Low molecular weight hydrolysates from donkey bone extracts (LHDB) was prepared with different food enzymes, and its antioxidative, elastase and collagenase inhibitory, and fibroblast cell protection effects against photoaging were evaluated. Gelatin from donkey bone was extracted three times at 121℃ for 1 h and was lyophilized. The lyophilized powder (5 g) was dissolved in 95 mL distilled water with 1% FoodPro alkaline protease (A), 1% Protease P (P), 1% Protease M (M) and a 0.3% A + 0.3% P + 0.3% M (APM) mixture and was hydrolyzed for 3 h at 45℃. After enzyme inactivation at 90℃ for 10 min, the LHDBs hydrolyzed by A, P, M, and APM were separated by centrifugal filtration and were lyophilized and marked as LHDB-A, LHDB-P, LHDB-M, LHDB-APM. The LHDB-M showed higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline–6- sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) than the other treatments (p<0.05). The elastase inhibition effect (37.49%) of LHDB-M were significantly higher than those of the other treatments (9.97-34.18%). The viability of human fibroblast cells (Hs68) after UVB irradiation was significantly increased by LHDB-M, indicating that it can be used as an antioxidant or as a UVB stress protector. However, further in vivo studies should precede its usage in the bioactive compound industry.

Osteoporosis is a major worldwide public health problem that poses a great economic burden to society. Puerariae Radix, the dried root of Pueraria lobata (Wild.) Ohwi, has been widely used in Asia. This study investigated the effects of Puerariae Radix (PR) on bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. C3H/HeN mice (10 weeks old) were divided into sham and OVX groups. The OVX mice were treated with vehicle, 17β-estradiol (E2), PR (oral administration, 250 mg/ kg/day) or PR (intraperitoneal administration, 50 mg/ kg/every other day) for 6 weeks. Grip strength, uterus weight, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), estradiol concentration and osteoclast surface levels were measured. Tibiae were analyzed using microcomputed tomography. There were no significant differences in the degree of grip strength, body weight and uterine weight between OVX group and PR-treated group. As compared with the OVX group, the serum estradiol levels were significantly increased in the PR-treated group. PR (i.p.) significantly preserved trabecular bone volume, trabecular bone number, structure model index and bone mineral density of proximal tibiae metaphysic. The administration of PR lowered serum ALP and osteoclast surface levels in OVX mice, suggesting that PR can reduce the bone turnover rate in mice. The results indicate that the supply of PR can prevent OVX-induced bone loss in mice.

Wasted meat & bone has generated as byproducts in the slaughtering process of livestock and also faced with demands for its recycling and environmental protection. Many studies have been conducted to recycle byproducts and carried out mainly on the crushing of bones and the vacuum packing technology of products. In this study, the crushing unit, transporting unit, separated unit and packing unit have designed for development of the crushing and packing systems. Also, to confirm the performance of this system, the experimental verification were carried out the working noise and packing weight.

The Hippo pathway was originally discovered in Drosophila by genetic screening and it has been shown to be conserved in various organisms including human. Until now, the essential roles of Hippo pathway in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumorigenesis, and organ size control is extensively studied. Currently, Mats1/2 (Mob1a/1b), one of the important components in Hippo pathway, mutant mice were generated which has abnormal phenotype such as resistance to apoptosis and spontaneous tumorigenesis. Of note, Mats1/2 mutant mice also showed dental malocclusion. Therefore, in this study, we have evaluated the bone phenotype of Mats1/2 mutant mice. Although the mRNA expressions of Mats1 or Mats2 were observed in both osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis, the increase of Mats1 level was most prominent during osteoblastogenesis. The RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation from bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) was unaltered upon Mats1/2 mutation; however, the osteoblast differentiation using calvarial pre-osteoblasts was significantly reduced in Mats1/2 mutant mice compare to that of wild type mice. In accordance with in vitro results, Mats1/2 mutant mice showed decreased bone volume as well as increased trabecular separation in μCT analyses. These results may provide novel prospect of the probable linkage between Hippo pathway and bone homeostasis.

