본 연구에서는 선박의 중앙집중 공조시스템에 공랭식 에어컨(전기히터 내장형)을 직접 설치하여 성능을 개선시킨 공기조화시스템으로 운전하였을 경우의 난방 성능을 비교하고, 선실의 온열환경에 대한 실측조사를 통해서 향후 선박용 공기조화 설계 및 계획에 경험적 기초참고자료로 활용하고자 하는 것이다. 연구결과 동일한 외기조건에서 기존의 중앙집중 방식 공조시스템과 개선된 공조시스템으로 운전하였을 경우..

Structure Insulated Panel (SIP) is an wooden structure material with which structure and insulation functions are satisfied. Hence, it would be a cost-effective model to implement low energy house which has higher insulation and structure performance and which the wall thickness is able to be reduced. In this study, performance of thermal insulation and fire resistance were evaluated in order to verify applicability to low energy house. Fire resistance test is performed on vertical load bearing members for partitions, and the test results satisfy one hour of fire resistance condition according to KS F 2257. The members include two layers of fireproof gypsum board with thicknesses of 12.5mm attached to SIP. Thermal insulation performance is satisfied with the 2012 standard (0.225W/㎡·K). As the performance of resistance and thermal insulation are satisfied, SIP is expected to be applied to low energy building materials. In the future, the structural safety will be confirmed by structural performance and seismic performance test and the guidelines for distribution will be drawn up.

Pouch에 넣은 전복의 함량을 변화 시켜 전열 특성을 측정한 결과, 전복의 함량이 증가하고 살균 온도가 감소할수록 가열 치사 시간이 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 121.1oC와 같은 열 처리 효과를 나타내도록 다른 온도(110oC, 125oC, 130oC)에서 각각 전복장을 제조 하여 관능 평가를 실시한 결과, 125oC에서 열처리 한 전복장이 조직감과 맛 선호도가 가장 높았다. 125oC에서 열처리한 전복장을 7개월 동안 상온에서 저장하면서 검사한 결과 pH, 염도에서는 큰 변화는 보이지 않았고 조직 강도는 3개월부터 급격하게 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 총 미생물 검사 에서는 호기성, 혐기성 미생물이 모두 검출 되지 않았으나 조직감을 고려했을 때 약 3개월 정도 보관하는 것이 적합할 것으로 사료되었다.

[ ] composite powders were produced by high energy mechanical milling of a mixture of Al and powders followed by a combustion reaction. The powders were subsequently thermally sprayed on H13 steel substrates. Microstructural examination was conducted on the composite powders and thermally sprayed coatings, using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The performance of the coatings was evaluated in terms of micro-hardness and thermal fatigue. The thermally sprayed coatings performed very well in the preliminary thermal fatigue tests and showed no wetting tendency to molten aluminum.

문명의 발달과 함께 수면부족으로 인한 여러 가지 스트레스와 질환이 증가하게 되어 최근 수면연구에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구는 다양한 온열환경 조건에서의 쾌적한 수면을 위한 온열환경을 제시하기 위해, 5명의 여성 피험자를 대상으로 22℃, 26℃, 30℃의 일정온도 조건과 25℃에서 1시간 후와 2시간 후에 각각 1, 2℃를 상승시켜주는 변동온도 조건하에서 수면생리신호를 측정하였다. 그리고, 수면단계 평가를 이용하여 총 수면시간, 깊은 수면의 비율, 그리고 최초 수면시작 시간에서 최초의 서파 수면이 나타나기까지의 지연시간 등의 수면효율을 평가하였다. 그 결과, 일정온도 조건에서는 26℃에서 총 수면시간(466.7±10.25분)과 깊은 수면의 비율(33.1±4.95%)은 타 조건에 비해 높게 나타났고, 최초 서파수면까지의 지연시간(9.8±3.33분)은 타 조건에 비해 낮게 나타나 쾌적한 수면을 위한 가장 적절한 온열조건임을 관찰할 수 있었다. 그리고 변동온도 조건에서는 4가지 온열조건간에는 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았지만, 모든 조건에서 일정온도 조건보다는 좋은 결과를 나타내었다. 또한 수면 중 신체 움직임과 설문 분석에서도 동일한 결과를 보였다. 본 연구를 통해, 수면생리신호를 이용한 수면 쾌적성 분석은 수면의 질적인 상태를 관찰하는데 매우 적합한 파라메터를 도출할 수 있으며, 여러 가지 수면환경 조건을 평가하는데 매우 유용한 지표가 될 수 있음을 보였다.

