목 적: 본 연구는 ROC curve를 분석하여 나안시력과 자동굴절검사의 민감도/특이도에 따른 최상의 절단점(Optimal cutoff point)을 산출하고, 자동굴절검사가 선별검사(Screening)로 타당한지 알아보고자 한다. 방 법: 초등학생 293명을 대상으로 나안시력, 자동굴절검사, 자각적 굴절검사를 실시하여, 나안시력 0.5를 기준으로 자각적 굴절검사에 대한 최상의 절단점을 산출하고 이를 황금기준(GoldStandard)으로 가정한 후 이 절단점 및 인접한 값을 기준으로 정상/추가검사의뢰를 분류하였고, 나안시력과 자동굴절검사 결과에 대해 ROC curve를 이용하여 민감도/특이도가 가장 높은 최상의 절단점을 산출하였다. 또한 곡선아래면적(Area Under the Curve)을 이용하여 자각적 굴절검사의 분류 결과와 차이가 있는지 확인하여 자동굴절검사가 선별검사로서 타당한지 알아보았다. 결 과: ROC Curve를 이용하여 나안시력 0.5를 기준으로 한 자각적 굴절검사의 최상의 절단점은 -0.63D로 나타났다. 자각적 굴절검사 -0.75D를 황금기준으로 가정할 때 절단점은 나안시력은 0.5, 자동굴절검사는 -1.00D로 나타났으며, 두 검사법을 비교한 결과 나안시력과 자동굴절검사의 곡선아래면적은 통계적으로 차이가 없었다. 결 론: 어린이의 시각 선별검사를 위해 나안시력과 함께 자동굴절검사를 활용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

목 적: 본 연구는 부모의 사회·경제적 요인과 초등학생의 눈 건강과의 관계를 확인함으로써 저소득층 학령기 아동의 눈 건강 불평등이 존재하는지를 확인하고자 한다. 방 법: 국민건강영양조사(2009) 데이터를 이용하여 만 7-12세의 초등학생 935명을 대상으로 일반적인 특성과 사회·경제적요인, 눈 건강 관련요인을 χ2 검정하였다. 결 과: 최근 1년간 눈검사 여부, 안경착용비율, 교정시력 1.0이상은 가구소득이 낮을수록 낮은 비율을 보였고, 근시 유병률, 원시 유병률, 자동굴절력계로 측정한 굴절이상도가 ``0~-2D``는 가구 소득이 낮을수록 높은 비율로 나타났다. 결 론: 부모의 사회경제적요인과 눈 건강의 관계를 χ2 검정한 결과 유의하지 않았지만, 유병률과 굴절이상도 등의 비율로 부모의 사회경제적 요인이 아동의 눈 건강에 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었고, 저소득층 학령기 아동의 눈 건강 불평등 해소를 위해 정기적인 시력검사와 재보정 기회 제공 등의 중·장기적인 안보건 정책이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

The purposes of this study were to examine the reliability and validity of Korean translation of Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI-K) in school-aged children with cerebral palsy (CP). The PEDI-K, Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM) and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMIFCS) were completed in 104 school-aged children with CP by therapists. The internal consistency of the PEDI-K was calculated by Cronbach's alpha () for assessing reliability. Concurrent validity was evaluated by correlation with the subsets of WeeFIM. Discriminant validity was assessed by comparing GMFCS levels with tests of the PEDI-K. The results showed that internal consistency was good (Cronbach's ranged from .97~.98). Concurrent validity was demonstrated. The correlation with WeeFIM was high in the Functional Skills (self-care, r=.74~.94; mobility, r=.59~.91; social function, r=.65~.93) and in the Caregiver Assistance (self-care, r=.75~.94; mobility, r=.63~.90; social function, r=.78~.96). Discriminant validity was demonstrated on significant decreases in domain scores with increasing GMFCS levels. Reliability and validity have been demonstrated on the PEDI-K. This study extends usage of PEDI-K in clinical activities and research.