Previous studies have suggested that rice bran oil (RBO), an edible oil from the byproducts of rice milling, has antiinflammatory effects in inflammation inducing macrophages, known as M1 subsets. Yet the effects of RBO on the counterpart M2 subsets, the “healing” macrophages, were poorly investigated to date. In this regard, recent studies on the molecular/cellular anti-inflammatory mechanisms of dietary components have demonstrated that mitochondrial respiration contributes to macrophage functioning. Therefore, the current study examined whether RBO regulates cytokine secretion by modulating mitochondrial metabolism in wound healing M2 subsets. Palm oil (PO), enriched with medium-chain fatty acids, served as a positive control. C57BL/6 mice were fed a diet containing either corn oil (CO), PO or RBO for 4 weeks, followed by purification of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) from their tibias and femurs. Cells were further polarized to M2-BMDM, and the expression of M2 marker (CD206) on cellular surfaces were not affected by dietary intervention. In addition, the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in the culture supernatant was not affected by dietary lipids. Oxygen consumption rate, the indicator of mitochondrial respiration in M2-BMDM was not regulated by RBO intervention and PO treatment. Taken together, this study imply that RBO did not intervene both the regulation of inflammatory responses and mitochondrial respiration in M2 macrophages.

Oriental medicine uses many herbs with biological activity. Among these, some have anti-inflammatory activities, but their action mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. Therefore, in this study, we harvested mouse bone marrow cells (BMs) and treated them with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), after which they were treated with the extracts of four medicinal herbs. The metabolic activity, cell death ratio, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production of the BMs was then evaluated. Among the four medicinal herbs, Caesalpinia sappan (CS) significantly decreased the metabolic activity, mitochondrial membrane potential of BMs, and production of TNF-alpha, especially in the presence of LPS. Moreover, CS increased the cell death of BMs stained with propidium iodide. Taken together, these findings indicate that CS inhibited the biological activities of LPS-treated BMs in multiple assays, confirming that CS has anti-inflammatory activity.

본 연구는 여성노인을 대상으로 라인댄스와 저항성운동을 적용한 복합운동프로그램이 신체수행능력, 골밀도 및 부갑상선호르몬에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여, 만65세~75세 여성노인을 대상으로 운동군 11명, 대조군 11명으로 분류하여 회당 60분씩 주 2회 라인댄스, 1회 저항성운동을 12주간 실시하였다. 운동 수행강도는 운동자각도(RPE)를 이용하여 ‘가볍다’에서 ‘약간 힘들다’ 정도인 11~14 사이를 유지 하였다. 라인댄스와 저항성운동 전·후에 측정한 자료의 그룹 내 차이 비교를 위해 대응표본 T검정, 그룹 간차이는 운동 전·후의 변화량을 산출하여 독립표본 T검정을 실시하였고, 측정변인들에 대한 그룹 및 시기간 상호작용을 검증하기 위해 이원배치 반복측정 분산분석으로 하였으며, 각 항목별 통계적 유의수준은 .05로 설정하였다. 그 결과, 운동군이 신체수행능력 중 균형(p<.05), 보행속도(p<.01), 의자에서 일어서기(p<.001), SPPB 종합점수(p<.001)가 증가하였으며, 골밀도는 요추(L2~L4)골밀도에서 운동군이 유의하게 증가하였고(p<.05), T-score점수는 운동군이 유의한 증가를 보였으나(p<.01), 대조군은 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. PTH수준은 운동군이 유의하게 감소하였고(p<.05), 대조군은 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았 다. 이상의 결과 규칙적이고 지속적인 신체활동은 여성노인의 신체수행능력, 골밀도 및 부갑상선 호르몬의 변화에 긍정적인 영향을 미친 것으로 사료된다.