In order to enhance sinterability of W-Cu composites used for heat sink materials, mechanical alloying process where both homogeneous mixing of component powders and fine dispersion of minor phase can be easily attained was employed. Nanostructured W-Cu powders prepared by mechanical alloying showed W grain size ranged of 20-50 nm and were able to be efficiently sintered owing to the fine particle size as well as uniform distribution of Cu phase. The thermal properties such as electrical resistivity, coefficient of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity were evaluated as functions of temperature and Cu content. It was found that the coefficient of thermal expansion could be controlled by changing Cu content. The measured electrical resistivities and thermal diffusivities were also varied with Cu content. The thermal conductivities calculated from the values of resistivities and diffusivities showed similar tendency as a function of temperatures. However, this is in contradiction with thermal conductivities of pure W and Cu which decrease with increasing temperature.

온열쾌적감에 영향을 주는 중요한 요인들로는 온도, 습도, 기류 등의 물리적 요인과 성별이나 체질 등 뿐만 아니라 온열환경에서 느끼는 인간의 감성적인 측면도 요인으로 작용한다. 본 연구에서는 여러 가지 온열 환경 중에서 실내의 상하온도차와 기류방식의 제어에 따른 생체반응의 변화, 및 감성의 변화를 관찰하여 온열환경에 따른 인간의 온열쾌적감을 평가하기 위해 생리신호를 측정, 분석하였다. 인간에게 가장 쾌적함을 주는 최적의 실내 상하온도차와 기류제어방식을 구현하기 위한 평가방법으로 MST(mean skin temperature)분석 및 HRV(heart rate variability) 분석과 EEG 주파수 스펙트럼 분석을 시행하였다. 그 결과 실내의 상하온도차는 23℃의 머리부위 온도에서 발 부위와의 온도차가 -3℃일 때 가장 쾌적한 조건으로 나타났고, 기류제어방식은 감성기류조건에서 가장 쾌적함을 보였다. 본 연구를 통해 실내의 상하온도차와 기류방식에 대한 온열환경의 쾌적조건을 설정하였고, HRV 분석과 EEG의 주파수 분석이 주판신소설문평가와 유의한 결과를 나타내어 이러한 생리신호의 분석이 인간의 감성적 측면을 고려한 온열쾌적성을 펑가하는데 보다 객관적이고 신뢰성 있는 평가지표로 이용될 수 있음을 제시하였다.

We have evaluated the role of Ag additions on the strength, fracture toughness, elastic modulus and resistance to thermal shock of (YBCO) superconductor. Addition of 10 vol.% Ag improved strength and fracture toughness, whereas, decreased elastic modulus of YBCO. In addition, YBCO-Ag composites improved resistance to thermal shock probably due to enhanced strength, fracture toughness and thermal conductivity as a result of Ag addition. It is to be noted that YBCO-Ag made by mixing with solution showed slightly higher strength, fracture toughness and resistance to thermal shock, compared to that made by mixing with metallic Ag powder. These improvements are believed to be due to the microstructure of more finely and uniformly distributed Ag particles.

본 논문에서는 가압열충격의 파괴역학적 해석에 필요한 이론을 조사하였고 원자로용기의 구조건전성을 평가하기 위하여 해석과정을 전산화하였다. 우선 사고 transient에 대하여 원자로용기내의 압력과 주입되는 냉각재의 온도변화가 주어지면 이들로 부터 시간에 따른 용기에서의 온도와 응력분포를 구하고, 중성자 조사량과 용기 재질의 화학성분으로 부터 기준무연성천이온도의 분포가 구해지며 이로부터 파괴인성치 KIA와 KIC의 분포가 얻어진다. 또한 응력분포로 부터 균열의 크기 및 형상에 따라 응력확대계수 KI이 구해지므로 이를 KIA및 KIC와 비교함으로써 균열의 성장거동을 예측할 수 있다. 지금까지 보고된 가압열충격을 유발할 수 있는 대표적인 사고 transient가 국내 발전소에 발생할 경우를 가정하여 해석을 수행하였고 그 결과에 대하여 검토하였다.

