole % (2.4 mole %, intact TG by GLC), C18:0; 1.7 mole % (1.7 mole %), d2-C18:0; 5.5 mole % (5.4 mole %, sum of C18:1Ω9), d4-C18:0 ; 8.3 mole % (8.5 mole %, sum of C18:2Ω6), d6-C18:0; 82.0 mole % (81.2 mole %, sum of C18:3 9c,11t,13t and C18:3 9c,11t,13c). In the stereospecific analysis of fatty acid distribution in the TG species of the seed oils of T. kilirowii, C18:3 9c,11t,13r and C18:2Ω6 were mainly located at sn-2 and sn-3 position, while saturated acids were usually present at sn-1 position. And the major molecular species of (C18:2Ω6)(C18:3 9c,11t,13c)2 and (C18:1Ω9)(C18:2Ω6)(C18:3 9c,11t,13c) were predominantly composed of the stereoisomer of sn-1-C18:2Ω6, <..

Acrylic resin(ACR) was blended with a curing agent, hexamethoxymethylmela-mine(HMMM), in which blending ratio was 70:30. The curing behavior was examined using Rheovibron. Cross-linking reaction started at 170℃ in 2 min of reaction and curing was completed in 10 min. It was found that the extent of cross-linking increased with the content of acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate monomer in the ACR.

부산지역 대학생 340명을 대상으로 전통음식의 패스트푸드화에 관한 견해를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 조사 대상자는 남학생이 56.2%, 여학생이 43.8%, 20-24세가 66.8%를 차지하였고, 자기집에 거주하는 학생이 73.6%이었으며, 평균용돈은 16-20만원이 31.8%로 가장 많은 비율 차지하였다. 2. 패스트푸드가 식습관에 미치는 영향은 '입맛이 서구화 되었다', '지방의 과잉섭취가 되었다', '외식을 더 좋아하게 되었다', '비만가능성이 커졌다' 의 순으로 나타났으며, 성별(p<0.01)로 유의적이 차이를 보여 남학생은 입맛의 서구화, 여학생은 지방의 과잉섭취의 비율이 높게 나타났다. 3. 외국브랜드 패스트푸드점의 이용에 대한 견해는 '생각해보지 많았다' (32.9%), '이용을 자제해야 한다' (23.1%)로 나타났으며 전통음식 패스트푸드점의 이용에 대해서는 '가끔 이용할 것이다' (56.5%). '많이 이용할 것이다' (19.8%)로 나타나 빠른 시일내에 한국형 전통음식 패스트푸드업체의 개발이 필요한 것으로 보인다. 4. 국내브랜드 패스트푸드점에 대한 견해로는 '모르겠다' (32.1%), '맛이 떨어진다' (20.8%), '어쩐지 외국 브랜드보다 못하다' (13.3%)의 순이었고, 성별(p<0.01)로 유의적인 차이를 보여 맛의 차이는 여학생이, 가격의 차이는 남학생이 높은 비율로 꼽았다. 5. 전통음식의 패스트푸드점에 대한 견해로는 '전망이 있다'가 62.2%, '신속히 이루어져야 한다'가 15.5%로 나타났으며, 전통음식 중 패스트푸드화 할 수 있는 음식으로는 떡, 한과류(27%), 불고기, 음료, 빈대떡, 잡채, 갈비찜, 구절판의 순이었다. 6. 전통음식을 패스트푸드화 하는데 있어서의 문제점으로는 사람들의 인식(29.7%), 음식의 기계화와 자동화(26.2%), 정성부족으로 인한 맛의 감소(21.6%) 순으로 나타났고, 성별(p<0.01), 연령별(p<0.05)로 유의적 인 차이를 보였다. 7. 전통음식 패스트푸드점이 생기면 이용도에 관한 견해는 '가끔 이용할 것이다'가 56.5%, '많이 이용할 것이다'가 19.8%로 나타났고, 연령별(p<0.05), 주거상태별(p<0.05)로 유의적인 차이를 보였는데 연령이 많을수록 '이용치 않겠다'는 비율이 높았고, 특히 주거상태별로는 '전혀 이용치 않을 것이다'의 비율이 하숙생이 높게 나타났다. 본 연구는 유행에 민감하고 문화의 변화를 주도하며 패스트푸드를 가장 많이 이용하는 세대인 대학생들을 대상으로 우리의 전통음식을 패스트푸드화 하였을 때의 견해를 알아보고 그 전망을 살피기 위한 연구였다. 연구결과에서 나타난 바와 같이 유행의 첨단을 달리는 신세대라 하더라도 많은 비율의 대학생들이 전통음식의 패스트푸드화에 전망을 밝게 보고 있었으며 이를 위해서는 많은 문제점도 지적하였다. 이에 전통음식의 패스트푸드화와 상품화에 대한 인식이 고무적인 방향으로 변화하고 있어 앞으로 계속 그 추이를 연구할 가치가 있다고 사료된다.

Curing reaction was carried out with the acrylic resin (ACR) [n-butyl acrylate/atyrene/2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate (AAEM)] synthesized before and a curing agent, hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM). With rotational rheometer, the effect of catalysts on curing rate of acrylic resin/melamine was examined. Among the four catalysts used, p-toluene sulfonic acid showed the highest reactivity, and the optimum amount of catalyst was 0.5 phr. It was observed that in the ACR/HMMM curing reaction, gelation point was lowered with the increasing the amount of AAEM and HMMM in the ACR.

수용액 매체에서 젤케스팅을 이용하여 복잡한 형상의 세라믹스를 제조하기 위한 새로운 공정을 연구하였다 용융실리카 분말과 첨가제로서 지르콘과 코디어라이트 조성으로 혼합된 현탁액을 electrosteric 방법으로 안정화시켰다. 슬립은 다성분계 세라믹 현탁액에 단량체, 이량체 그러고 분산제를 혼합하고, 볼밀하여 준비하였다. 슬립의 유동학적 특성을 평가하기 위해 점도를 측정하였으며 , 낮은 점도를 갖는 50vo1%의 고농도 다성분계 세라믹 슬립의 제조가 가능하였다. 슬립의 점도는 고분자 분산제의 함량과 단량체 및 이량체의 혼합비에 크게 의존하였다. 성형체는 안정화시킨 슬립을 몰드에 부어 상온에서 젤화시킨 후 25˚C, 80~85% 상대습도 분위기 하에서 48시간동안 건조시켜 제조하였으며 건조된 성형체에는 균열이 발생하지 않았다

Alkylation of phenol with tert-butanol in the liquid phase on mordenite was studied. The influence of many reaction parameters such as calcination temperature, reaction temperature, t-butanol/phenol molar ratio on catalytic properties was discussed. The main products were 2,4-di-t-butylphenol, o-t-butylphenol, p-t-butylphenol, the last of these was wanted product. In order to enhance the selectivity of p-t-butylphenol, optimum conditions were recommended at 500℃ calcination temperature, 140℃ reaction temperature, 1.0 molar ratio of reactants over mordenite. P-t-butylphenol was formed with 90% isomer selectivity at optimum conditions after 4hr reaction. On the basis of the behavior obtained in the cases mentioned, optimum conditions and catalytic properties for t-butylation of phenol were provided.