목 적：Temporal bone 검사 시 확산강조영상(diffusion weighted image, 이하 DWI)은 CT 검사로 감별하기 어려운 진주종(cholesteatoma)과 염증성 육아종(granuloma)을 감별하기 위해 시행된다. 그러나 기존의 single-shot echo planar imaging 기법(이하 SS-EPI)의 DWI를 시행할 경우 두개저부의 자화율 (susceptibility) 차이에 의해 뒤틀림이 발생하여 진단적 가치가 저하된 영상이 획득된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 Temporal bone 검사 시 새로운 single-shot turbo spin echo 기법(이하 SS-TSE)을 적용하여 뒤틀림을 줄이고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법：연구방법은, 2016년 11월부터 2017년 1월까지 Temporal bone 검사를 시행한 환자 15명을 대 상으로 기존의 SS-EPI 기법과 새로운 SS-TSE 기법을 적용하여 DWI 영상을 획득한 후 b-value 0, b-value 800, ADC 영상의 뒤틀림을 비교평가 하였다. 영상획득 장비로는 3.0T 초전도 자기공명영상장 치(Ingenia CX, Philips medical system)와 dS Head 32 channel 코일을 사용하였으며, 영상변수는 SS-EPI 기법의 경우 TR 2000msec, TE 82msec, FOV 200×200mm, matrix 128×128, NEX 2, SENSE(병렬영상기법) factor 2로 하였고, SS-TSE 기법의 경우 TR 4475msec, TE 60msec, FOV 200×200mm, matrix 128×128, NEX 2, SENSE factor 2로 하였다. 영상의 뒤틀림은 자화율 차이 에 비교적 영향을 받지 않는 3D T2 VISTA 영상의 내이도 내에 ROI를 설정한 후 이를 기준으로 획득한 b-value 0, 800, ADC 영상의 동일한 부위에 ROI를 설정하여 신호강도를 측정한 후 대응표본 t검정 (paired t-test, SPSS Ver. 22)을 이용하여 유의한 차이가 있는지 비교평가 하였다. 결 과：연구대상자의 인구사회학적 특성은 남성이 6명, 여성이 9명 이었고 평균연령은 56.42±13.19세(38세 -75세) 였다. 뒤틀림을 비교평가하기 위해 신호강도를 측정한 결과 b-value 0 영상의 경우 SS-TSE 기법이 962.17±119.19, SS-EPI 기법이 513.32±142.03(평균 448.86±142.00, t 9.996, 유의확률 0.000), b-value 800 영상의 경우 SS-TSE 기법이 144.58±11.84, SS-EPI 기법이 98.94±14.66 (평균 45.64±10.67, t 13.521, 유의확률 0.000), ADC 영상의 경우 SS-TSE 기법이 2.42±0.18, SS-EPI 기법이 1.70±0.38(평균 0.72±0.40, t 5.667, 유의확률 0.000)로 나타나 새로운 SS-TSE 기법이 기존의 SS-EPI 기법보다 뒤틀림이 유의하게 감소함을 알 수 있다. 결 론：진주종은 중층편평상피(stratified squamous epithelium)로 이루어진 낭 내에 keratin이 뭉친 덩어리 로 조직학적으로 유피낭종(epidermoid)과 동일하다. 이러한 이유로 인해 b-value 800인 영상에서 밝은 신호강도를 보이는데 기존의 SS-EPI 기법의 경우 뒤틀림으로 인해 신호강도가 밝게 보이는 문제점이 발생한다. 이에 저자들은 180도 재위상(refocusing) pulse가 자화율 차이를 감소시킨다는 점에 착안하 여 새로운 SS-TSE기법을 적용하여 영상의 뒤틀림을 감소시키고자 하였다. 연구결과, 새로운 SS-TSE 기법을 적용하여 영상을 획득할 경우 기존에 비해 영상의 뒤틀림이 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로 두개저부의 자화율로 인해 영상의 뒤틀림이 많이 발생하는 Temporal bone 검사 시 SS-TSE 기법을 적용한 DWI를 시행하면 기존에 비해 뒤틀림을 줄일 수 있어 진단적 가치가 높은 영상을 얻을 수 있다.

Developmental aspects of chicken embryos showed dramatic difference compared with those of mammals and consequently, such difference in various developmental events leads to different feasibility in both clinical and industrial application. We have concentrated on the studies for using of chicken bone marrow cells and currently we found number of unique cellular properties. Through this article, we reviewed characteristics and cell signaling of osteogenic cells during endochondral ossification in chicken long bone.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of demineralized and particulate autogenous tooth, and interleukin-6 in bone regeneration. A demineralized and particulate autogenous tooth was prepared and human osteoblast-like cells (MG63) and human osteosarcoma cells were inoculated into the culture. The rate of cell adhesion, proliferation and mineralization were examined, and the appearance of cellular attachment was observed. An 8 mm critical size defect was created in the cranium of rabbits. Nine rabbits were divided into three groups including: An experimental group A (3 rabbits), in which a demineralised and particulate autogenous tooth was grafted; an experimental group B (3 rabbits), in which a demineralized, particulate autogenous tooth was grafted in addition to interleukin-6 (20 ng/mL); and a control group. The rabbits were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks for histopathological examination with H-E and Masson’s Trichrome, and immunohistochemistry with osteocalcin. The cell-based assay showed a higher rate of cell adhesion, mineralization and cellular attachment in the experimental group A compared with the control group. The animal study revealed an increased number of osteoclasts, newly formed and mature bones in the experimental group A compared with the control group. Eventually, a higher number of osteoclasts were observed in the experimental group B. However, the emergence of newly formed and mature bone was lower than in the experimental group A. The current results suggest that treatment with demineralized and particulate autogenous tooth and interleukin-6 is not effective in stimulating bone regeneration during the bone grafting procedure.