목적 : 본 연구는 아동과 청소년의 작업수행을 이해하기 위한 기초자료인 놀이 및 여가 활동 참여도를 얻기 위해 CAPE를 도입 적용한 후 일부 지역 아동과 청소년의 학교 외 활동(놀이 및 여가 활동)의 참여에 대해 알아보기 위한 목적으로 시행되었다. 연구방법 : CAPE를 한글판으로 번역 검증한 후, 검증된 CAPE를 일부지역의 학교를 다니고 있는 8-17세의 초∙중∙고등학생 231명을 대상으로 자기기입 방식을 이용하여 시행한 후 놀이 및 여가 활동 참여의 다양성, 강도, 환경적 요인 및 흥미, 성별 및 연령 등에 따라 어떤 차이가 있는지 알아보았다. 결과 : 연구대상자들은 55개의 활동 중 평균 24.83개의 활동에 참여하는 것으로 나타났다. 가장 많이 하고 있는 활동은 친구들과 놀기, 컴퓨터 비디오 게임, 전화통화하기, 집에서 TV및 영화보기, 음악 감상하기 순 이었다. 활동참여의 강도는 4.22점으로 나왔으며 레크레이션 활동과 사회적 활동 등 대부분의 항목에서 남학생이 여학생의 활동강도보다 높았으며 연령이 증가 할수록 활동의 강도가 감소되는 것으로 보였다. 활동의 흥미는 평균 3.27점으로 레크레이션 활동과 사회적 활동에서는 여학생의 활동 흥미가, 그 외의 형식적 활동, 신체적 활동을 포함한 모든 항목에서 남학생의 활동 흥미가 더 높은 결과가 나타났다. 활동을 누구와 함께 하는가 하는 항목에서 혼자 활동을 하는 경우가 가장 많았으며, 친구와 함께, 가족과 함께 순이었으며, 활동에 참여 하는 장소는 집, 지역사회 내, 학교 순이었다. 연령이 증가 함에 따라 가족과 함께 활동하는 빈도가 감소하였으며, 친구와 함께 활동의 빈도는 증가 하였다. 또한 연령이 증가함에 따라 집에서의 활동 참여의 빈도가 감소하는 대신, 이웃집, 학교와 지역사회 외에서의 활동의 참여 빈도가 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 결론 : 연구 결과를 통하여 한글판 CAPE가 다양한 측면에서의 놀이 및 여가참여를 확인하는데 유용한 도구임을 확 인 할 수 있었다. 향후 본 연구를 기초로 다양한 장애를 가진 아동 및 청소년의 놀이 및 여가활동을 알아보고 참여하 는 것과 참여하게 하는 요소들에 대해 분석하여 그 결과를 임상적으로 치료개입과 평가에 활용하는 것을 제언하는 바이다.

This study was conducted to examine the relationship between dietary habits and time spent watching TV and using internet, in elementary school children. The data were collected by a questionnaire survey of 712 elementary school children, within Gwangju and Jeonnam area. The SPSS 12.0/win program was used to analyze the 523 samples. Amount of TV-watching time was found to be related to the dietary habit score in the subjects. The children who watch TV “less than 1 hour/day” on weekdays had a better dietary habit score than those who watch TV “more than 1 hour” (p<0.0001). The children who watch TV “less than 2 hours/day” on weekends had a better dietary habit than the children who watch TV “more than 2 hours/day” (p<0.0001). The internet usage was also related to the dietary habit score in these children: those who use internet “less than 1 hour/day” on weekdays had a better dietary habit score than the children who use internet “more than 2 hours/day” (p<0.0001). The children who use internet “less than 2 hours/day” on weekends had a better dietary habit score than the children who use internet “more than 2 hours/day” (p<0.0001). These results indicate that the children tend to have a better diet when their TV and internet time is limited and thus healthy dietary behavior is negatively associated with a sedentary pattern of activity in elementary school children.

