本稿は、社会言語学の分野における不満表明の話し手および聞き手の認識․思考․判断における分析を試みたものである。従来の研究では、研究者が頭の中で、不満表明の状況や場面を考察、また吟味し、言語生活の中から実際に起りうる場面を導き出し、アンケート調査に望む場合がほとんであった。しかし、研究者ごとに判断は異なり、また、同じであったとしても頭の中でのみ消化されてきた内容を、基本的な思考のパターンとして、表記し提示することによって、ある場面が起らざるを得ない、あるいは、起るべくして起ったということの説明が可能になり、それは、言語生活における自らの記憶や経験の中から無作為に導き出すといった方法よりは、はるかに論理的ではないかと論者が考えるからである。一般的に、社会言語学では、アンケート調査により、性差(男女差)、年齢(年代)差、地域差、あるいは、人間関係における親疎、上下関係などを中心に分析が行われているが、そのような研究では、形式的不満表明は取り上げられても、不満における自己不満忍耐型他不満忍耐型のようなものは扱えない。しかし、このような場面は、小説․映画やドラマのシナリオのような文学の世界では容易に確認できる場面であると言える。また、話し手を中心に見た場合、各々の場面で、自己の意志(判断)によるものと、外部からの何らかの力によって、自分の意志とは関わらず、不満表明ができないというものがあることが確認できた。特に、本稿における不満表明においては、前者を自己不満忍耐型形式的自己不満表明、後者を他不満忍耐型形式的他不満表明とした。さらに、形式的不満表明の場合でも、感謝表現や謝罪表現とは異なり、形式的という個人の抱えた不満という内面的なものと同時に代弁や代理と言った要素が、早い段階で形式的不満表明には強く現れ、見てきたように、自発代理的なもの形式的自発代理型不満表明と依頼代理的なもの形式的依頼代理型不満表明があることも確認した。一方、聞き手を中心に見た場合、各々の場面で話し手の表現をそのごとく受けとめるか否かにおいて自己の意志(判断)によるものと、外部からの何らかの力によって、自分の意志とは関わらず、強いられるものがあることも確認した。本稿においては、前者を聞手自己判断型形式的不満表明聞手自己判断型不満、後者を聞手他強制型形式的不満表明聞手他力型不満とした。

본 연구는 미용업 분야를 헤어, 네일, 피부, 메이크업으로 나누어 사고재해 실태와 사용 제품에 대한 안전 인식도를 비교하기 위하여 수행되었다. 그 결과 근무하는 사업장의 작업 시 발생하는 유해요인으로는 분진, 근골격계, 화학 물질 함유 제품의 유기용제 순으로 높게 나타났으며, 지난 1년 동안의 사고 및 재해는 26.3%가 경험한 것으로 파악되었다. 사고나 재해의 종류로는 베임, 인대 늘어남, 하지 정맥류 등의 근골격계 이상이 가장 많았다. 미용업에서 사용되고 있는 제품의 화학물질 함유에 대한 인지도는 77.2%, 중금속 함 유에 대하여 인지도는 59.1%로 나타났으며, 미용업 관련 제품의 표시사항(성분, 주의 사항 등)에 대한 확인 여부는 ‘중요한 내용만 확인’한다는 응답이 가장 많았다. 화학물질에 대한 물질안전보건자료(MSDS)의 인지여부는 88.8%가 알지 못하는 것으 로 나타났으며, 물질안전보건자료(MSDS)에 대한 인식도 및 사업장의 비치 여부가 낮 은 것으로 파악되었다. 안전교육의 필요성은 73.6%로 높게 나타나 안전 교육에 대한 대책 마련이 요구되었다. 본 연구는 미용업 전반에 대한 사고재해 실태 및 안전의식에 관한 포괄적인 연구가 수행되어 미용업 근로자의 안전의식 고취와 정책적 안전관리 방안, 근로자 건강관리의 기초 자료로 활용되기를 기대한다.