이 논문은 제3차, 4차, 5차 교육과정기의 교과서를 통해서 갑골문 학습의 양상을 밝히고, 당시 갑골문 학습의 문제점을 밝혀 낸 것이다. 제3차, 4차, 5차 교육과정기에는 분석 대상의 교과서들이 單體字 위주로 甲骨文 한자를 제시하고 있다. 合體字는 본디 會意字와 形聲字의 造字 原理를 제시할 수 있음에도 불구하고 갑골문으로 제시 된 合體字는 會意字와 形聲字의 조자 원리를 제시하지 않았다. 또한 대부분 ‘중학교 한문 교과서’의 주로 초기 단원 또는 ‘중학교 한문1’에서 甲骨文을 제시하고 있다. 이는 초기 학습에 字源을 제시할 목적으로 제시한 것일 뿐이다. 상형자의 특징을 보여 주고 한자의 변천 과정과 함께 제시하여 字源 을 통해서 한자를 익히도록 했다. 제5차 한문과 교육과정 해설에서는 ‘內容體系(한문과 교육의 구 조)’가 처음으로 분류 제시되었다. 內容體系는 ‘漢字, 漢字語, 文章’으로 체계화되었으며, 그에 따라 교과서의 소단원에서 ‘본문 이해’의 구성을 ‘한자의 짜임(구조), 한자어의 짜임(구조), 문장의 구조’ 로 제시하였다. 그러나 매 소단원의 한자의 짜임은 楷書를 위주로 ‘한자의 짜임’을 반복 제시하였다. 오히려 甲骨文에 따른 자원 교육은 앞서의 제3, 4차 교육과정기보다도 감소되었다. 제3, 4차 교육과 정기 교과서의 갑골문 제시는 한자의 자원을 보여주기 위한 것으로 제시되었으나, 합체자의 회의자 나 형성자의 자원을 제시하지는 못했다. 제5차 교육과정기 교과서는 ‘한자의 짜임’을 내용체계에서 체계화했으나, 자원 제시 및 자원 해설과 자체 변천 과정 제시는 이전 보다 약화되었다. 제3, 4, 5차 교육과정기의 자원 제시는 체계성이 부족함이 밝혀졌다.

BMP-2 is a well-known TGF-beta related growth factor, having a significant role in bone and cartilage formation. It has been employed to promote bone formation in some clinical trials, and to differentiate mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts. However, it is difficult to obtain this protein in its soluble and active form. hBMP-2 is expressed as an inclusion body in the bacterial system. To continuously supply hBMP-2 for research, we optimized the refolding of recombinant hBMP-2 expressed in E. coli, and established an efficient method by using detergent and alkali. Using a heparin column, the recombinant hBMP-2 was purified with the correct refolding. Although combinatorial refolding remarkably enhanced the solubility of the inclusion body, a higher yield of active dimer form of hBMP-2 was obtained from one-step refolding with detergent. The refolded recombinant hBMP-2 induced alkaline phosphatase activity in mouse myoblasts, at ED50 of 300-480ng/ml. Furthermore, the expressions of osteogenic markers were upregulated in hPDLSCs and hDPSCs. Therefore, using the process described in this study, the refolded hBMP-2 might be cost-effectively useful for various differentiation experiments in a laboratory.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been considered an alternative source of neuronal lineage cells, which are difficult to isolate from brain and expand in vitro. Previous studies have reported that MSCs expressing Nestin (Nestin+ MSCs), a neuronal stem/progenitor cell marker, exhibit increased transcriptional levels of neural development-related genes, indicating that Nestin+ MSCs may exert potential with neurogenic differentiation. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of the presence of Nestin+ MSCs in bone-marrow-derived primary cells (BMPCs) on enhanced neurogenic differentiation of BMPCs by identifying the presence of Nestin+ MSCs in uncultured and cultured BMPCs. The percentage of Nestin+ MSCs in BMPCs was measured per passage by double staining with Nestin and CD90, an MSC marker. The efficiency of neurogenic differentiation was compared among passages, revealing the highest and lowest yields of Nestin+ MSCs. The presence of Nestin+ MSCs was identified in BMPCs before in vitro culture, and the highest and lowest percentages of Nestin+ MSCs in BMPCs was observed at the third (P3) and fifth passages (P5). Moreover, significantly the higher efficiency of differentiation into neurons, oligodendrocyte precursor cells and astrocytes was detected in BMPCs at P3, compared with P5. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that neurogenic differentiation can be enhanced by increasing the proportion of Nestin+ MSCs in cultured BMPCs.

