In this regard, urban agriculture is developing into a variety of shapes. Urban agriculture includes various types, such as industrial agriculture, experience agriculture, educational agriculture, exchange agriculture and cyclic agriculture. The result of evaluation on citizens’ values about multi-functions provided by urban agriculture can be used for policy making to overcome crisis of urban agriculture due to urban development and industrialization and to vitalize urban agriculture. The willingness-to-pay for the maintenance fund was categorized into vegetable garden users, general consumers, and all respondents, for analysis. The estimation results for the valuation of multi-functionality were KRW 20,367 per household for general consumers; KRW 22,174 for urban agriculture users; and KRW 21,467 for all respondents.

This research evaluated the environmental impact of waste film used in the farming industry which is subject to voluntary agreement by Waste Charge System using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). When analyzing the environmental scores applying weighted values, production of raw materials, production of goods and disposal had nearly 73%, 15% and 11% of contribution to the environmental impact and also, amongst impact categories, resource depletion and global warming had 63% and 32% of contribution respectively. For resource depletion which had the highest contribution, production of raw materials, production of goods and disposal occupied around 86%, 9% and 4% of it, and the impact category of resource depletion that belongs to production of raw materials, accounted for about 54% of the whole environmental score. Here, over 95% of it was caused by crude oil. When investigating the contribution of each phase to global warming that is the key issue of low carbon green growth, production of raw materials, production of goods and disposal had respectively, 45%, 28% and 27% of contribution. As the result, production of goods and disposal had higher contributions than resource depletion. The entire contribution of production of goods and disposal to global warming was about 17%, and it is predicted that it would bring a huge impact, considering the possibility of establishing improvement plans. In the production of goods, electricity consumed was the main cause of global warming, and electricity used in the recycling process and incineration occupied approximately 52% and 42% of the disposal stage. In conclusion, we should pay attention to energy used in the production of goods and recycling for improving an environmental competitiveness of goods, and reduction of energy would be able to satisfy economic feasibility and environmental efficiency of the whole process of agricultural PE film.

최근 농업용저수지를 포함한 농촌지역 하천의 친수활동이 증가하면서 농촌수계의 경관, 수질 및 생태보전 등 환경에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있고, 이로 인해 농촌지역 용수수요 다변화와 물 부족 심화현상 등을 해결할 수 있는 수자원 개발의 필요성이 증대되고 있다. 이러한 측면에서 4대강 살리기 사업의 일환으로 추진되는 농업용저수지 둑높이기 사업은 추가로 필요한 농업용수뿐만 아니라 하천 수질개선을 위한 하천유지용수 확보를 위해 필요한 사업임에도 불구하고 운영계획 및 운영방안이 명확하지 않은 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 낙동강의 특정 소유역을 대상으로 농업용저수지 둑높이기 사업을 통해 확보할 수 있는 추가 저수량을 검토하였고 저수지 운영방안에 따라 하천유지용수로 방류할 경우 하류하천 수질개선효과를 평가하고자 하였다. 저수지 운영시나리오에 따른 추가적인 물공급량 확보는 하류하천 수량과 수질에 영향을 줄 것으로 예측되었으며 유량은 1∼8%의 증가효과와 2∼10%의 수질개선효과를 나타냈다. 특히, 저수지 운영상 2월에서 4월 사이에 추가로 방류를 실시할 수 있으며, 하천의 수량 및 수질 개선에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 농업용저수지의 수질은 지류하천뿐만 아니라 낙동강 본류 수질에 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있기 때문에 저수지 수질개선 및 관리가 중요할 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of the present study is to construct a rural development strategy from the nexus between spatial changes in specialized crops and suitable cultivation area of the crops. This paper pays particular attention to identify product life cycle of specialized crops in rural areas and estimate the impact of climate change on alterations in spatial distribution of the crops. In order to do so, first of all, this study applies multi-level model (Random coefficient model) to estimate the regional coefficient of five orchard crops. It utilizes the data 1995 to 2010 Korea Agricultural Census. Futhermore, it also adopts overlay analysis by ArcGIS to identify the development path of the crops and the relationship with climate change. Based on the results, it suggests a mechanism activating regional agriculture. The findings propose re-searching and relocating specialized regions of the crops. Especially, it proves each rural area can drive the new agricultural strategy to strengthen regional agriculture by estimating the relationship between development of specialized crops and suitable cultivation areas. For instance, shifting specialized crops in particular regions and enriching genetic or species varieties can be primary measures and it will contribute to improve the reliable base for income sources in the rural communities. This paper also offers specific policy implications regarding rural development plans in response to crops' life cycle and climate changes.