목적: 초등학생의 수평사위 검사를 실시하여 연령증가에 따른 상관성을 분석하였다. 방법: 경남 소재 초등학교 4곳의 166명을 대상으로 나안시력과 굴절검사 및 안위검사를 실시하여 비교 분석하였다. 결과: 연령별 원거리 사위 분포는 전체 대상자 중 외사위 92명(55.4%), 내사위 39명(23.5%), 정위 35명(21.1%)이었다(f=32.259, p=0.000). 외사위와 내사위 및 정위의 연령별 분포는 각각 8세는 14명(41.2%), 11명(32.4%), 9명(26.5%)(f=13.857, p=0.000), 9세는 21명(55.3%), 8명(21.1%), 9명(23.7%)(f=16.955, p=0.000), 12세는 36명(62.1%), 13명(22.4%), 9명(1.7%)(f=8.924 p=0.000), 13세는 21명(58.3%), 7명 (19.4%), 8명(22.2%)(f=8.371, p=0.001)으로 나타났다. 연령별 근거리 사위 분포는 전체 대상자 중 외사위 107명(64.5%), 내사위 38명(22.9%), 정위 21명(12.7%) 이었다(f=33.138, p=0.000). 외사위와 내사위 및 정위의 연령별 분포는 각각 8세는 21명(61.8%), 9명 (26.5%), 4명(11.76%), 9세는 24명(63.2%), 8명(21.1%), 6명(15.8%), 12세는 36명(62.1%), 17명(29.3%), 5명 (8.6%), 13세는 26명(72.2%), 4명(11.1%), 6명(16.7%)으로 나타났다. 연령증가에 따른 상관성에서는 원거리에서는 8세와 9세간에는 r=0.303, p=0.081, 9세와 12세간에는 r=0.217, p=0.190, 12세와 13세간에는 r=-0.304, p=0.0844로 유의성이 없었으며, 근거리에서는 8세와 9세간에는 r=0.710, p

This study recommends using children's literature in teacher training programs with the purpose of developing integrated language skills for primary school teachers and teaching methods for their students. First, to accomplish bifold objectives, the study develops three modules: 1) intensive listening through story books, 2) using in class dialogues through role-playing and 3) developing classroom activities. For presenting the examples of the three modules, Junie B., First Grader (at last!), Freckle Juice, and Jake Drake: Teacher's Pet are used. Next, the study presents teachers' perceptions on both using literature for improving their English skills and using literature in their teaching elementary school children. To investigate the possibility of implementing the program, the researcher surveyed 53 teachers participating in the program. The survey results showed teachers' perceptions on children's literature changed in positive ways, and they recognized that children's literature could develop their own English language skills and then would be a good teaching resource for their students. Based on the results, some suggestions were provided for the teachers, educators, and program developers.

Since he edited William Blake’s poetry, Yeats had been deeply concerned with the questions of “contraries.” And Plato was also an important influence on his theory. Relying on Blake and Plato, Yeats had worked for a long time to make his own theory in his poetry and prose, and succeeded in the elaborate system as elucidated in his book, A Vision. “Among School Children” shows how Yeats has come to reach the ultimate reality, unity of being in the eighth and final stanza in it. Growing older, Yeats gets to contemplate life and death. Earlier in life, he has pursued the spiritual, but as he is older, approaching death, he is searching for something else, too. He realizes that we need both soul and body to overcome aging and death, and eventually, as evidenced in the dance and dancer metaphor of the poem, he is reaching the ultimate Reality through a unity of being－the harmonious union of body and soul. He realizes that “life is not a mere image.”

This survey was conducted to monitor the safety of children snacks circulated in a stationary store or small shop around the elementary school from March to October, 2008, in Gwangju. A total of 309 samples was tested. Of these samples, 254 were confectioneries, 41 were ready-to-eat foods like kimbap, 4 were beverages and 10 were the others like fishery products. 259 were domestic products and 50 were imported. By the origin of imported samples, 17 were from china, 6 from U.S.A., 5 from india and etc. We found out that in acid value, 2 cases of fried snacks(3.9 and 4.4) proved to exceed regulatory guidance(2.0). And among ready-to-eat foods, two kimbap had Staphylococcus aureus, and one had Escherichia coli, which microorganism could cause food poisoning.