Many kinds of medicinal herbs have been used to treat inflammation in Oriental medicine. However, there few studies have investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of medicinal herbs. In this study, we used mouse bone marrow cells (BMs) treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a simulator of osteomyelitis, to screen medicinal herbs having anti-inflammatory activity. Specifically, we investigated the activity of an extract of Rhus chinensis (RC) using metabolic activity and cytokine production of the BMs treated with LPS and RC. The metabolic activity of BMs was measured using Cell Counting Kit-8® solution. RC decreased the metabolic activity of LPS-treated BMs. A viability assay using trypan blue solution demonstrated that RC marginally decreased the viability of LPS-treated BMs. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that RC decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential of BMs, regardless of LPS treatment. To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of RC, we measured the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-10 in BMs. LPS increased the production of both cytokines in BMs. Interestingly, RC induced a greater increase in IL-10 than TNF-alpha in LPS-treated BMs. Taken together, RC decreased metabolic activity and modulated the production of inflammation-related cytokines in LPS-treated BMs. These findings suggest that RC can be used as a medicinal herb with anti-inflammatory activity.

With the multiple practices of bone graft using different artificial bone regenerative substitutes, the bone graft procedures have been widely performed to increase the bony stabilization of dental implant. Xenogenic bone graft materials have been well developed because of their good biocompatibility and abundant source of bone materials. The present study demonstrated the histological findings from excellent bony remodeling in xenogenic bone graft biopsies compared to those findings in autogenous bone graft. For the graft bone biopsies which were usually done in 5-9 months after graft bone insertion, five types of histological grades including excellent, favorable, partial, degenerative, and poor bony remodeling could be assessed to give prognostic information for dental implant. However, recently the xenograft bone materials have been much improved and produced strong osteogenic effect. Among 239 cases of trephine bur-supported core bone biopsy the excellent bony remodeling was found in 20 cases (13.1%) out of 153 xenogenic bone grafts and in 13 cases (43.3%) out of 30 autogenous bone grafts. They produced abundant new bones on the surface of the graft bones in 5–9 months, and the graft bones were partly resorbed and also surrounded by the repetitive deposition of new bone. The osteophytic new bones showed strong birefringence under polarizing microscope, and were gradually elongated and anastomosed with each other to form trabecular bony networks which became proper stress-baring structures for dental implant. Their marrow stromal tissues were composed of loose connective tissue which was well vascularized but rarely infiltrated with inflammatory cells. The present study compared the histological features of excellent bony remodeling between xenogenic and autogenous bone grafts. Although the ratio of excellent bony remodeling in xenogenic bone graft was still low, 13.1%, the recent advance of xenogeic bone products was remarkable in biological aspect and almost comparable to the autogenous bones. Therefore, it was suggested that the xenogenic bone graft will be applicable to the bone regeneration procedures for dental implant with beneficial output in the near future.

Osteoporosis is a disease that often occurs in postmenopausal women. The purpose of this study was to examine the positive effects of Cheongukjang powder containing menaquinone-7 (MK-7) on bone health circulation in postmenopausal women. Fifty-six postmenopausal women were recruited into a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups. For 12 weeks, one group received 800 μg MK-7 in the form of Cheongukjang packs (CMK-7), and the other group received the same amount of identical-looking placebo packs containing barley meal for 12 weeks. Femoral bone mineral density (BMD), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (ALP), deoxypyridinoline (DPD), osteocalcin (OSC), serum Ca, and serum P were measured at baseline (0 weeks) and 12 weeks. After 12 weeks in the CMK-7 group, it was found that BMD, serum Ca, and serum P had increased above the baseline (p<0.0001, p=0.0028, p<0.0001), whereas bone-specific ALP, DPD, and OSC had decreased below the baseline (p=0.0003, p<0.0001, p<0.0001). Therefore, MK-7 taken as Cheongukjang is expected to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of occipital bone stimulation by cervical stabilizing exercise on the muscle tone, stiffness, ROM, and cervical lordosis in patient with forward head posture( FHP). This study was a case study of a single patient with forward head posture. This study used a ABA' design, A and A' were the baseline phases and B was the intervention phase. The intervention was occipital bone stimulation by cervical stabilization exercise. It was administered once daily for 7 days. The therapist kept hands together, and placed the two index fingers under the subject's occipital bone. The subject performed the chin-in exercise with a maximum isometric contraction for 20 sec.The exercise was implemented by performing the movements 10 times as a set and repeating the set three times. The muscle tone was not significantly changed after intervention. However, the stiffness was decreased and lasted the effect lasted without intervention. The cervical flexion angle was increased, but the cervical extension angle was not significantly changed after the intervention. The left and right lateral flexion angles were increased and the effect lasted without any intervention. However, the left and right rotation angles were significantly changed after the intervention. Cervical lordosis increased not from 37° to 41° after the intervention. These results suggest that occipital bone stimulation by cervical stabilizing exercise had a positive effect on cervical stiffness, flexion and lateral flexion ROM, and lordosis in a patient with forward head posture.