본 연구는 우리나라 농업을 사례로 1993~2010년 기간 동안 전국 56개 시·군별 기후, 지리 및 토양, 사회·경제적 변수들에 대한 패널자료를 구축하고 리카디언 방법을 사용하여 기후변수가 논과 밭의 경작유형별 농지가치에 미친 경제적 효과를 추정하였다. 추정결과에 따르면, 기온변수가 논과 밭의 토지가치에 부정적인 경제적 영향을 미치지만 일조량은 토지가치에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 지구 온난화에서 강수량변수보다는 기온변수가 더욱더 중요하다는 기존의 연구결과를 재확인시켜 주고 있다. 다른 한편, 토지가치의 사회·경제적 결정요인들은 논과 밭의 경작유형에 따라 상이한 것으로 나타났다.

GM 벼의 환경위해성 평가를 위해 레스베라트롤 생합성 벼인 익산515호, 익산526호와 동진벼를 수원, 익산, 밀양 등 3개 지역의 GMO 격리포장에서 재배하여 지역별 농업적 특성과 레스베라트롤 함량을 조사하였다. 익산과 밀양에서 재배된 3계통 모두 생육특성 및 수량 등 농업적 특성이 비슷한 결과를 나타내었으나, 수원지역에서 재배된 시험계통 모두 익산 대비 출수가 지연되고, 키는 12㎝ 이상 작고, 수수, 수당립수, 등숙률이 낮아져 익산지역과 비교하여 쌀 수량이 약 12% 정도 감수되었다. 하지만, 대조구인 동진벼 대비 익산515호, 익산526호의 수량지수는 익산, 수원, 밀양 등 3개 지역 모두 동일한 경향을 나타내었다. 3개 지역에서 재배된 동진, 익산515호, 익산526호 등 3계통의 정조 시료를 백미로 조제한 후, UPLC를 이용하여 레스베라트롤 함량을 분석한 결과, 익산지역 대비 익산515호, 익산526호 계통의 레스베라트롤 함량은 수원, 밀양에서 생산된 2계통 모두 각각 약 30%, 25% 이상 함량이 증가하였다. 이는 레스베라트롤 합성 유전자가 온도, 일조량 등 재배환경에 따라 유전자 발현량이 조절되어 최종산물인 레스베라트롤 생합성에 영향을 주는 것으로 확인되었다.

IRRI에서 모든 품종의 간장은 한국보다 10.5～23.9cm 작았다. 삼강벼와 세계진미는 한국보다 약 24cm정도 작아 간장의 감소폭이 가장 컸으며, 밀양23호는 간장의 감소폭이 약 10.5cm로 가장 작았다. 이삭길이는 IRRI가 19.6～23.8cm, 한국이 22.4～26.7cm로 IRRI에서 1.4～5.0cm 가량 짧았다. 다산벼는 한국보다 5cm가량 짧아져 감소폭이 가장 컸고, 한아름벼와 밀양240호의 감소폭은 1.5cm로 작았다. 주당수수는 한아름벼, 밀양23호, IR64가 IRRI에서 각각 3개, 2개, 6개 정도 증가하였다. IR64는 IRRI와 한국에서 지역별 간장, 수장, 주당수수의 차이는 있었으나, 각 지역에서 간장과 수장이 가장 크고 주당수수도 가장 많았다. 파종 후 이삭이 80% 나올 때까지 기간(Flowering)은 IRRI에서 74～81일, 한국에서 110～119일로 IRRI가 한국보다 34～40일 짧았다. IR64는 IRRI와 한국에서 Flowering이 각각 81일과 119일로 가장 길었고, 밀양23호는 각각 80일과 114일로 다른 한국품종보다 Flowering이 길었다. 한국품종들은 IRRI에서 한국보다 수량이 1.53～5.35t/ha 감소하였고, IR64는 0.82t/ha 증가하였다. IRRI에서 수량의 감소율은 한아름벼가 54.8%로 가장 높았고, IR64는 14%로 가장 낮았다. 밀양23호는 한국품종 중에서 수량 감소율이 18.1%로 가장 낮았다. IRRI에서 수량이 가장 높은 품종은 밀양23호(6.95t/ha)였으며, 가장 낮은 품종은 다산벼(4.41t/ha)였다. IRRI에서 주당수수는 수량과 유의한 정의상관(r=0.69, p<0.05)을 나타냈다. 한국에서는 출수기는 수량과 유의한 부의상관(r=-0.57, p<0.05)을 보였으며, 등숙률은 수량과 고도로 유의한 정의상관(r=0.70, p<0.01)이 있었다.