본 연구의 목적은 한국의 일반 학령기 아동의 놀이 가치와 놀이 선택에 대한 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 연구대상의 선정을 위하여 2007년 10월 19일부터 20일까지 경남 G시에 소재한 초등학교 중 지역별로 2개교를 선택하였다. 대상자는 초등학교 4학년부터 6학년 중 204명으로 무작위로 선정하였다. 자 료 분석은 놀이 가치와 놀이 선택의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 상관분석을 사용하였다. 결과 : 아동의 놀이 선택 빈도는 컴퓨터하기가 139명(13.6%)으로 가장 많았고 그 다음으로는 TV보기가 117명 (11.4%)으로 나타났으며, 아동이 가지는 놀이 가치는 정서적 가치(20.0 ± 3.53), 사회적 가치(17.2 ± 4.08), 신체적 가치(15.3 ± 3.81), 인지적 가치(13.7 ± 4.77)순으로 나타났다. 놀이 선택은 대상자의 성별과 주거형태, 놀이를 하 는 장소, 아동이 다니고 있는 학원의 수, 놀이를 함께하는 인원수, 놀이를 함께하는 사람에 따라 차이가 있었다. 놀이 가치와 놀이 선택의 상관관계에서는 축구하기와 아동의 신체적 가치, 그림그리기와 인지적 가치, 만화책 보기와 정서적 가치, 인지적 가치 사이에서 유의한 관계가 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구는 아동이 가지는 놀이 가치와 놀이 선택이 상관관계가 있을 것이라는 가설에 기인하여 실시하였 다. 연구결과에 따르면 놀이 가치와 놀이의 상관관계에서 축구하기와 아동의 신체적 가치, 그림그리기와 인지 적 가치 사이에서 양의 상관관계가 나타났으며 만화책보기 놀이는 정서적 가치, 인지적 가치사이에서 유의한 음의 상관관계가 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 초등학생의 놀이 가치와 놀이 선택의 관계에 대한 자료를 제시하는 데 유용하며, 아동의 작업을 선택할 때 의미 있으리라 생각된다.

목적 : 본 연구는 학령기 뇌성마비 아동의 기능 수준이 부모가 보고하는 뇌성마비 아동의 삶의 질에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보는 것을 목적으로 하였다.연구방법 : 본 연구는 학령기(8~18세) 뇌성마비 환자들 중 강직성 양하지 마비 형태를 보이는 29명을 대상으로 시행되었으며, 삶의 질 평가는 부모에 의해 이루어졌다. 대상자들은 기능 수준에 따라 세 집단(계단 보행 가능 집단, 일반 보행 가능 집단, 그리고 보행 불가능 집단)으로 분류되었다. 삶의 질 평가는 한국어판 KIDSCREEN 52-HRQOL을 사용하여 시행되었다. 결과 : 기능 수준에 따라 삶의 질 영역들 중 ‘신체활동과 건강’, ‘심리적 건강’, 그리고 ‘자유시간’ 영역에서 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으나(p<.05), 이외의 영역들에서는 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 또한 높은 기능 수준을 보인 집단에서 전체 삶의 질 점수가 더 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<.05).결론 : 본 연구의 결과는 기능 수준이 뇌성마비 아동의 삶의 질에 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 그러나 신체 기능과의 관계가 삶의 질 평가 영역에 따라 다르게 나타났으므로, 본 연구의 결과를 전체적인 것으로 이해하기에는 다소 부족한 면이 있다. 향후 이에 대한 더 많은 연구들이 이어져야 할 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cooking activities on the unbalanced dietary food habits of elementary school students and develop the effective cooking activity program for the improvement of unbalanced dietary behaviors as well as the food intake and menu acceptance. The subjects of this study were 256 elementary school students. The cooking activity group and control group were consisted of 128 students of 3rd & 5th grader each. Both cooking activity and the control group took the same 1-hour nutritional theory based class for 10 sessions. Only Cooking activity (CA) group took additional 10 sessions of 1-hour cooking class. Programs for cooking activity were developed and 10 cooking activity sessions were taken place for 4 months. The questionnairs were used to evaluate the effect of the cooking activities over the intake of food group, unbalanced dietary behavior, eating attitudes, menu acceptance before and after the completion of all the cooking activities. Cooking activities affect the unbalanced dietary behaviors and the intake of food groups. Fish, cereals, milk products, fruits, potatoes, vegetables were more eaten by CA group than control group. Eating attitudes and unbalanced dietary behaviors of CA group are also improved significantly than control group. From these results, it was concluded that cooking activities had the positive effect on the improvement of unbalanced dietary food habits over vegetables, cereals, fish, milk product and fruits as well as the unbalanced dietary behaviors of the elementary school children.