목적 : 운전 수행 기능을 평가와 시뮬레이터를 이용하여 운전 수행에서 숙련운전자, 초보운전자, 비운전자 간의 차이를 살펴 보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 대전에 소재한 K대에 재학 중인 32명의 대상자들을 경력운전자, 초보운전자, 비운전자로 나누어 비교하였다. 본 연구는 2012년 10월에 실시되었으며, 모든 대상자들에게 Assessment of Driving-Related Skills(ADReS)와 STISIM Driving Simulator를 시행하였다. 결과 : 연구결과 정지반응 속도에서 초보운전자와 비운전자 집단에서 경력운전자에 반해 반응시간이 늦은 것을 확인하였다 (p<.05). 대학생의 운전 수행기능과 사고들의 상관성을 분석해 본 결과 시력을 중심으로 정지반응 시간(-.434)과 중앙선 침범 (-.526)에서 유의한 상관성이 관찰되어 대학생의 운전 수행에 있어 관련이 깊은 요인임을 확인하였다(p<.05). 결론 : 초보운전자들에게는 정지반응 속도와 시력저하로 인하여 사고발생이 증가될 수 있으므로 그에 따른 훈련이 필요하다.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study is to propose a new methodology for developing statistical collision models and to show the validation results of the methodology. METHODS: A new modeling method of introducing variables into the model one by one in a multiplicative form is suggested. A method for choosing explanatory variables to be introduced into the model is explained. A method for determining functional forms for each explanatory variable is introduced as well as a parameter estimating procedure. A model selection method is also dealt with. Finally, the validation results is provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the final models developed using the method suggested in this study. RESULTS: According to the results of the validation for the total and injury collisions, the predictive powers of the models developed using the method suggested in this study were better than those of generalized linear models for the same data. CONCLUSIONS: Using the methodology suggested in this study, we could develop better statistical collision models having better predictive powers. This was because the methodology enabled us to find the relationships between dependant variable and each explanatory variable individually and to find the functional forms for the relationships which can be more likely non-linear.

PURPOSES: Using the collected data for crash, traffic volume, and design elements on ramps between 2007 and 2009, this research effort was initiated to develop traffic crash prediction models for expressway ramps. METHODS: Three negative binomial regression models and three zero-inflated negative binomial regression models were developed for individual ramp types, including direct, semi-direct and loop, respectively. For validating the developed models, authors compared the estimated crash frequencies with actual crash frequencies of twelve randomly selected interchanges, the ramps of which have not been used for model developing. RESULTS: The results show that the negative binomial regression models for direct, semi-direct and loop ramps showed 60.3%, 63.8% and 48.7% error rates on average whereas the zero-inflated negative binomial regression models showed 82.1%, 120.4% and 57.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Conclusively, the negative binomial regression models worked better in traffic crash prediction than the zero-inflated negative binomial regression models for estimating the frequency of traffic accidents on expressway ramps.

PURPOSES: Because expressway ramps are very complex segments where diverse roadway design elements dynamically change within relatively short length, drivers on ramps are required to drive their cars carefully for safety. Especially, ramps on expressways are designed to guarantee driving at high speed so that the risk and severity of traffic accidents on expressway ramps may be higher and more deadly than other facilities on expressways. Safe deceleration maneuvers are required on off-ramps, whereas safe acceleration maneuvers are necessary on onramps. This difference in required maneuvers may contribute to dissimilar patterns and severity of traffic accidents by ramp types. Therefore, this study was aimed at developing prediction models of the severity of traffic accidents on expressway on- and off-ramps separately in order to consider dissimilar patterns and severity of traffic accidents according to types of ramps. METHODS: Four-year-long traffic accident data between 2007 and 2010 were utilized to distinguish contributing design elements in conjunction with AADT and ramp length. The prediction models were built using the negative binomial regression model consisting of the severity of traffic accident as a dependent variable and contributing design elements as in independent variables. RESULTS: The developed regression models were evaluated using the traffic accident data of the ramps which was not used in building the models by comparing actual and estimated severity of traffic accidents. Conclusively, the average prediction error rates of on-ramps and offramps were 30.5% and 30.8% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The prediction models for the severity of traffic accidents on expressway on- and off-ramps will be useful in enhancing the safety on expressway ramps as well as developing design guidelines for expressway ramps.

Construction companies with the highest proportion in death crash has been devoting much effort to prevent the crash accidents. In general, a crash-proof worker has been wearing a seatbelt. However, the G construction company had happened in industrial settings when workers fail to abide by the rules. The Carabiner, one of the composing of Safety Belt, must endure the Allowable Load. In this study, the Industrial accidents and cause of the crash analysis in G Construction company is performed by empirical research. And we have been studied the empirical research to setting up of the allowable limit for Carabiner.