Agricultural income is calculated with producer price, output and management cost. This study compared organic farming with conventional one for agricultural income, producer price and output by items. And then it proposed the method of item selection and crop system from a diversification point of view. The coefficient of variation to producer prices in organic farming was 4.7%, and conventional one was 30.3% because organic products have been produced in a system of contract farming with consumers’" cooperative. This result means the price of organic products is stabler than that of conventional price. And agricultural income of organic farming has been generally known more than that of conventional one. However, agricultural gross income of conventional farming was more than that of organic one by 20.3% in 2010. It was caused by output reduction of a few items(fer example; onion, large green onion, potato and young pumpkin) due to freak weather conditions and constant producer price for several years in organic farming. In order to increase agricultural income, appropriate crop selection and system should be introduced to organic farming. A principal crop is the rice plant and 2 subordinate crops are dry crops at bare field and greenhouse respectively. Thus 5 crop systems that agricultural gross income are relatively increased larger among 15 crop systems estimated are rice+ginger+cucumber, rice+ginger+tomato, rice+large green onion+cucumber, rice+sweet potato+cucumber and rice+onion+ cucumber.

Urban parks are progressing but are in chaos in the twenty-first century. Therefore the purposes of this study are to consider critically and classify the new paradigm of urban parks. Urban parks are one of the space products, and progressing aspects can be divided into three parts; supply, demand and market aspects. In the abstract, urban parks' progress represents process, openness or voidness, general and cultural ecology, productivity, experience program, identity or sense of place, carriers of urban regeneration, urban infrastructure, community space, multi-layered activity, active space, communication with urban space, tool of low carbon strategy and consilience. But urban parks have come under increased criticism about the long period development on trees growth, covering open space, limitation of general and cultural ecology, production, activity programs, identity and community space, visible urban regeneration, economic validity, urban sprawl, not using as the low carbon strategy, and finally negative consilience with contiguous fields. We collected these critical consideration about progressing urban parks, and proposed urban agricultural park as one of the alternative urban parks. This is closely connected with sustainable region development, low-carbon society, local food, well-being, Lohas paradigm and amenity of urban life.

The objective of this study was to analyze the determinant factors in the new agricultural technology acceptance targeted to the automatic switchgear for heat-retaining mulching used on the oriental melons farms. The probit and the logit models were estimated using survey data. The result indicated that the level of income, innovativeness, and reliability are important factors of the new agricultural technology acceptance. Therefore, it is considered the level of income, innovativeness, and reliability in advance to extend the new agricultural technology quickly.

평야지 조기재배에 적합한 신품종 육성을 위해 풍미와 고시히까리가 교배된 재조합 집단내에서 주요 농업적 형질을 비교하여 완전미율에 미치는 주요 요인을 확인하고자 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 재조합 집단의 주요 농업적 형질의 변이는 분석한 결과 간장은 51.0~97.0 cm, 아밀로스 함량은 14.0~20.1%, 단백질 함량은 5.2~7.4% 및 쌀가루 호화 특성인 최고점도는 -227.2~309.8 RVU이며, 완전미율은 67.7~96.7% 등으로 분포하였다. 주요 형질과 상관분석을 수행한 결과 완전미율과 간장은 정의상관(0.443)을 보였으며, 단백질함량과는 부의상관(-0.458)을 나타내었다. 평야지 조기재배에 적합한 고품질 품종개발을 위해서는 포장에서는 간장, 단백질 함량 및 완전미율 등 주요 농업적 특성을 고려하여 선발할 필요가 있다.