In this study, the relationships among obesity, food behavior, and personality traits were studied in male and female elementary school children. The obesity rates were calculated via the measured heights and weights of the subjects. Food behavior was surveyed via a questionnaire. Personality traits were evaluated using an authorized personality test. The obesity rates in the child subjects in this study were 34.1%in the male children, and 28.7% in the female children, and the rates of underweight were 18.2% in the males and 28.7% in the females. The percentage of obese children was slightly higher in the male population than in the female population. With regard to food behavior, the females evidenced significantly higher points than the males, particularly on the items designated 'slow eating' and 'stop eating upon satiety'. Among the personality traits assessed herein, which included emotional stability, general activity, sociability, masculinity, responsibility, reflectiveness, and superiority, the females evidenced significantly higher sociability scores than the males. The personality traits did not appear to be significantly associated with the obesity rate. However, the obese children scored lowest on all personality traits among the three groups. In terms of the relationship between food behavior and personality traits, children with high stability, sociability, responsibility, and superiority also had significantly higher food behavior scores. These results imply that the maintenance of good food behavior may enhance stability, sociability, responsibility, and superiority in children.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether theme-based integrated learning that focused on physical education had any effect on increasing school children's satisfaction level with Physical Education instruction. Three subareas were selected after r

The purpose of this study was to examine who encouraged elementary schoolers to join sport clubs, what motivated them to do that and how much they were satisfied with it in an attempt to lay the foundation for applying successful programs tailored to thei

This study was carried out to find out differences about meal conditions and food preference between non-obese and obese elementary school children. Ten children(non-obese 5 and obese 5) from each of the nationwide 192 schools were surveyed by self-developed questionnaire. Total of 1,767 questionnaires(815 from non-obese and 952 from obese children) were collected and data were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 program. The results of the comparative analysis were summarized as follows. There was not significantly different in height between non-obese group(151.0±12.5cm) and obese group(151.2±12.3cm). But BMI was significant difference between non-obese group(18.0±2.2cm) and obese group(27.3±3.2cm). Economical status was not significantly different between 2 groups. But educational level of parents and mother’ job were significant differences between 2 groups. Only 2/3 of the subjects reported to have breakfast at regular basas, regularity of having breakfast was not significantly different between 2 groups. Also regularity of having lunch during vacation was not significantly different between 2 groups. But Reasons of skipping breakfast and lunch were significantly different between 2 groups. Regularity of having dinner, reasons of skipping dinner, intake amount in dinner, and frequency of having snacks were significantly different between 2 groups. But the time required for lunch and dinner were under 20 minutes of 60-80% of the subjects, and were not significantly different between 2 groups. Non-obese group have liked fast foods, fruits & juices, sweets, and cakes & cookies than obese group. Obese group have liked meat & meat products and ramyeon, but they have not eaten those foods frequently because of anxiety about being more fatty. These findings suggested that nutrition education programs include different strategy according to obesity and obese prevention program is needed for non-obese school children.

This study was performed to investigate the preference and perception on fruits especially, focusing on apples and pears served in elementary school lunch programs. The subjects of this study were 1,106 students (504 female and 595 male students)from seven elementary schools in Seoul. The survey was conducted by using self-administered questionnaire from July 10 to July 20, 2006. Based on the frequency analysis results, 45% of respondents ate fruits every day and 42% had fruits 2-3 times per week. Approximately, 53% of respondents indicated their usual time to eat fruits was after dinner and secondly 27% had fruits between lunch and dinner. Majority of respondents chose a watermelon as the most preferred fruits and the first chosen among nine fruits (apple, pear, madarin, strawberry, cherry tomato, watermelon, grape, melon, and peach). Cherry tomato was found as the least preferred fruits by 30% of students, however cherry tomato was most frequently offered fruits in elementary school lunch menu. About 50% students were satisfied with the served fruits in their school lunch program. In addition, most students said that they would have fruits more frequently in their lunch menu. However, one fifth of students addressed that they were not satisfied with the fruits in school lunch program because of kinds of fruits, freshness of fruits, taste of fruits, and quantity of fruits. Almost 71% of students preferred apples. Seventy three percents of students preferred eating apples without peel and 78% of students ate apples as slices of apples. In addition, 61% of students indicated their preference of apple salads. Many students responded they did not eat apples and pears frequently since they do not have a chance to eat them. The implications to increase the chance to eat fruits and promote elementary children's fruits consumption were discussed.