The Stockholm Convention, which was adopted in Sweden in 2001 to protect human health and the environment, includes regulations for Persistent Organic Pollutant Rotors such as toxic and bioaccumulatives. Currently, there are 28 types of materials. This prohibits and limits the production, use, and manufacture of products. Korea is a member of the Convention, and it is necessary to prepare management and treatment plans to address the POP trends. Thus, we experimentally investigate whether the environmentally stable incineration is achieved when the sample is thermally treated using the Lab-scale (1 kg/hr). The target samples is pesticides in liquid phase and solid phase. In this study, organic chlorinated pesticides and their thermal characteristics were analyzed. We calculated the theoretical air volume based on the element analysis results. Because the interior of the reactor is small, more than 10 times of the air ratio was injected. The retention time was set to at least 4 seconds using a margin. The incineration temperature was 850℃ and 1100℃. Thus, we experimentally investigated whether the environmentally stable incineration was achieved when the sample was thermally treated using the Lab-scale (1 kg/hr). We analyzed five types of exhaust gas; the 02 concentration was high, but the CO amount decreased. Complete combustion is difficult because of the small size of the furnace due to the nature of Lab-scale. The organic chlorine-containing pesticide had an average decomposition rate of 99.9935%. Considering the decomposition rates of organic chlorine-containing pesticide in this study, the incineration treatment at over 2 ton/hour, which is typical for a conventional incinerator, is possible. Considering the occurrence of dioxins and unintentional persistent organic pollutants, it can operate at more than 1,100℃.

In this paper, internal thermal stresses of the cementitious matrix were evaluated by incorporating polypropylene fibers. By using the temperature heating method specified in KS F 2257-1, the temperatures by a depth were measured. Thermal stress was calculated based on Kodur's thermal stress formula. Different thermal stress behaviors were observed depending on amount of PP fiber. Thas, it will become fundamental data to analyze the thermal stresses behavior of structure members subjected to higher temperature.

The Stockholm Convention is an agreement to reduce POPs use, production and emissions. POPs are highly toxic substances and can not be decomposed in their natural state. It has the characteristic of long distance movement. In this study, we calculated the theoretical air volume based on the result of element analysis. Considering that the inside of the reactor is small, more than 10 times of the air ratio was injected. Also, the retention time was set to 4 seconds or longer by giving a margin. The incineration temperature was 850℃ and 1,100℃ degrees. As a result of thermogravimetric method analysis, the weight of chlorine-based flame retardant-containing wastes was 300∼600℃, and that of organic chlorine-based pesticides was 200∼400℃. On the basis of this, it was experimentally investigated whether the environmentally stable incineration is achieved when the sample is thermally treated using lab-scale, 1 kg/hr. As a result of analyzing five kinds of exhaust gas, the concentration of O2 was high, but the amount of CO was decreased. It is considered that complete combustion is difficult because of the small size of the furnace due to the nature of lab-scale. The chlorinated flame retardants had a decomposition rate of 100 % and the average organochlorine pesticides were 99.9935%. Considering the decomposition rates of chlorinated flame retardants and organochlorine containing pesticide derived wastes derived from this study, incineration treatment at over 2 tons/hour, which is a conventional incinerator, is considered to be possible. Considering the occurrence of dioxins and unintentional persistent organic pollutants, it is considered possible to operate at more than 1,100℃.