In this study, the assessment of livestock manure nitrogen loading for recycling farming in Yeoju-Gun carried out comparing manure units based on the cultivation areas and the N-amount of manure that are generated from livestock manure. Manure units (MU) are used in the permitting, registration, because they allow equal standards for all animals based on manure nutrient production. An MU is calculated by multiplying the number of animals by manure unit factor for the specific type of animal. The manure unit factor for MU determination was determined by dividing amounts of manure N produced 80kg N/year. In this study, manure unit by nitrogen concentration and amount of animal manure was calculated as follows: Hanwoo multiplied by 0.36, dairy cows multiplied by 0.8. swine multiplied by 0.105. The laying hens and broilers multiplied by 0.0079, 0.0049, respectively. The analysis of liquid manure unit per ha shows that the N loading by LMU is quite different by region. When it comes to nitrogen loading, the LMU per ha of cultivated land in excess of the N-amount was the highest in the Bukne-myeon province with 2.76 MU/ha, which is higher than the appropriate level. The Ganam-myeon province came next with 2.53 LMU. To be utilized as a valid program to build the environmentally friendly agricultural system, diverse measures shall be mapped out to properly determine manure units, evaluate N-loading and to properly manage their nutrient balance of each region.

우리나라의 중소하천의 홍수 예·경보의 경우 저수지의 저류효과를 고려하지 않은 홍수 예·경보의 경우가 대부분이다. 이러한 이유는 농업용 저수지가 실질적으로 방치되는 경우가 대부분이여서 홍수추적에 필요한 자료 확보에 어려움이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 경상남도에 위치한 남강유역을 대상으로 저수지의 저류효과를 고려한 한계유출량에 따른 한계강우량을 산정하였다. 소유역 구분은 ArcGIS의 Hec-GeoHMS를 이용하여 자료를 구축하였으며 구축된 매개변수를 Hec-HMS에 적용하여 홍수유량을 산정하였다. 또한 산정된 홍수유량을 이용하여 한계유출량을 산정 후 지속시간 20분에 따른 한계강우량을 산정하였다.

The objectives of this study were to establish of resource cycling agricultural system focused on farmer’s organization. Case is selected as the farming corporation for the regional agriculture considering the amount of sowing by-products and livestock by-products generated. As a result, generation of fertilizer ingredient depend on feces and urine of Korean native cattle is estimated nitrogen 7.7 ton, phosphoric acid 2.9 ton, and potassium 4.9 ton. On the other hand, generation of fertilizer ingredient demand in cultivated acreage is estimated nitrogen 42.4 ton, phosphoric acid 14.3 ton, am! potassium 17.0 ton. Therefore, optimum livestock numbers is estimated 1,867 cattle and it means 1,468 cattle can be raise additionally. In order to complete the resource cycling agricultural system, it should be establish nutrient management system at all of organization level and achieve improvements in regional resource supply. Both economic value of organic fertilizer and the resource cycling system linked market system is considered to develop resource cycling level.

This study was conducted field surveys and theoretical discussion whether small farmers thinks there are economics of scope in small organically grown crops-livestock farming cycling system. The discussions are summarized as follows. At the end of October 2011, the cycling agriculture farms are only a total of 15 farmers, 0.1% of total organic farms in Korea. The FMD disease, FTA, family farm structure, the importance of animal health and welfare, agricultural cycles, when considering the valuation of the multifunctionality, alternative agriculture is small farming cycling system. Organic agriculture is a ‘cooperation-cycling-family farm’ in the interaction it is important to understand. The two groups were surveyed. Group 1 is 6 farmers who practicing cycling fanning system, and Group 2 is the 33 farmers who wish to cycling fanning system. Interview survey and the survey results was obtained as follows. First, We find that there are strong economies of scope, due to a decreased costs have increased net profit. Second, the multi functional values is realized also cycling farming system. Third, but some certification standards leads to high transaction cost. Thus, a small family farm who wishing to target organic livestock certification standards need to improve.

To revitalize rural economy and to generate job opportunities in the Korean countryside through the specialized production of high-valued/environment-friendly farm products and the active promotion of green tourism in the farmland-remodelling project sites in 4 main riverside areas, this study developed the regionally differentiated development models of future-oriented agri-business complex. Through two rounds' expert group consulting/checking, related literatures review and similar case-projects benchmarking, a tentative model system was made and corrected, and finally, 6-development types with 24 model complexes proposed.