국내 자원의 절약과 재활용 촉진에 관한 법률에 근거한 생산자책임재활용제도(EPR System)의 대상 품목인 폐형광등은 2017년 기준 재활용 의무율은 35.6%로 책정되었으며 한국환경공단에 따르면 2015년 기준 형광등의 출고량은 약 18 천톤 정도로 나타났으나 공제조합과 재활용업 간의 재활용 위･탁 계약의 미체결로 인해 폐형광등의 실제 재활용율은 약 5.0%로 재활용 의무율을 달성하지 못하고 있는 실정이다(｢생산자책임재활용제도 시행 13년｣ 운영성평가, 한국환경공단, 2017). 폐기물로 발생되는 폐형광등에 관한 선행연구에 따르면 폐형광등에 포함된 수은은 대부분 형광분말에 포함되어 있어 이를 적절하게 처리할 필요가 있다. 또한, 형광분말에는 희유금속(이트륨, 유로퓸 등)이 포함되어 있어 형광분말에 포함된 수은을 제거하여 희유금속을 회수하여 희유금속을 필요로 하는 산업체 등에서 활용할 수 있다. 이를 위하여 폐형광등 형광분말에 포함된 수은을 제거하기 위하여 Pilot plant 규모의 폐형광등 형광분말 증류 실험을 실시하였다. 실험의 원료는 경기도 K대학에 설치된 Pilot plant 규모의 폐형광등 재활용 공정에서 회수되는 폐형광등 형광분말을 사용하였다. Pilot plant 규모의 폐형광등 형광분말의 수은증류 실험의 조건으로 증류온도는 400~600℃로 변화시켰고 각 온도에서 증류장치 내 체류시간을 1~8시간으로 변화시켰다. 본 연구에서는 각 실험조건에서 회수되는 형광분말의 수은함량을 분석하였고 증류온도와 체류시간에 따른 수은함량을 비교하여 반응속도를 고찰하였다. 또한, 각 실험조건에서 소모되는 에너지양을 비교하여 Pilot plant 규모의 폐형광등 형광분말 증류장치의 최적 에너지 사용량을 평가하고자 하였다.

Slag and coal ash were selected to evaluate the recyclability of waste generated during the heat treatment processes. A list of waste types and recyclable types of the two wastes were identified. A recycling environmental hazardous assessment was reviewed step by step. In addition, the hazardous properties of slag and coal ash were investigated, and the chemical components, leaching, and content of harmful substances in the waste were analyzed. The two selected wastes were classified as general wastes. As a result of chemical analysis with XRF, the two wastes did not produce toxic gases in contact with water and show leaching toxicity from the analysis of harmful substances. In addition, waste is often brought into contact with the soil when recycled, so the content of slag and coal ash is analyzed and compared with the 2 region standard of soil; two samples were within the standard. Therefore, the surveyed wastes can be recycled in non-matrix contact types and the recycling purpose and method permitted by the new law is excluded from the recycling environmental hazardous assessment. However, to recycle wastes for new uses, the recycling environmental hazardous assessment is required.

Recently, production of sewage and wastewater sludge have increased sharply with the population density and related industrial activity. As a result, studies of sludge treatment and reduction have been conducted and a pre-treatment method that uses thermal hydrolysis has emerged as a solution to this problem. To address problems with the thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment process, the deaeration and nitrogen recovery processes have been set up together, thus generating factors that inhibit dewaterability. In this study, the effect of pre-treatment, deaerated sludge on dewaterability-inhibiting factors (pH, temperature, aeration rate) was evaluated and alternative solutions were prepared. First, the dewaterability improvement effect increased rapidly at 190°C or higher when thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment was applied. Then, 1 L of thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment reactants at 190°C were injected into 1, 5, and 10 L/min air flows at 50°C, but no significant difference in capillary suction time (CST) or time to filter (TTF) was found. The dewaterability improved when the temperatures of the pre-treatment reactants varied between 30, 50, and 70°C under aeration at 5 L/min. However, when the pH was increased to 7, 9, or 11 at 5 L/min and 50°C, the dewaterability worsened by at least 10 times relative to the hydrolysis pre-treatment reactants. The zeta potential decreased from -30 mV to -50 mV as the pH increased. Thus, the stabilities and dispersities of the reactants increased due to the repulsive force of the particles. This was confirmed to be the cause of poor dewaterability. A coagulant can be used to solve to this problem, or the deaeration process can be placed after solid-liquid separation and the heat of thermal hydrolysis can be extracted via heat exchanger.